Orbicules in Angiosperms: Morphology, Function, Distribution, and Relation with Tapetum Types

Botanical Review

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 240-272

  Huysmans, Suzy ^a   El Ghazaly, Gamal ^b   Smets, Erik ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b SWEDISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MAGNOLIOPHYTA;

EID: 0002441284     PISSN: 00068101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02856566     Document Type: Article

References (217)

1. Abadie, M. & M. Hideux. 1979. L'anthère de Saxifraga cymbalaria L. ssp. huetiana (Boiss.) Engl. et Irmsch. en microscopie électronique (M.E.B. et M.E.T.). 1. Généralités. Ontogenèse des orbicules. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 13(1): 199-233.
2. _ & _. 1983. Les anthères de Saxifraga clusii Gouan et de Saxifraga sempervivum C.Koch. Quelques phases de l'ontogenèse des cellules tapétales et sporales. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 13(5): 71-95.
3. _, M-T. Cerceau-Larrival & F. Roland-Heydacker. 1981. Quelques aspects de la production des tapis dans les anthères de deux ombellifères: Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. et Hydrocotyle mexicana Cham. et Schlecht.. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 13(2-3): 149-162.
4. _, M. Hideux & J. R. Rowley. 1987. Ultrastructural cytology of the anther. II. Proposal for a model of exine considering a dynamic connection between cytoskeleton, glycolemma and sporopollenin synthesis. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 13: 1-16.
5. Archangelsky, S. & T. N. Taylor. 1993. The ultrastructure of in situ Clavatipollenites pollen from the early Cretaceous of Patagonia. Amer. J. Bot. 80: 879-885.
6. Audran, J-C. 1981. Pollen and tapetum development in Ceratozamia mexicana (Cycadaceae): sporal origin of the exinic sporopollenin in Cycads. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 33: 315-346.
7. _ & M. Batcho. 1981. Cytochemical and infrastructural aspects of pollen and tapetum ontogeny in Silene dioica (Caryophyllaceae). Grana 20: 65-80.
8. _ & L. D. Dicko-Zafimahova. 1992. Aspects ultrastructuraux et cytochimiques du tapis staminal chez Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae). Grana 31: 253-272.
9. Banerjee, U. C. 1967. Ultrastructure of the tapetal membranes in grasses. Grana Palynol. 7: 365-377.
10. _ & E. S. Barghoorn. 1970. The structure of the Ubisch bodies (orbicules) and their control on mature ektexine pattern of grass pollen grains. Maize Genet. Coop. Newsl. 44: 46-47.
11. _ & _. 1971. The tapetal membranes in grasses and Ubisch body control of mature exine pattern. Pages 126-127 in J. Heslop-Harrison (ed.), Pollen development and physiology. Butterworths, London.
12. Bhandari, N. N. 1971. Embryology of the Magnoliales and comments on their relationships. J. Arnold Arbor. Harv. Univ. 52: 1-39, 285-304.
13. _. 1984. The microsporangium. Pages 53-121 in B. M. John (ed.), Embryology of angiosperms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
14. _ & R. Kishori. 1971. Übisch granules on tapetal membranes in anthers; rapid selective staining by spirit blue. Stain Techn. 46: 15-17.
15. _ & _. 1973. Development of tapetal membrane and Ubisch-granules in Nigella damascena - A histochemical approach. Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 49: 59-72.
16. Biddle, J. A. 1979. Anther and pollen development in garden pea and cultivated lentil. Canad. J. Bot. 57: 1883-1900.
17. Brummitt, R. K. & C. E. Powell. 1992. Authors of plant names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
18. Carniel, K. 1963. Das antherentapetum. Ein kritischer überblick. Österr. Bot. Z. 110: 145-176.
19. _. 1967. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische untersuchung der Ubischkörperentwicklung in der gattung Oxalis. Österr. Bot. Z. 114: 490-501.
20. _. 1971. Zur kenntnis der Ubischkörper von Heleocharis palustris. Österr. Bot. Z. 119: 496-502.
21. Cerceau-Larrival, M-T. & F. Roland-Heydacker. 1976. Ontogénie et ultrastructure de pollens d'Ombellifères. Tapis et corps d'Ubisch. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 283: 29-32.
22. _, M. Abadie, L. Albertini, J.-C. Audran, A. Cornu, M.-T. Cousin, L. Dan Dicko-Zafimahova, G. Duc, I. K. Ferguson, M. Hideux, S. Nilsson, F. Roland-Heydacker & A. Souvre. 1981. Relations sporophyte-gamétophyte: Assise tapétale-pollen. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Paris 13: 69-92.
23. Chambers, T. C. & H. Godwin. 1961. The fine structure of the pollen wall of Tilia platyphyllos. New Phytol. 60: 393-399.
24. Chardard, R. 1971. Infrastructure des cellules tapetales, des microsporocytes et des grains de pollen de quelques Orchidacées. Ann. Univ. ARERS 9: 154-178.
