Ras1-Mediated Photoreceptor Development in Drosophila

Advances in Developmental Biology (1992)

Volumn 5, Issue C, 1997, Pages 1-41

  Wassarman, David A ^a   Therrien, Marc ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002580245     PISSN: 15663116     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1566-3116(08)60034-1     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Alessi D.R., Gomez N., Moorhead G., Lewis T., Keyse S.M., and Cohen P. Inactivation of p42 MAP kinase by protein phosphatase 2A and a protein tyrosine phosphatase, but not CL100, in various cell lines. Curr. Biol. 5 (1995) 283-295
2. Allard J.D., Chang H.C., Herbst R., McNeill H., and Simon M.A. The SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase corkscrew is required during signaling by sevenless, Rasl, and Raf. Development 122 (1996) 1137-1146
3. Anderson N.G., Maller J., Tonks N.K., and Sturgill T.W. Requirements for integration of signals from two distinct phosphorylation pathways for activation of MAP kinase. Nature 343 (1990) 651-653
4. Angel P., and Karin M. The role of Jun, Fos and the AP-1 complex in cell proliferation and transformation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1072 (1991) 129-157
5. Aronheim A., Engelberg D., Li N., Al-Alawi Schlessinger J., and Karin M. Membrane targeting of the nucleotide exchange factor Sos is sufficient for activating the Ras signaling pathway. Cell 78 (1994) 949-961
6. Artavanis-Tsakonas S., Matsuno K., and Fortini M.E. Notch signaling. Science 268 (1995) 225-232
7. Baker N.E., and Rubin G.M. Effect on eye development of dominant mutations in Drosophila homologue of the EGF receptor. Nature 340 (1989) 150-153
8. Ballinger D.G., and Benzer S. Photophobe (Ppb), a Drosophila mutant with a reversed sign of phototaxis: the mutation shows an allele-specific interactions with sevenless. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85 (1988) 3960-3964
9. Banerjee U., Renfranz P.J., Pollock J.A., and Benzer S. Molecular characterization and expression of sevenless, a gene involved in neuronal pattern formation in the Drosophila eye. Cell 49 (1987) 281-291
10. Basler K., Christen B., and Hafen E. Ligand-independent activation of the Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase changes the fate of cells in the developing Drosophila eye. Cell 64 (1991) 1069-1081
11. Basler K., Siegrist P., and Hafen E. The spacial and temporal expression pattern of sevenless is exclusively controlled by gene-internal elements. EMBO J. 8 (1989) 2381-2386
12. Begemann G., Michon A.-M.v.d., Voorn L., Wepf R., and Mlodzik M. The Drosophila orphan receptor Seven-up requires the Ras pathway for its function in photoreceptor determination. Development 121 (1995) 225-235
13. Bier E., Vaessin H., Shepherd S., Lee K., McCall K., Barbel S., Ackerman L., Carretto R., Uemura T., Grell E.H., Jan L.Y., and Jan Y.N. Searching for pattern and mutations in the Drosophila genome with a P-lacZ vector. Genes Dev. 3 (1989) 1273-1287
14. Biggs W.H., Zavitz K.H., Dickson B., van der Straten A., Brunner D., Hafen E., and Zipursky S.L. The Drosophila rolled locus encodes a MAP kinase required in the sevenless signal transduction pathway. EMBO J. 13 (1994) 1628-1635
15. Biggs W.H., and Zipursky S.L. Primary structure, expression, and signal-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of a Drosophila homolog of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89 (1992) 6295-6299
16. Boguski M.S., and McCormick F. Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives. Nature 366 (1993) 643-654
17. Bohmann D., Ellis M.C., Staszewski L.M., and Mlodzik M. Drosophila Jun mediates Ras-dependent photoreceptor determination. Cell 78 (1994) 973-986
18. Bollag G., and McCormick F. Regulators and effectors of ras proteins. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 7 (1991) 601-632
19. Bonfini L., Karlovich C.A., Dasgupta C., and Banerjee U. The Son of sevenless gene product: A putative activator of Ras. Science 255 (1992) 603-606
