High-technology employment: A broader view

Monthly Labor Review

Volumn 122, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 18-28

  Hecker, Daniel ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0002420769     PISSN: 00981818     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Richard W. Riche, Daniel E. Hecker, and John U. Burgan, "High technology today and tomorrow: a small slice of the employment pie," Monthly Labor Review, November 1983, p. 50.
2. Monetary Policy Testimony and Report to Congress, Testimony of Alan Greenspan, Chairman, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Before the Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, Feb. 24, 1998.
3. "Industry, Technology, and Competitiveness in the Marketplace," Science and Engineering Indicators (Arlington, VA, National Science Board, National Science Foundation, 1998), ch. 6, and Lawrence M. Rausch, "High-tech drives global economic activity," National Science Foundation Issues Brief, NSF 98-319 (Arlington, VA, Division of Science Resources Studies, July 20, 1998).
4. "Industry, Technology, and Competitiveness in the Marketplace," Science and Engineering Indicators (Arlington, VA, National Science Board, National Science Foundation, 1998), ch. 6, and Lawrence M. Rausch, "High-tech drives global economic activity," National Science Foundation Issues Brief, NSF 98-319 (Arlington, VA, Division of Science Resources Studies, July 20, 1998).
5. See U.S. Industry and Trade Outlook (DRI/McGraw-Hill, Standard and Poor's and U.S. Department of Commerce/International Trade Administration, 1999), pp. 11-13 through 11-15, 16-1, and ch. 36; "John Carey, "We Are Now Starting the Century of Biology," and Neil Gross and Otis Port "The Next Wave for Technology," Business Week, Aug. 24-31, 1998, pp. 80-87; David Stipp, "Engineering the future of food," Fortune, Sept. 28, 1998. pp. 128-44; and Daniel McGinn and Adam Rogers, "Operation; Supercar," Newsweek, Nov. 23, 1998, pp. 48-53.
6. See U.S. Industry and Trade Outlook (DRI/McGraw-Hill, Standard and Poor's and U.S. Department of Commerce/International Trade Administration, 1999), pp. 11-13 through 11-15, 16-1, and ch. 36; "John Carey, "We Are Now Starting the Century of Biology," and Neil Gross and Otis Port "The Next Wave for Technology," Business Week, Aug. 24-31, 1998, pp. 80-87; David Stipp, "Engineering the future of food," Fortune, Sept. 28, 1998. pp. 128-44; and Daniel McGinn and Adam Rogers, "Operation; Supercar," Newsweek, Nov. 23, 1998, pp. 48-53.
7. See U.S. Industry and Trade Outlook (DRI/McGraw-Hill, Standard and Poor's and U.S. Department of Commerce/International Trade Administration, 1999), pp. 11-13 through 11-15, 16-1, and ch. 36; "John Carey, "We Are Now Starting the Century of Biology," and Neil Gross and Otis Port "The Next Wave for Technology," Business Week, Aug. 24-31, 1998, pp. 80-87; David Stipp, "Engineering the future of food," Fortune, Sept. 28, 1998. pp. 128-44; and Daniel McGinn and Adam Rogers, "Operation; Supercar," Newsweek, Nov. 23, 1998, pp. 48-53.
8. See U.S. Industry and Trade Outlook (DRI/McGraw-Hill, Standard and Poor's and U.S. Department of Commerce/International Trade Administration, 1999), pp. 11-13 through 11-15, 16-1, and ch. 36; "John Carey, "We Are Now Starting the Century of Biology," and Neil Gross and Otis Port "The Next Wave for Technology," Business Week, Aug. 24-31, 1998, pp. 80-87; David Stipp, "Engineering the future of food," Fortune, Sept. 28, 1998. pp. 128-44; and Daniel McGinn and Adam Rogers, "Operation; Supercar," Newsweek, Nov. 23, 1998, pp. 48-53.
9. See U.S. Industry and Trade Outlook (DRI/McGraw-Hill, Standard and Poor's and U.S. Department of Commerce/International Trade Administration, 1999), pp. 11-13 through 11-15, 16-1, and ch. 36; "John Carey, "We Are Now Starting the Century of Biology," and Neil Gross and Otis Port "The Next Wave for Technology," Business Week, Aug. 24-31, 1998, pp. 80-87; David Stipp, "Engineering the future of food," Fortune, Sept. 28, 1998. pp. 128-44; and Daniel McGinn and Adam Rogers, "Operation; Supercar," Newsweek, Nov. 23, 1998, pp. 48-53.
10. Riche and others, "High technology today and tomorrow," pp. 50-58; Paul Hadlock, Daniel Hecker, and Joseph Cannon, "High technology employment: another view," Monthly Labor Review, July 1991, pp. 26-30; and William Luker, Jr. and Donald Lyons, "Employment shifts in high-technology industries, 1988-96," Monthly Labor Review, June 1997, pp. 12-25.
11. Riche and others, "High technology today and tomorrow," pp. 50-58; Paul Hadlock, Daniel Hecker, and Joseph Cannon, "High technology employment: another view," Monthly Labor Review, July 1991, pp. 26-30; and William Luker, Jr. and Donald Lyons, "Employment shifts in high-technology industries, 1988-96," Monthly Labor Review, June 1997, pp. 12-25.
12. Riche and others, "High technology today and tomorrow," pp. 50-58; Paul Hadlock, Daniel Hecker, and Joseph Cannon, "High technology employment: another view," Monthly Labor Review, July 1991, pp. 26-30; and William Luker, Jr. and Donald Lyons, "Employment shifts in high-technology industries, 1988-96," Monthly Labor Review, June 1997, pp. 12-25.
13. High tech also has spill-over effects that benefit other commercial sectors and lead to productivity gains, business expansion, and creation of high wage jobs. See Science and Engineering Indicators, 1998, pp. 6-5.