25. Chase, M. W., D. E. Soltis, R. G. Olmstead, D. Morgan, D. Les, B. D. Mishler, M. R. Duvall, R. A. Price, H. G. Hills, Y. Qiu, K. A. Kron, J. H. Rettig, E. Conti, J. D. Palmer, J. R. Manhart, K. J. Sytsma, H. J. Michaels, W. J. Kress, M. J. Donoghue, W. D. Clark, M. Hedrén, B. S. Gaut, R. K. Jansen, K.-J. Kim, C. F. Wimpee, J. F. Smith, G. R. Furnier, S. Strauss, Q. Xiang, G. M. Plunkett, P. S. Soltis, S. Swensen, L. E. Eguiarte, G. H. Jr. Learn, S. C. H. Barrett, S. Graham, S. Dayanandan, V. A. Albert. 1993. Phylogenetics of seed plants: An analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 528-580.
26. Chatin, A. 1870. L'Anthére. Recherches sur le développement, la structure et les fonctions de ses tissus. J-B. Baillière et fils, Paris.
27. Chaudhry, B. & M. R. Vijayaraghavan. 1995. Structure and development of anther, pollen and exinal connections in jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis). Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad., B61, 3: 199-208.
28. Chen, Z-K., F-H. Wang & F. Zhou. 1988a. On the origin, development and ultrastructure of the orbicules and pollenkitt in the tapetum of Anemarrhena asphodeloides (Liliaceae). Grana 27: 273-282.
29. _, _ & _. 1988b. The ultrastructural aspect of tapetum and Ubisch bodies in Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Acta Bot. Sin. 30: 1-5.
30. Cheng, P-C. & M-I. Lin. 1980. Cytological studies on the stamen of Caltha palustris L. 1. Anther and filament morphology, ultrastructural studies of their cuticle and orbicule. Natl. Sci. Counc. Monthly 8: 1113-1140. (Chinese, Engl. abstract).
31. Chopra, R. N. & H. Kaur. 1965. Embryology of Bixa orellana Linn. Phytomorphology 15: 211-214.
32. Christensen, J. E., H. T. Horner Jr. & N. R. Lersten. 1972. Pollen wall and tapetal orbicular wall development in Sorghum bicolor (Gramineae). Amer. J. Bot. 59: 43-58.
33. Ciampolini, F., M. Nepi & E. Pacini. 1993. Tapetum development in Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. Suppl. 7: 13-22.
34. Clément, C. & J.-C. Audran. 1992. Apports de la cytochimie à la connaissance des orbicules dans l'anthère de Lilium (Liliacées). I. Le coeur orbiculaire. Bull. Soc. bot. Fr., Lettres Bot. 139: 369-376.
35. _ & _. 1993a. Cytochemical and ultrastructural evolution of orbicules in Lilium. Pl. Syst. Evol. Suppl. 7: 63-74.
36. _ & _. 1993b. Orbicule wall surface characteristics in Lilium (Liliaceae). An ultrastructural and cytochemical approach. Grana 32: 348-353.
37. _ & _. 1993c. Electron microscope evidence for a membrane around the core of the Ubisch body in Lilium (Liliaceae). Grana 32: 311-314.
38. Coetzee, H. & P. J. Robbertse. 1985. Pollen and tapetal development in Securidaca longepedunculata. S. Afr. J. Bot. 51: 111-124.
39. Colhoun, C. W. & M. W. Steer. 1981. Microsporogenesis and the mechanism of cytoplasmic male sterility in maize. Ann. Bot. 48: 417-424.
40. Cousin, M.-T. 1979. Tapetum and pollen grains of Vinca rosea (Apocynaceae). Grana 18: 115-128.
41. Dahl, A. O. & J. R. Rowley. 1965. Pollen of Degeneria vitiensis. J. Arnold Arbor. 46: 308-323.
42. Dahleren, G. 1989a. An updated angiosperm classification. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 100: 197-203.
43. _. 1989b. The last dahlgrenogram. System of classification of the dicotyledons. Pages 249-260 in The Davis and Hedge Festschrift. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
44. _. 1991. Steps toward a natural system of the dicotyledons: Embryological characters. Aliso 13: 107-165.
45. Dahlgren, R. M. T. & H. T. Clifford. 1982. The monocotyledons: A comparative study. Academic Press, London.
46. _, _ & P. F. Yeo. 1985. The families of the monocotyledons. Structure, evolution and taxonomy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
47. Davis, G. L. 1966. Systematic embryology of the angiosperms. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
48. _. 1967. The anther tapetum, Ubisch granules and hay fever. Austral. J. Sci. 30: 235-236.
49. _. 1968. Floral morphology and the development of gametophytes in Eucalyptus melliodora A. Cunn. Austral. J. Bot. 16: 19-35.
50. De Vries, A. Ph. & T. S. Ie. 1970. Electron-microscopy on anther tissue and pollen of male sterile and fertile wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Euphytica 19: 103-120.