20. Bos J.L. ras oncogenes in human cancer: A review. Cancer Res. 49 (1989) 4682-4689
21. Bourne H.R., Sanders D.A., and McCormick F. The GTPase superfamily: conserved structure and molecular mechanism. Nature 349 (1991) 117-127
22. Bowtell D., Fu P., Simon M., and Senior P. Identification of murine homologues of the Drosophila Son of sevenless gene: potential activators of Ras. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89 (1992) 6511-6515
23. Bowtell D.D.L., Lila T., Michael W.M., Hackett D., and Rubin G.M. Analysis of the enhancer element that controls expression of sevenless in the developing Drosophila eye. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88 (1991) 6853-6857
24. Braselmann S., and McCormick F. Bcr and Raf form a complex in vivo via 14--3--3 proteins. EMBO J. 14 (1995) 4839-4848
25. Brunner D., Ducker K., Oellers N., Hafen E., Scholz H., and Klambt C. The ETS domain protein Pointed-P2 is the target of MAP kinase in the Sevenless signal transduction pathway. Nature 370 (1994) 386-389
26. Brunner D., Oellers N., Szabad J., Biggs W.H., Zipursky S.L., and Hafen E. A gain-of-function mutation in Drosophila MAP kinase activates multiple receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. Cell 76 (1994) 875-888
27. Buckles G.R., Smith Z.D.J., and Katz F.N. mip causes hyperinnervation of a retinotopic map in Drosophila by excessive recruitment of R7 photoreceptor cells. Neuron 8 (1992) 1015-1029
28. Cagan R.L., Kramer H., Hart A.C., and Zipursky S.L. The bride of sevenless and sevenless interaction: internalization of a transmembrane ligand. Cell 69 (1992) 393-399
29. Carthew R.W., Neufeld T.P., and Rubin G.M. Identification of genes that interact with the sina gene in Drosophila eye development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91 (1994) 11689-11693
30. Carthew R.W., and Rubin G.M. seven in absentia, a gene required for specification of R7 cell fate in the Drosophila eye. Cell 63 (1990) 561-577
31. Chang H.C., Solomon N.M., Wassarman D.A., Karim F.D., Therrien M., Rubin G.M., and Wolff T. phyllopod functions in the fate determination of a subset of photoreceptors in Drosophila. Cell 80 (1995) 463-472
32. Clark-Lewis I., Sanghera J.S., and Pelech S.L. Definition of a consensus sequence for peptide substrate recognition by p44mapk, the meiosis activated myelin basic protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 15180-15184
33. Cleghon V., Gayko U., Copeland T.D., Perkins L.A., Perrimon N., and Morrison D.K. Drosophila terminal structure development is regulated by the compensatory activities of positive and negative phosphotyrosine signaling sites on the Torso RTK. Genes Dev. 10 (1996) 566-577
34. Curran T., and Franza B.R. Fos and Jun: the AP-1 connection. Cell 55 (1988) 395-397
35. Cutforth T., and Rubin G.M. Mutations in Hsp83 and cdc37 impair signaling by the Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase in Drosophila. Cell 77 (1994) 1027-1036
36. Delia N.G., Senior P.V., and Bowtell D.D. Isolation and characterization of murine homologues of the Drosophila seven in absentia gene (sina). Development 117 (1993) 1333-1343
37. Der C.J., and Cox A.D. Isoprenoid modification and plasma membrane association: Critical factors for Ras oncogenicity. Cancer Cells 3 (1991) 331-340
38. Diaz-Benjumea F.J., and Hafen E. The sevenless signalling cassette mediates Drosophila EGF receptor function during epidermal development. Development 120 (1994) 569-578
39. Dickson B. Nuclear factors in sevenless signalling. Trends Genet. 11 (1995) 106-111
40. Dickson B.J., Dominguez M., van der Straten A., and Hafen E. Control of Drosophila photoreceptor cell fates by Phyllopod, a novel nuclear protein acting downstream of the Raf kinase. Cell 80 (1995) 453-462
41. Dickson B., Sprenger F., and Hafen E. Prepattern in the developing Drosophila eye revealed by an activated torso-sevenless chimeric receptor. Genes Dev. 6 (1992) 2327-2339