51. Dickinson, H. G. 1976. The deposition of acetolysis-resistant polymers during the formation of pollen. Pollen Spores 18: 321-334.
52. _ & P. R. Bell. 1972. The role of the tapetum in the formation of sporopollenin-containing structures during microsporogenesis in Pinus banksiana. Planta 107: 205-215.
53. Dunbar, A. 1973. Pollen development in the Eleocharispalustris Group (Cyperaceae). Bot. Not. 126: 197-254.
54. Echlin, P. 1971. The role of the tapetum during microsporogenesis of angiosperms. Pages 41-61 in J. Heslop-Harrison (ed.), Pollen development and physiology. Butterworths, London.
55. _ & H. Godwin. 1968a. The ultrastructure and ontogeny of pollen in Helleborus foetidus L. I. The development of the tapetum and ubisch bodies. J. Cell Sci. 3: 161-174.
56. _ & _. 1968b. The ultrastructure and ontogeny of pollen in Helleborus foetidus L. II. Pollen grain development through the callose special wall stage. J. Cell Sci. 3: 175-186.
57. _ & _. 1969. The ultrastructure and ontogeny of pollen in Helleborus foetidus L. III. The formation of the pollen grain wall. J. Cell Sci. 5: 459-477.
58. Edwardson, J. R. 1970. Cytoplasmic male sterility. Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 36: 341-420.
59. El-Ghazaly, G. 1989. Pollen and orbicule morphology of some Euphorbia species. Grana 28: 243-259.
60. _. 1990. A comparison of pollen wall development in normal and gametocide treated plants of Triticum aestivum. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 137: 65-70.
61. _ & R. Chaudhary. 1993. Morphology and taxonomic application of orbicules (Ubisch bodies) in the genus Euphorbia. Grana suppl. 2: 26-32.
62. _ & W. A. Jensen. 1985. Studies of the development of wheat (Triticum aestivum) pollen. III. Formation of microchannels in the exine. Pollen Spores 27: 5-14.
63. _ & _. 1986. Studies of the development of wheat (Triticum aestivum) pollen. I. Formation of the pollen wall and ubisch bodies. Grana 25: 1-29.
64. _ & _. 1987. Development of wheat (Triticum aestivum) pollen. II. Histochemical difterentiation of wall and Ubisch bodies during development. Amer. J. Bot. 74: 1396-1418.
65. _ & _. 1990. Development of wheat (Triticum aestivum) pollen wall before and after effect of a gametocide. Canad. J. Bot. 68: 2509-2516.
66. _ & S. Nilsson. 1991. Development of tapetum and orbicules of Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae). Pages 317-329 in S. Blackmore & S. H. Barnes (eds.), Pollen and spores. Systematics Association Special Vol. 44. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
67. _ & J. R. Rowley. In press. Tapetum and microspore development in Echinodorus cordifolius (Alismataceae). Nordic J. Bot.
68. _, Y. Takahashi, S. Nilsson, E. Grafström & B. Berggren. 1995. Orbicules in Betula pendula and their possible role in allergy. Grana 34: 300-304.
69. Endress, P. K. & P. Voser. 1975. Zur androeciumanlage und antherenentwicklung bei Caloncoba echinata (Flacourtiaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 123: 241-253.
70. Erdtman, G., B. Berglund & J. Praglowski. 1961. An introduction to a Scandinavian pollen flora. Almqvist & Wiksells, Uppsala.
71. Fitzgerald, M. A., D. M. Calder & R. B. Knox. 1993a. Character states of development and initiation of cohesion between compound pollen grains of Acacia paradoxa. Ann. Bot. 71: 51-59.
72. _, _ & _. 1993b. Secretory events in the freeze substituted tapetum of the orchid Pterostylis concinna. Pl. Syst. Evol. Suppl. 7: 53-62.
73. Franchi, G. G. & E. Pacini. 1981. Gli orbicoli: Formazione, morfologia e loro significato. Giornale Botanico Italiano 115: 133 (Italian).
74. Furness, C. A. & P. J. Rudall. The tapetum and systematics in monocotyledons. Bot. Rev. 64: 201-239.
75. Gabarayeva, N. I. 1986. The development of the exine in Michelia fuscata (Magnoliaceae) in connection with the changes in cytoplasmic organelles of microspores and tapetum. Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 71: 311-322 (Russian).
76. _. 1991. The ultrastructure and development of exine and orbicules of Magnolia delavayi (Magnoliaceae) in the tetrad and the beginning of posttetrad periods. Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 76: 10-19 (Russian).
77. _. 1992. Sporoderm development in Asimina triloba (Annonaceae). I. The developmental events before callose dissolution. Grana 31: 213-222.
78. _. 1993. Sporoderm development in Asimina triloba (Annonaceae). II. The developmental events after callose dissolution. Grana 32: 210-220.
79. _. 1995. Pollen wall and tapetum development in Anaxagorea brevipes (Annonaceae): Sporoderm substructure, cytoskeleton, sporopollenin precursor particles, and the endexine problem. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 85: 123-152.