42. Dickson B., Sprenger F., Morrison D., and Hafen E. Raf function downstream of Rasl in the Sevenless signal transduction pathway. Nature 360 (1992) 600-603
43. Dickson B.J., van der Straten A., Dominguez M., and Hafen E. Mutations modulating Raf signaling in Drosophila eye development. Genetics 142 (1996) 163-171
44. Dimitri P. Cytogenetic analysis of the second chromosome heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 127 (1991) 553-564
45. Doyle H.J., and Bishop J.M. Torso, a receptor tyrosine kinase required for embryonic pattern formation, shares substrates with the Sevenless and EGF-R pathways in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 7 (1993) 633-646
46. Duffy J.B., and Perrimon N. The Torso pathway in Drosophila: Lessons on receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and pattern formation. Dev. Biol. 166 (1994) 380-395
47. Duffy J.B., and Perrimon N. Recent advances in understanding signal transduction pathways in worms and flies. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8 (1996) 231-238
48. Egan S.E., Giddings B.W., Brooks M.W., Buday L., Sizeland A.M., and Weinberg R.A. Association of Sos Ras exchange protein with Grb2 is implicated in tyrosine kinase signal transduction and transformation. Nature 363 (1993) 45-51
49. Ezer S.T., Sahar D., Salzberg A., and Lev Z. Differential expression during embryogenesis of three genes clustered in the Rasl region of Drosophila melanogaster. Dev. Dynamics 201 (1994) 179-190
50. (2+)-binding site of RasH prevent its activation by GTP. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (1991) 4822-4829
51. Feig L.A., and Cooper G.M. Inhibition of NIH3T3 cell proliferation by a mutant ras protein with preferential affinity for GDP. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8 (1988) 3235-3243
52. Fortini M.E., and Rubin G.M. Analysis of cis-acting requirements of the Rh3 and Rh4 genes reveals a bipartite organization of rhodopsin promoters in Drosophila melanogaster. Genes Dev. 4 (1990) 444-463
53. Fortini M.E., Simon M.A., and Rubin G.M. Signalling by the sevenless protein tyrosine kinase is mimicked by Rasl activation. Nature 355 (1992) 559-561
54. Franceschini N., and Kirschfeld K. Les phenomenes de pseudopille dans l'oeil compose de Drosophila. Kybernetik 9 (1971) 159-182
55. Freeh M., John J., Pizon V., Chardin P., Tavitian A., Clarck R., McCormick F., and Wittinghoffer A. Inhibition of GTPase activating protein stimulation of Ras-p21 GTPase by the Krev-1 gene product. Science 249 (1990) 169-171
56. Freeman Jr. R.M., Plutzky J., and Nell B.G. Identification of a human src homology 2-containing protein-tyrosine-phosphatase: a putative homolog of Drosophila corkscrew. Proc. Natl.Acad.Sci. USA 89 (1992) 11239-11243
57. Gaul U., Mardon G., and Rubin G.M. A putative Ras GTPase activating protein acts as a negative regulator of signaling by the Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase. Cell 68 (1992) 1007-1019
58. Glise B., Bourbon H., and Noselli S. hemipterous encodes a novel Drosophila MAP kinase kinase, required for epithelial cell sheet movement. Cell 83 (1995) 451-461
59. Glomset J.A., and Farnsworth C.C. Role of protein modification reactions in programming interactions between Ras-related GTPases and cell membranes. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 10 (1994) 181-205
60. Hafen E., Basler K., Edstroem J.-E., and Rubin G.M. Sevenless, a cell-specific homeotic gene of Drosophila, encodes a putative transmembrane receptor with a tyrosine kinase domain. Science 236 (1987) 55-63
61. Halder G., Callaerts P., and Gehring W.J. Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila. Science 267 (1995) 1788-1792
62. Hariharan I.K., Carthew R.W., and Rubin G.M. The Drosophila Roughened mutation: Activation of a rap homologue disrupts eye development and interferes with cell determination. Cell 67 (1991) 717-722
63. Hariharan I.K., Hu K.-Q., Asha H., Quintanilla A., Ezzell R.M., and Settleman J. Characterization of rho GTPase family homologues in Drosophila melanogaster: overexpressing Rhol in retinal cells causes a late developmental defect. EMBO J. 14 (1995) 292-302
64. Harris W.A., Stark W.S., and Walker J.A. Genetic dissection of the photoreceptor system in the compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Physiol. 256 (1976) 415-439
65. Harrison S.D., Solomon N., and Rubin G.M. A genetic analysis of the 63E-64A genomic region of Drosophila melanogaster, Identification of mutations in a replication factor C subunit. Genetics 139 (1995) 1701-1709
66. Harrison S.D., and Travers A.A. The tramtrack gene encodes a Drosophila finger protein that interacts with the ftz transcriptional regulatory region and shows a novel embryonic expression pattern. EMBO J. 9 (1990) 207-216
67. Hart A.C., Kramer H., Van Vactor D.L., Paidhungat M., and Zipursky S.L. Induction of cell fate in the Drosophila retina: the bride of sevenless protein is predicted to contain a large extracellular domain and seven transmembrane segments. Genes Dev. 4 (1990) 1835-1847
68. Hay B.A., Wolff T., and Rubin G.M. Expression of baculovirus P35 prevents cell death in Drosophila. Development 120 (1994) 2121-2129
69. Heidecker G., Kolch W., Morrison D.K., and Rapp U.R. The role of Raf-1 phosphorylation in signal transduction. Adv. Cancer Res. 58 (1992) 53-73
70. Herbst R., Carroll P.M., Allard J.D., Schilling J., Raabe T., and Simon M. Daughter of sevenless is a substrate of the phosphotyrosine phosphatase Corkscrew and functions during Sevenless signaling. Cell 85 (1996) 899-909
71. Hilliker A.J. Genetic analysis of the centromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 2 of Drosophila melanogaster: deficiency mapping of EMS-induced lethal complementation groups. Genetics. 83 (1976) 765-782
72. Hiromi Y., Mlodzik M., West S.R., Rubin G.M., and Goodman C.S. Ectopic expression of seven-up causes cell fate changes during ommatidial assembly. Development 118 (1993) 1123-1135
73. Hou X.S., Chou T.-B., Melnick M.B., and Perrimon N. The Torso receptor tyrosine kinase can activate Raf in a Ras-independent pathway. Cell 81 (1995) 63-71
74. Hunter T. Protein kinases and phosphatases: The yin and yang of protein phosphorylation and signaling. Cell 80 (1995) 225-236
75. Karim F.D., Chang H.C., Therrien M., Wassarman D.A., Laverty T., and Rubin G.M. A screen for genes that function downstream of Ras1 during Drosophila eye development. Genetics 743 (1996) 315-329
76. Karin M., and Hunter T. Transcriptional control by protein phosphorylation: signal transmission form the cell surface to the nucleus. Curr. Biol. 5 (1995) 747-757
77. Kauffmann R.C., Qian Y., Vogt A., Sebti S.M., Hamilton A.D., and Carthew R.W. Activated Drosophila Ras1 is selectively suppressed by isoprenyl transferase inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92 (1995) 10919-10923
78. Kayne P.S., and Sternberg P.W. Ras pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr. Op. Genet. Dev. 5 (1995) 38-43
79. Kimmel B.E., Heberlein U., and Rubin G.M. The homeo domain protein rough is expressed in a subset of cells in the developing Drosophila eye where it can specify photoreceptor cell subtype. Genes Dev. 4 (1990) 712-727
80. Kitayama H., Sugimoto Y., Matsuzaki T., Ikawa Y., and Noda M. A ras-related gene with transformation suppressor activity. Cell 56 (1989) 77-84
81. Klambt C. The Drosophila gene pointed encodes two ETS-like proteins which are involved in the development of the midline glial cells. Development 117 (1993) 163-178
82. Klambt C., Glazer L., and Shilo B.-Z. breathless, a Drosophila FGF receptor homologue, is essential for migration of trachael and specific midline glial cells. Genes Dev. 6 (1992) 1668-1678
83. Kornfeld K., Horn D.B., and Horvitz H.R. The ksr-1 gene encodes a novel protein kinase involved in Ras-mediated signaling in C. elegans. Cell 83 (1995) 903-913
84. Kramer H., Cagan R.L., and Zipursky S.L. Interaction of bride of sevenless membrane-bound ligand and the sevenless tyrosine-kinase receptor. Nature 352 (1991) 207-212