80. _ & G. El-Ghazaly. 1997. Sporoderm development in Nymphaea mexicana (Nymphaeaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 204: 1-19.
81. Gifford E. M. & A. S. Foster. 1989. Morphology and evolution of vascular plants. Ed. 3. W. H. Freeman, New York.
82. Godwin, H., P. Echlin & B. Chapman. 1967. The development of the pollen grain wall in Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 3: 181-195.
83. Goebel, K. 1901. Organographie der pflanzen. 1. Auflage.
84. Gorczynski, T. 1935. Untersuchungen über kleistogamie. IV. Entwicklung der archesporgewebe und der befruchtungsvorgang bei Cardamine chenopodiifolia Pers. Acta Soc. Bot. Polonice 12: 257-274.
85. Gori, P. 1982a. An ultrastructural investigation of microspores, pollen grains and tapetum in Asparagus officinalis. Phytomorphology 32: 277-284.
86. _. 1982b. Accumulation of polysaccharides in the anther cavity of Allium sativum, Clone Piemonte. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 81: 158-162.
87. _ & M. Lorito. 1988. An ultrastructural investigation of the anther wall and tapetum in Capparis spinosa L. var. inermis. Caryologia 41: 329-340.
88. Gupta, S. C. & K. Nanda. 1972. Occurrence and histochemistry of the anther tapetal membrane. Grana 12: 99-104.
89. _ & _. 1978. Studies in the Bignoniaceae. I. Ontogeny of dimorphic anther tapetum in Pyrostegia. Amer. J. Bot. 65: 395-399.
90. Herdt, E., R. Stütfeld & R. Wiermann. 1978. The occurrence of enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism in the tapetum fraction of anthers. Cytobiologie 17: 433-441.
91. Herich, R. & A. Lux. 1985. Lytic activity of Ubisch bodies (orbicles). Cytologia 50: 563-569.
92. Heslop-Harrison, J. 1962. Origin of exine. Nature 195: 1069-1071.
93. _. 1968a. Pollen wall development. Science 161: 230-237.
94. _. 1968b. Tapetal origin of pollen-coat substances in Lilium. New Phytol. 67: 779-786.
95. _. 1971. The pollen wall: Structure and development. Pages 75-98 in J. Heslop-Harrison (ed.), Pollen development and physiology. Butterworths, London.
96. _ & H. G. Dickinson. 1969. Time relationships of sporopollenin synthesis associated with tapetum and microspores in Lilium. Planta 84: 199-214.
97. Hess, M. W. & A. Frosch. 1994. Subunits of forming pollen exine and Ubisch bodies as seen in freeze substituted Ledebouria socialis Roth (Hyacinthaceae). Protoplasma 182: 10-14.
98. Hesse, M. 1979. Entwicklungsgeschichte und ultrastruktur von pollenkitt und exine bei nahe verwandten entomo- und anemophilen angiospermen: Salicaceae, Tiliaceae und Ericaceae. Flora 168: 540-557.
99. _. 1981. Pollenkitt and viscin threads: their role in cementing pollen grains. Grana 20: 145-152.
100. _. 1985. Hemispheric surface processes of exine and orbicules in Calluna (Ericaceae). Grana 24: 93-98.
101. _, 1986. Orbicules and the ektexine are homologous sporopollenin concretions in Spermatophyta. Pl. Syst. Evol. 153: 37-48.
102. Hesse, M. & M. W. Hess. 1993. Recent trends in tapetum research. A cytological and methodological review. Pl. Syst. Evol. Suppl. 7: 127-145.
103. Hideux, M. & M. Abadie. 1986. Ontogenetic constraints on function in pollen of some Saxifraga L. species. Pages 35-48 in S. Blackmore & I. K. Ferguson (eds.), Pollen and spores: Form and function. The Linnean Society, London.
104. Hoefert, L. L. 1971. Ultrastructure of tapetal cell ontogeny in Beta. Protoplasma 73: 397-406.
105. Horner, H. T. Jr. & N. R. Lersten. 1971. Microsporogenesis in Citrus limon (Rutaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 58: 72-79.
106. Huysmans, S., G. El-Ghazaly, S. Nilsson & E. Smets. 1997. Systematic value of tapetal orbicules: A preliminary survey of the Cinchonoideae (Rubiaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 75: 815-826.
107. Igersheim, A. 1993. The character states of the Caribbean monotypic endemic Strumpfia (Rubiaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 13: 545-559.
108. Jiménez, J. L. U., P. H. Fernández, M. G. Schlag & M. Hesse. 1996. Pollen and tapetum development in male fertile Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae). Grana 34: 305-316.
109. John, B. M. & H. Singh. 1959. The morphology, embryology and systematic position of Elytraria acaulis (Linn.f.) Lindau. Bot. Not. 112: 227-251.