85. Kussick S.J., Basler K., and Cooper J.A. Ras 1-dependent signaling by ectopically-expressed Drosophila src gene product in the embryo and developing eye. Oncogene 8 (1993) 2791-2803
86. Ladias J.A.A., and Karathanasis S.K. Regulation of the Apolipoprotein A1 gene by ARP-1, a novel member of the steroid receptor superfamily. Science 251 (1991) 561-565
87. Lai Z.-C., Harrison S.D., Karim F., Li Y., and Rubin G.M. Loss of tramtrack gene activity results in ectopic R7 cell formation, even in a sina mutant background. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 5025-5030
88. Lai Z.-C., and Rubin G.M. Negative control of photoreceptor development by the product of the yan gene, and ETS domain protein. Cell 70 (1992) 609-620
89. Lee T., Feig L., and Montell D.J. Two distinct roles for Ras in a developmentally regulated cell migration. Development 122 (1996) 409-418
90. Leevers S.J., Paterson H.F., and Marshall C.J. Requirement for Ras in Raf activation is overcome by targeting Raf to the plasma membrane. Nature 369 (1994) 411-414
91. Lindquist S., and Craig E.A. The heat-shock proteins. Annu. Rev. Genet. 2 (1988) 631-677
92. Logan S.K., Garabedian M.J., Campbell C.E., and Werb Z. Synergistic transcriptional activation of the tissue inhibitor of metallopivleinase-I promoter via functional interaction of AP-I and Ets-1 transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 774-782
93. Lowenstein E.J., Daly R.J., Batzer A.G., Li W., Margolis B., Lammers R., Ullrich A., Skolnik EY., Bar-Sagi D., and Schlessinger J. The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signaling. Cell 70 (1992) 431-442
94. Lu X., Chou T.-B., Williams N.G., Roberts T., and Perrimon N. Control of cell fate determination by p21ras/Ras1, an essential component of torso signaling in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 7 (1993) 621-632
95. Lu X., Melnick M.B., Hsu J.-C., and Perrimon N. Genetic and molecular analyses of mutations in Drosophila raf signal transduction. EMBO J. 13 (1994) 2592-2599
96. MacDougall L.K., Domin J., and Waterfield M.D. A family of phosphoinositide 3-kinases in Drosophila identifies a new mediator of signal transduction. Curr. Biol. 5 (1995) 1404-1415
97. Marshall C.J. Ras effectors. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8 (1996) 197-204
98. Mauro L.J., and Dixon J.E. 'Zip codes' direct intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatases to correct celular 'addresses.' Trends Biochem. Sci. 19 (1994) 151-155
99. Melnick M.B., Perkins L.A., Lee M., Ambrosio L., and Perrimon N. Developmental and molecular characterization of mutations in the Drosophila-raf serine/threonine protein kinase. Development 118 (1993) 127-138
100. Michaud N.R., Fabian J.R., Mathes K.D., and Morrison D.K. 14--3--3 is not essential for Raf-1 function: Identification of Raf-1 proteins that are biologically activated in a 14--3--3 and Ras-independent manner. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 (1995) 3390-3397
101. Mlodzik M., Hiromi Y., Weber U., Goodman C.S., and Rubin G.M. The Drosophila seven-up gene, a member of the steriod receptor gene superfamily, controls photoreceptor cell fates. Cell 60 (1990) 211-224
102. Morgan T.H., Bridges C.B., and Sturtevant A.H. The genetics of Drosophila. Bibliog. Genet. 2 (1925) 233
103. Morrison D. 14--3--3: modulators of signaling proteins?. Science 266 (1994) 56-57
104. Morrison D.K. Mechanisms regulating Raf-1 activity in signal transduction pathways. Mol. Repro. Dev. 42 (1995) 507-514
105. Mumby M., and Walter G. Protein serine/threonine phosphatases: structure, regulation, and function in cell growth. Phys. Rev. 73 (1993) 673-699
106. Muslin A.J., Tanner J.W., Allen P.M., and Shaw A.S. Interaction of 14--3--3 with signaling proteins is mediated by the recognition of phosphoserine. Cell 84 (1996) 889-897
107. Nebreda A.R. Inactivation of MAP kinases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19 (1994) 1-2
108. Neckameyer W.S., Shibuya M., Hsu M.-T., and Wang L.-H. Proto-oncogene c-ros codes for a molecule with structural features common to those of growth factor receptors and displays tissue-specific and developmentally regulated expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 (1986) 1478-1486
109. Neumann-Silberberg F.S., Schejter E., Hoffmann F.M., and Shilo B.-Z. The Drosophila ras oncogenes: structure and nucleotide sequence. Cell 37 (1984) 1027-1033
110. Nishida Y., Hata M., Ayaki T., Ryo H., Yamagata M., Shimizu K., and Nishizuka Y. Proliferation of both somatic and germ cells is affected in the Drosophila mutants of raf proto-oncogene. EMBO J. 7 (1988) 775-781
111. Olivier J.P., Raabe T., Henkemeyer M., Dickson B., Mbamalu G., Margolis B., Schlessinger J., Hafen E., and Pawson T. A Drosophila SH2-SH3 adapter protein implicated in coupling the Sevenless tyrosine kinase to an activator of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange, Sos. Cell 73 (1993) 179-191
112. O'Neill E.M., Rebay I., Tjian R., and Rubin G.M. The activities of two Ets-related transcription factors required for Drosophila eye development are modulated by the Ras/MAPK pathway. Cell 78 (1994) 137-147
113. Orgad S.N., Brewis Alphey L., Axton J.M., Dudai Y., and Cohen P.T.W. The structure of protein phosphatase 2A is as highly conserved as that of protein phosphatase 1. FEBS Lett. 275 (1990) 44-48
114. Pawson T., and Schlessinger J. SH2 and SH3 domains. Curr. Biol. 3 (1993) 434-442
115. Perkins K.K., Admon A., Patel N., and Tjian R. The Drosophila fos-related AP-1 protein is a developmentally regulated transcription factor. Genes Dev. 4 (1990) 822-834
116. Perkins L.A., Larsen I., and Perrimon N. corkscrew encodes a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase that functions to transduce the terminal signal from the receptor tyrosine kinase torso. Cell 70 (1992) 225-236
117. Perrimon N., Engstrom L., and Mahowald A.P. Developmental genetics of the 2C-D region of the Drosophila X chromosome. Genetics 111 (1985) 23-41
118. Perrimon N., Engstrom L., and Mahowald A.P. A pupal lethal mutation with a paternally influenced maternal effect on embryonic development in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev. Biol. 110 (1985) 225-236
119. Perrimon N. Signalling pathways initiated by receptor protein tyrosine kinases in Drosophila. Curr. Op. Cell Biol. 6 (1994) 260-266
120. Quilliam L.A., Huff S.Y., Rabun K.M., Wei W., Park W., Broek D., and Der C.J. Membrane-targeting potentiates guanine nucleotide exchange factor CDC25 and SOS1 activation of Ras transforming activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91 (1994) 8512-8516
121. Quilliam L.A., Zhong S., Rabun K.M., Carpenter J.W., South T.L., Der C.J., and Campbell-Burk S. Biological and structural characterization of a Ras transforming mutation at the phenylalanine-156 residue, which is conserved in all members of the Ras superfamily. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92 (1995) 1272-1276
122. Raabe T., Olivier J.P., Dickson B., Liu X., Gish G.D., Pawson T., and Hafen E. Biochemical and genetic analysis of the Drk SH2/SH3 adaptor protein of Drosophila. EMBO J. 14 (1995) 2509-2518
123. Raabe T., Riesgo-Escovar J., Lui X., Bausenwein B.S., Deak P., and Hafen E. Dos, a novel PH domain containing protein required for signal transduction between Sevenless and Ras1 in Drosophila. Cell 85 (1996) 911-920
124. Rebay I., and Rubin G.M. Yan functions as a general inhibitor of differentiation and is negatively regulated by activation of the Ras1/MAPK pathway. Cell 81 (1995) 857-866
125. Reichman-Fried M., Dickson B., Hafen E., and Shilo B.-Z. Elucidation of the role of breathless, a Drosophila FGF receptor homologue, in trachael cell migration. Genes Dev. 8 (1994) 428-439
126. Reinke R., and Zipursky S.L. Cell-cell interaction in the Drosophila retina: The bride of sevenless gene is required in photoreceptor cell R8 for R7 cell development. Cell 55 (1988) 321-330