110. Kamelina, O. P. & N. G. Toutchina. 1982. A contribution to the embryology of the non-investigated taxa. II. The development of the anther and pollen grains in Nandina domestica (Berberidaceae). Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 67: 1459-1468. (Russian)
111. _ & O. B. Proskurina. 1985. On the embryology of Stegnosperma halimifolium (Stegnospermataceae). Distribution of the embryological features in Caryophyllales. Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 70: 721-730. (Russian)
112. Kaul, M. L. H. 1988. Male sterility in higher plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
113. Keijzer, C. J. 1984. Pollen dispersal and the function of the orbicules. Acta Bot. Neerl. 33: 244.
114. _. 1987b. The processes of anther dehiscence and pollen dispersal. II. The formation and the transfer mechanism of pollenkitt, cell-wall development of the loculus tissues and a function of orbicules in pollen dispersal. New Phytol. 105: 499-507.
115. _ & M. Cresti. 1987. A comparison of anther tissue development in male sterile Aloe vera and male fertile Aloe ciliaris. Ann. Bot. 59: 533-542.
116. Kenrick, J. & R. B. Knox. 1979. Pollen development and cytochemistry in some Australian species of Acacia. Austral. J. Bot. 27: 413-427.
117. Kosmath, L. von. 1927. Studien über das antherentapetum. Österr. Bot. Z. 76: 235-241.
118. Krjatchenko, D. 1925. De l'activité des chondriosomes pendant le développement des grains de pollen et des cellules nourricières du pollen dans Lilium croceum chaix. Rev. Gén. Bot. 37: 193-211.
119. Laser, K. D. & N. R. Lersten. 1972. Anatomy and cytology of microsporogenesis in cytoplasmic male-sterile angiosperms. Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 38: 425-450.
120. Lippi, M., F. Cimoli, E. Maugini & G. Tani. 1994. A comparative study of the tapetal behaviour in male fertile and male sterile Iris pallida Lam. during microsporogenesis. Caryologia 47: 109-120.
121. Lisci, M., C. Tanda & E. Pacini. 1994. Pollination ecophysiology of Mercurialis annua L. (Euphorbiaceae), an anemophilous species flowering all year round. Ann. Bot. 74: 125-135.
122. Liu, N., F. Wang & Z. Chen. 1992. Fine structure of tapetal cells and Ubisch bodies in the anther of Ophiopogon japonicus. Acta Bot. Sin. 34: 15-19.
123. Lombardo, G. & L. Carraro. 1976a. Tapetal ultrastructural changes during pollen development. I. Studies on Antirrhinum maius. Caryologia 29: 113-125.
124. _ & _. 1976b. Tapetal ultrastructural changes during pollen development. III. Studies on Gentiana acaulis. Caryologia 29: 345-349.
125. Lugardon, B. 1981. Les globules des Filicinées, homologues des corps d'Ubisch des Spermatophytes. Pollen Spores 23: 93-124.
126. Lynch, A. H. & M. Gregory. 1996. A bibliography of stamen morphology and anatomy. Pages 272-336 in W. G. D'Arcy & R. C. Keating (eds.), The anther: Form, function and phylogeny. Cambridge University Press.
127. Mabberley, D. J. 1993. The plant book, a portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
128. Madjd, A. & F. Roland-Heydacker. 1978. Sécrétions et dégénérescence des cellules du tapis dans l'anthère du Soja hispida Moench, Papilionaceae. Grana 17: 167-174.
129. Maheshwari, P. 1950. Introduction to the embryology of angiosperms. McGraw-Hill, New York.
130. Mascré, M. 1922. Sur l'étamine des Boraginées. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 175: 987-988.
131. Marquardt, H., O. M. Barth & U. von Rahden. 1968. Zytophotometrische und elektronenmikroskopische beobachtungen über die tapetumzellen in den antheren von Paeonia tenuifolia. Protoplasma 65: 407-421.
132. Miki-Hirosige, H., S. Nakamura, H. Yasueda, T. Shida & Y. Takahasi. 1994. Immunocytochemical localization of the allergenic proteins in the pollen of Cryptomeria japonica. Sex. Pl. Reprod. 7: 95-100.
133. Misset, M. T. & J. P. Gourret. 1984. Accumulation of smooth cisternae in the tapetal cells of Ulex europaeus L. (Papilionoideae). J. Cell Sci. 72: 65-74.
134. Moussel, B., C. Moussel & J-C. Audran. 1992. La stérilité mâle nucléo-cytoplasmique chez la féverole (Vicia faba L.). IX. Fonctionnement du tapis et formations membranaires chez les génotypes fertiles. Incidence du dysfonctionnement du tapis sur l'ontogénèse de l'exine des microspores stériles. Grana 31: 25-48.
135. Mu, X., F. Wang & W. Wang. 1988. Development and histochemical observations of tapetum and peritapetal membrane in anther of Pulsatilla chinensis. Acta Bot. Sin. 30: 6-13.
136. Murgia, M., M. Charzynska, M. Rougier & M. Cresti. 1991. Secretory tapetum of Brassica oleracea L.: Polarity and ultrastructural features. Sex. Pl. Reprod. 4: 28-35.