127. Rogge R., Cagan R.L., Majumdar A., Dulaney T., and Banerjee U. Neuronal development in the Drosophila retina: the sextra gene defines an inhibitory component in the developmental pathway of R7 photoreceptor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89 (1992) 5271-5275
128. Rogge R., Green P.J., Urano J., Horn-Saban S., Mlodzik M., Shilo B.-Z., Hartenstein V., and Banerjee U. The role of yan in mediating the choice between cell division and differentiation. Development 121 (1995) 3947-3958
129. Rogge R.D., Karlovich C.A., and Banerjee U. Genetic dissection of a neurodevelopmental pathway: Son of sevenless functions downstream of the sevenless and EGF receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 64 (1991) 39-48
130. Rogers S., Wells R., and Rechsteiner M. Amino acid sequences common to rapidly degraded proteins: the PEST hypothesis. Science 234 (1986) 364-368
131. Salzberg A., Cohen N., Halachmi N., Kimchie Z., and Lev Z. The Drosophila Ras2 and Rop gene pair: a dual homology with a yeast Ras-like gene and a suppressor of its loss-of-function phenotype. Development 117 (1993) 1309-1319
132. Saurin A.J., Borden K.L.B., Boddy M.N., and Freemont P.S. Does this have a familiar RING?. Trends Biochem Sci. 21 (1996) 208-214
133. Segal D., and Shilo B.-Z. Tissue localization of Drosophila melanogaster ras transcripts during development. Mol Cell. Biol. 6 (1986) 2241-2248
134. Seger R., and Krebs E.G. The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB J. 9 (1995) 726-735
135. Shaw G. The pleckstrin homology domain: an intriguing multifunctional protein module. Bioessays 18 (1996) 35-46
136. Simon M.A. Signal transduction during the development of the Drosophila R7 photoreceptor. Dev. Biol. 166 (1994) 431-442
137. Simon M.A., Bowtell D.D.L., Dodson G.S., Laverty T.R., and Rubin G.M. Rasl and a putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor perform crucial steps in signaling by the sevenless protein tyrosine kinase. Cell 67 (1991) 701-716
138. Simon M.A., Bowtell D.D.L., and Rubin G.M. Structure and activity of the Sevenless protein: a protein tyrosine kinase receptor required for photoreceptor development in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86 (1989) 8333-8337
139. Rasl activation and binds the Sevenless and Sos protein in vitro. Cell 73 (1993) 169-177
140. Sliter T.J., Herlich R.L., Tucker L.J., and Gilbert L.I. The genetics of the Dras-3-Roughened-ecdysoneless chromosomal region (62B3--4 to 62D3--4) in Drosophila melanogaster: analysis of recessive lethal mutations. Genetics 123 (1989) 327-336
141. Stancato L.F., Chow C.H., Hutchinson K.A., Perdew G.H., Jove R., and Pratt W.B. Raf exists in a native heterocomplex with hsp90 and p50 that can be reconstituted in a cell-free system. J. Biol. Chem. 2 268 (1993) 21711-21716
142. Stepanova, L., Leng, X., Parker, S., & Harper, J. W. (1996). Mammalian p50Cdc37 is a protein kinase targeting subunit of Hsp90 that binds and stabilizes Cdk4. Genes Dev. (in press)
143. Stokoe D., Macdonald S.G., Cadwallader K., Symons M., and Hancock J.F. Activation of Raf as a result of recruitment to the plasma membrane. Science 264 (1994) 1463-1467
144. Sundaram M., and Han M. The C. elegans ksr-1 gene encodes a novel Raf-related kinase involved in Ras-mediated signal transduction. Cell 83 (1995) 889-901
145. Tei H., Nihonmatsu I., Yokokura T., Ueda R., Sano Y., Okuda T., Sato K., Hirata K., Fujita S.C., and Yamamoto D. pokkuri, a Drosophila gene encoding an E-26-specific (Ets) domain protein, prevents overproduction of the R7 photoreceptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89 (1992) 6856-6860
146. Therrien M., Chang H.C., Solomon N.M., Karim F.D., Wassarman D.A., and Rubin G.M. Ksr, a novel protein kinase required for Ras signal transduction. Cell 83 (1995) 879-888