137. Nanda, K. & S. C. Gupta. 1977. Development of tapetal periplasmodium in Rhoeo spathacea. Phytomorphology 27: 308-314.
138. _ & _. 1978. Studies in the Bignoniaceae. II. Ontogeny of dimorphic anther tapetum in Tecoma. Amer. J. Bot. 65: 400-405.
139. Nilsson, S. & A. Robyns. 1974. Pollen morphology and taxonomy of the genus Quararibea s.l. (Bombacaceae). Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 44: 77-99.
140. Nishiyama, I. 1970. Male sterility caused by cooling treatment at the young microspore stage in rice plants. Part 6. Electron microscopical observations on normal tapetal cells at the critical stage. Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Jap. 39: 474-479.
141. _. 1976. Male sterility caused by cooling treatment at the young microspore stage in rice plants. Part 13. Ultrastructure of tapetal hypertrophy without primary wall. Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Jap. 45: 270-278.
142. Ogorodnikova, V. F. 1986. The genesis and ultrastructure of the sporopollenin wall of tapetal cells in grasses. Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 71: 1366-1371. (Russian)
143. Oryol, L. I. & E. A. Golubeva. 1985. The effect of x and z alleles on ultrastructure of anthers and the mechanism of cytoplasmic male sterility in sugar beet. Genetica 21: 1002-1011. (Russian)
144. Osborn, J. M., T. N. Taylor & P. R. Crane. 1991. The ultrastructure of Sahnia pollen (Pentoxylales). Amer. J. Bot. 78: 1560-1569.
145. Overman, M. A. & H. E. Warmke. 1972. Cytoplasmic male sterility in Sorghum. II. Tapetal behavior in fertile and sterile anthers. J. Hered. 63: 227-234.
146. Pacini, E. 1990. Tapetum and microspore function. Pages 213-237 in S. Blackmore & R. B. Knox (eds.), Microspores, evolution and ontogeny. Academic Press, London.
147. _ & G. G. Franchi. 1993. Role of the tapetum in pollen and spore dispersal. Pl. Syst. Evol. Suppl. 7: 1-11.
148. _ & B. E. Juniper. 1979. The ultrastructure of pollen-grain development in the olive (Olea europaea). 2. Secretion by the tapetal cells. New Phytol. 83: 165-174.
149. _ & _. 1983. The ultrastructure of the formation and development of the amoeboid tapetum in Arum italicum Miller. Protoplasma 117: 116-129.
150. _ & _. 1984. The ultrastructure of pollen grain development in Lycopersicum peruvianum. Caryologia 37: 21-50.
151. _, G. G. Franchi & M. Hesse. 1985. The tapetum: its form, function, and possible phylogeny in Embryophyta. Pl. Syst. Evol. 149: 155-185.
152. _, L. M. Bellani & R. Lozzi. 1986. Pollen, tapetum and anther development in two cultivars of sweet cherry (Prunus avium). Phytomorphology 36: 197-210.
153. _, P. E. Taylor, M. B. Singh & R. B. Knox. 1992. Development of plastids in pollen and tapetum of rye-grass, Lolium perenne L. Ann. Bot. 70: 179-188.
154. Periasamy, K. & B. G. L. Swamy. 1966. Morphology of the anther tapetum in angiosperms. Curr. Sci. 35: 427-430.
155. Piesschaert, F., E. Robbrecht & E. Smets. 1997. Dialypetalanthus fuscescens Kuhlm. (Dialypetalanthaceae): The problematic taxonomic position of an Amazonian endemic. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 84: 201-223.
156. Polowick, P. L. & V. K. Sawhney. 1993. Differentiation of the tapetum during microsporogenesis in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), with special reference to the tapetal cell wall. Ann. Bot. 72: 595-605.
157. Puri, V. 1941. The life-history of Moringa oleifera Lamk. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 20: 263-284.
158. Raj, B. & G. El-Ghazaly. 1987. Morphology and taxonomic application of orbicules (Ubisch bodies) in Chloanthaceae. Pollen Spores 29: 151-166.
159. Reznickova, S. A. & M. T. M. Willemse. 1980. Formation of pollen in the anther of Lilium. II. The function of the surrounding tissues in the formation of pollen and pollen wall. Acta Bot. Neerl. 29: 141-156.
160. _ & _. 1981. The formation of sporopollenin-contaimng structures in the anther ot Lilium. Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 66: 1155-1165. (Russian)
161. _ & A. C. Van Aelst & M. T. M. Willemse. 1980. Investigation of exine and orbicule formation in the Lilium anther by scanning electron microscopy. Acta Bot. Neerl. 29: 157-164.
162. Risueño, M. C., G. Gimenez-Martín, J. F. López-Sáez & M. I. R.-García. 1969. Origin and development of sporopollenin bodies. Protoplasma 67: 361-374.
163. Robbrecht, E., S. Huysmans & E. Figueiredo. 1996. The generic status of Oxyanthus gossweileri (Rubiaceae) from Angola. S. Afr. J. Bot. 62: 17-22.
164. Robertson, B. L. 1984. Tapetal cell changes and sporoderm development in Rhigozum trichotomum (Burch.). Ann. Bot. 53: 803-810.
165. Roland, F. 1967. Différenciation du sporoderme chez Ficaria ranunculoides Moench. Observation et évolution de "corps d'Ubisch." Pollen Spores 9: 415-425.
166. Roland-Heydacker, F. 1979. Aspects ultrastructuraux de l'ontogénie du pollen et du tapis chez Mahonia aquifolium Nutt. (Berberidaceae). Pollen Spores 21: 259-278.
167. Roques, D. & P. Feldmann. 1996. Développement de l'anthère et du grain de pollen chez une espèce sauvage apparentée à la canne à sucre (Saccharum spontaneum). Canad. J. Bot. 74: 788-795.
168. Rosanoff, S. 1865. Zur kenntniss des baues und der entwickelungsgeschichte des pollens der Mimosaceae. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 4: 441-450.
169. Rowley, J. R. 1962. Nonhomogeneous sporopollenin in microspores of Poa annua L. Grana Palynol. 3: 3-19.
170. _. 1963. Ubisch body development in Poa annua. Grana Palynol. 4: 25-36.
171. _. 1976. Dynamic changes in pollen wall morphology. In I. K. Ferguson & J. Muller (eds.), The evolutionary significance of the exine. Linn. Soc. Symp. Ser. 1: 39-66.
172. _. 1993. Cycles of hyperactivity in tapetal cells. Pl. Syst. Evol., Suppl. 7: 23-38.
173. Rowley, J. R. & A. O. Dahl. 1982. Similar substructure for tapetal surface and exine "tuft"-units. Pollen Spores 24: 5-8.
174. _ & A. Dunbar. 1996. Pollen development in Centrolepis aristata (Centrolepidaceae). Grana 35: 1-15.
175. _ & G. Erdtman. 1967. Sporoderm in Populus and Salix. Grana Palynol. 7: 518-567.
176. _ & J. J. Skvarla. 1974. Plasma membrane-glycocalyx origin of Ubisch body wall. Pollen Spores 16: 441-448.
177. _ & B. Walles. 1987. Origin and structure of Ubisch bodies in Pinus sylvestris. Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 56: 215-227.
178. _, N. I. Gabarayeva & B. Walles. 1992. Cyclic invasion of tapetal cells into loculi during microspore development in Nymphaea colorata (Nymphaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 79: 801-808.
179. _, K. Mühlethaler & A. Frey-Wyssling. 1959. A route for the transfer of materials through the pollen grain. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 6: 537-538.
180. Rudramuniyappa, C. K. & B. G. Annigeri. 1985. Histochemical observations on the sporogenous tissue and tapetum in the anther of Euphorbia. Cytologia 50: 39-48.
181. Ru-Wen, F. & Y. Zeng-Fang. 1995. Ultrastructure and development of the tapetum in Liriodendron chinese (Hemsl.) Sarg. Chinese J. Bot. 7: 133-138.
182. Sankara Rao, K. & C. C. Chinnappa. 1983. Studies in Gentianaceae. Microsporangium and pollen. Canad. J. Bot. 61: 324-336.
183. Schnarf, K. 1923. Kleine beiträge zur entwicklungsgeschichte der angiospermen. IV. Über das verhalten des antherentapetums einiger pflanzen. Österr. Bot. Z. 72: 242-245.
184. Serbet, R. & R. A. Stockey. 1991. Taxodiaceous pollen cones from the Upper Cretaceous (Horseshoe Canyon Formation) of Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 70: 67-76.
185. Shaw, G. 1971. The chemistry of sporopollenin. Pages 305-348 in J. Brooks et al. (eds.), Sporopollenin. Academic Press, London.
186. Skvarla, J. J. & D. A. Larson. 1966. Fine structural studies of Zea mays pollen. I. Cell membranes and exine ontogeny. Amer. J. Bot. 53: 1112-1125.
187. Sporne, K. R. 1973. A note on the evolutionary status of tapetal types in dicotyledons. New Phytol. 72: 1173-1174.
188. Steer, M. W. 1977. Differentiation of the tapetum in Avena. I. The cell surface. J. Cell Sci. 25: 125-138.
189. Stevens, V. A. M. & B. G. Murray. 1981. Studies on heteromorphic self-incompatibility systems: The cytochemistry and ultrastructure of the tapetum of Primula obconica. J. Cell Sci. 50: 419-431.
190. Stidd, B. M. 1978. An anatomically preserved Potoniea with in situ spores from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Amer. J. Bot. 65: 677-683.
191. Suarez-Cervera, M. & J. A. Seoane-Camba. 1986. Ontogénèse des grains de pollen de Lavandula dentata L. et évolution des cellules tapétales. Pollen Spores 28: 5-28.