147. Tomlinson A., Bowtell D.D.L., Hafen E., and Rubin G.M. Localization of the Sevenless protein, a putative receptor for positional information, in the eye imaginal disc of Drosophila. Cell 51 (1987) 143-150
148. Tomlinson A., and Ready D.F. Sevenless: a cell-specific homeotic mutation of the Drosophila eye. Science 231 (1986) 400-402
149. Tomlinson A., and Ready D.F. Cell fate in the Drosophila ommatidium. Dev. Biol. 123 (1987) 264-275
150. Treier M., Bohmann D., and Mlodzik M. Jun cooperates with the ETS domain protein pointed to induce photoreceptor R7 fate in the Drosophila eye. Cell 83 (1995) 753-760
151. Treisman R. Regulation of transcription by MAP kinase cascades. Curr. Op. Cell Biol. 8 (1996) 205-215
152. Tsuda L., Inoue Y.H., Yoo M.-A., Mizuno M., Hata M., Lim Y.-M., Adachi-Yamada T., Ryo H., Masamune Y., and Nishida Y. A protein kinase similar to MAP kinase activator acts downstream of the Raf kinase in Drosophila. Cell 72 (1993) 407-414
153. Van Vactor D.L., Cagan R.L., Kramer H., and Zipursky S.L. Induction in the developing compound eye of Drosophila: multiple mechanisms restrict R7 induction to a single retinal precursor cell. Cell 67 (1991) 1145-1155
154. Wang L.-H., Tsai S.Y., Cook R.G., Beattie W.G., Tsai M.-G., and O'Malley B.W. COUP transcription factor is a member of the steroid receptor superfamily. Nature 340 (1989) 163-166
155. Wartman M., and Davis R.J. The native structure of the activated raf protein kinase is a membrane-bound multi-subunit complex. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 6695-6701
156. Waskiewicz A.J., and Cooper J.A. Mitogen and stress response pathways: MAP kinase cascades and phosphatase regulation in mammals and yeast. Curr. Op. Cell Biol. 7 (1995) 798-805
157. Wassarman D.A., Solomon N.M., Chang H.C., Karim F.D., Therrien M., and Rubin G.M. Protein phosphatase 2A positively and negatively regulates Ras-mediated photoreceptor development in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 10 (1995) 272-278
158. Wassarman D.A., Therrien M., and Rubin G.M. The Ras signaling pathway in Drosophila. Curr. Op. Genet. Dev. 5 (1995) 44-50
159. Wasylyk B., Hahn S.L., and Giovane A. The Ets family of transcription factors. Eur. J. Biochem. 211 (1993) 7-18
160. White M.A., Nicolette C., Minden A., Polverino A., Van Aelst L., Karin M., and Wigler M.H. Multiple Ras functions can contribute to mammalian cell transformation. Cell 80 (1995) 533-541
161. Wolff T., and Ready D.F. Pattern formation in the Drosophila retina. The Development of Drosophila melanogaster. (1993), Cold Spring Harbor Press
162. Yamamoto D., Nihonmatsu I., Matsuo T., Miyamoto H., Kondo S., Hirata K., and Ikegami Y. Genetic interactions of pokkuri with seven in absentia, tramtrack and downstream components of the sevenless pathway in R7 photoreceptor induction in Drosophila melanogaster. Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 205 (1996) 215-224
163. Xiong W.-C., and Montell C. Tramtrack is a transcriptional repressor required for cell fate determination in the Drosophila eye. Genes Dev. 7 (1993) 1085-1096
164. Xu T., and Rubin G.M. Analysis of genetic mosaics in developing and adult Drosophila tissues. Development 117 (1993) 1223-1237
165. Zhang F.L., Diehl R.E., Kohl N.E., Gibbs J.B., Giros B., Casey P.J., and Omer C.A. cDNA cloning and expression of rat and human protein Geranylgeranyltransferase Type-I. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 3175-3180
166. Zhang K., Chaillet R., Perkins L.A., Halazonetis T.D., and Perrimon N. Drosophila homolog of the mammalian jun oncogene is expressed during embryonic development and activates transcription in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87 (1990) 6281-6285
167. Zhong Y. Mediation of PACAP-like neoropeptide transmission by coactivation of Ras/Raf and cAMP signal transduction pathways in Drosophila. Nature 375 (1995) 588-592
168. Zipursky S.L., and Rubin G.M. Determination of neuronal cell fate: lessons from the R7 neuron of Drosophila. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 17 (1994) 373-397