192. _, J. Marquez & J. Seoane-Camba. 1995. Pollen grain and Ubisch body development in Platanus acerifolia. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 85: 63-84.
193. Takahashi, M. 1987. Development of omniaperturate pollen in Trillium kamtschaticum (Liliaceae). Amer J. Bot. 74: 1842-1852.
194. Takahashi M. & K. Sohma. 1979. Pollen wall formation and tapetum in Disporum smilacinum A. Gray (Liliaceae). Sci. Rep. Tõhoku Univ. Ser IV (Biol.) 37: 273-281.
195. Takeoka, Y., K. Ogawa, T. Kawai & T. Wada. 1989. Scanning electron microscopic observations on morphogenesis of the panicle and spikelet in rice plants. Jap. J. Crop Sci. 58: 119-125.
196. Taylor, P. E., I. A. Staff, M. B. Singh & R. B. Knox. 1994. Localization of the major allergen in rye-grass pollen using specific monoclonal antobodies and quantitative analysis of immunogold labelting. Histochem. J. 26: 392-401.
197. Taylor, T. N. 1976. The ultrastructure of Schopfipollenites: orbicules and tapetal membranes. Amer. J. Bot. 63: 857-862.
198. _. 1990. Microsporogenesis in fossil plants. Pages 121-145 in S. Blackmore & R.B. Knox (eds.), Microspores: Evolution and ontogeny. Academic Press, London.
199. _. & K. L. Alvin. 1984. Ultrastructure and development of Mesozoic pollen: Classopollis. Amer. J. Bot. 71: 575-587.
200. Taylor, P. E., I. A. Staff, M. B. Singh & R. B. Knox. 1994. Localization of the two major allergens in rye-grass pollen using monoclonal antibodies and quantitative analysis of immunogold labelling. Histochem. J. 26: 392-401.
201. Tiwari, S. C. & B. E. S. Gunning. 1986. An ultrastructural, cytochemical and immunofluorescence study of postmeiotic development of plasmodial tapetum in Tradescantia virginiana L. and its relevance to the pathway of sporopollenin secretion. Protoplasma 133: 100-114.
202. Traverse, A. 1991. Giant ubisch bodies and other "throwaway sporopollenin" as sources of information. Curr. Sci. 61: 678-681.
203. Ubisch, G. von. 1927. Kurze mitteilungen zur entwicklungsgeschichte der antheren. Planta 3: 490-495.
204. Ueno, J. 1959. Some palynological observations of Taxaceae, Cupressaceae and Araucariaceae. J. Inst. Polyt. Osaka, D, 10: 75-87.
205. _. 1960a. On the fine structure of the cell walls of some gymnosperm pollen. Biol. J. Nara Women's Univ. 10: 19-25.
206. _. 1960b. Studies on pollen grains of Gymnospermae. J. Inst. Polyt. Osaka, D, 11: 109-136.
207. Vijayaraghavan, M. R. & B. Chaudhry. 1993. Structure and development of orbicules in the tapetum of Prosopis juliflora (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae). Phytomorphology 43: 41-48.
208. _ & K. N. Marwah. 1969. Studies in the family Ranunculaceae - Microsporangium, microsporogenesis and Ubisch granules in Nigella damascena. Phyton 13: 203-209.
209. Vithanage, H. I. M. V., B. J. Howlett, S. Jobson & R. B. Knox. 1982. Immunocytochemical localization of water-soluble glycoproteins, including Group 1 allergen, in pollen of ryegrass, Lolium perenne, using ferritin-labelled antibody. Histochem. J. 14: 949-966.
210. Waterkeyn, L. & A. Bienfait. 1971. Primuline induced fluorescence of the first exine elements and Ubisch bodies in Ipomoea and Lilium. Pages 108-127 in J. Brooks, P. R. Grant, M. D. Muir, P. van Gijzel & G. Shaw (eds.),
211. Weber, M. 1991. The transfer of pollenkitt in Smyrnium perfoliatum (Apiaceae). Ann. Bot. 68: 63-68.
212. _. 1996. The existence of a special exine coating in Geranium robertianum pollen. Intl. J. Pl. Sci. 157: 195-202.
213. Wolter, M., C. Seuffert & R. Schill. 1988. The ontogeny of pollinia and elastoviscin in the anther of Doritis pulcherrima (Orchidaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 8: 77-88.
214. Yamazaki, T. & M. Takeoka. 1962. Electron microscopic investigations of the fine details of the pollen grain surface in Japanese gymnosperms. Grana Palynol. 3: 3-12.
215. Young, B. A., J. Schulz-Schaeffer & T. W. Carroll. 1979. Anther and pollen development in male-sterile intermediate wheatgrass plants derived from wheat x wheatgrass hybrids. Canad. J. Bot. 57: 602-618.
216. Zajac, K. 1995. Ultrastructural features of secretory tapetum in the capsule of the moss Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. Phytomorphology 45: 31-37.
217. Zavada, M. S. 1984. Pollen wall development of Austrobaileya maculata. Bot. Gaz. 145: 11-21.