14. In Monthly Labor Review, see James C. Franklin, "Industry output and employment projections to 2006," pp. 39-57; and George T. Silvestri, "Occupational employment projections to 2006," November, 1997, pp. 57-83.
15. In Monthly Labor Review, see James C. Franklin, "Industry output and employment projections to 2006," pp. 39-57; and George T. Silvestri, "Occupational employment projections to 2006," November, 1997, pp. 57-83.
16. Technology, Innovation, and Regional Economic Development (U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Sept. 9, 1982).
17. Science and Technology Resources in U.S. Industry, Special report NSF88-321 (Arlington, VA. National Science Foundation, December 1988), p.vii.
18. The Bureau of the Census listed 10 advanced technology product areas to track and understand international trade. These areas are: biotechnolosy, life sciences technologies, opto-electronics, computers and telecommunkations, electronics, computer-integrated manufacturing, materials design, aerospace, weapons, and nuclear technology. See Science and Engineering Indicators, 1998, pp. 6-12 and 6-13. However, no employment data are collected by product or product categories, so the employment associated with production of these products cannot be determined. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development also has developed a list, see Thomas Hatzichronoglou, "Revision of the High-technology Sector and Product Classification," STI working papers (Paris, OECD, 1997), pp. 7-10. Also see Riche and others, "High technology today and tomorrow," pp. 50-53.
19. The Bureau of the Census listed 10 advanced technology product areas to track and understand international trade. These areas are: biotechnolosy, life sciences technologies, opto-electronics, computers and telecommunkations, electronics, computer-integrated manufacturing, materials design, aerospace, weapons, and nuclear technology. See Science and Engineering Indicators, 1998, pp. 6-12 and 6-13. However, no employment data are collected by product or product categories, so the employment associated with production of these products cannot be determined. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development also has developed a list, see Thomas Hatzichronoglou, "Revision of the High-technology Sector and Product Classification," STI working papers (Paris, OECD, 1997), pp. 7-10. Also see Riche and others, "High technology today and tomorrow," pp. 50-53.
20. The Bureau of the Census listed 10 advanced technology product areas to track and understand international trade. These areas are: biotechnolosy, life sciences technologies, opto-electronics, computers and telecommunkations, electronics, computer-integrated manufacturing, materials design, aerospace, weapons, and nuclear technology. See Science and Engineering Indicators, 1998, pp. 6-12 and 6-13. However, no employment data are collected by product or product categories, so the employment associated with production of these products cannot be determined. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development also has developed a list, see Thomas Hatzichronoglou, "Revision of the High-technology Sector and Product Classification," STI working papers (Paris, OECD, 1997), pp. 7-10. Also see Riche and others, "High technology today and tomorrow," pp. 50-53.
21. Some, however, exclude service industries or industries with little employment.
22. The category, research and development workers, is a subset of technology-oriented workers.
23. See Riche and others, "High technology today and tomorrow," pp. 54-55, which also defined these occupations as technology-oriented. However, it did not include engineering, scientific and computer managers, an occupation not surveyed separately at that time.
24. Data are not collected separately in BLS surveys for these categories, but are collected by the National Science Foundation. See the National Science Foundation website: http://sestat.nsf.gov 15 Until 1996, the Occupational Employment Statistics program followed a 3-year cycle.
25. Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 (Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget).
26. Excluded industries are sic 211 Cigarettes, sic 261 Pulp mills, and sic 489 Communications services, not elsewhere classified. Two industries consist of two 3-digit sics: Aerospace, which consists of SIC 372, aircraft and parts and sic 376 Guided missiles and space vehicles; and Industrial chemicals, which consists of sic 281, Inorganic and sic 284, Organic. These were combined because the system used to provide employment generated by an industry's purchases cannot provide separate data.
27. Allison Thomson, "Defense-related employment and spending, 1996-2006," Monthly Labor Review, July 1998, pp. 14-33.
28. About 983,000 jobs were generated in high-tech industries by purchases from each other. The three largest suppliers were electronic components manufacturing (234,000 jobs generated), computer and data processing services (108,000 jobs), and management and public relations services (88.000 jobs).
29. This division is part of the services-producing sector. No other divisions within the services-producing sector - trade, communications, utilities, transportation, finance, or government had high-tech industries.
30. Industry data used in this article are collected on an establishment basis. An establishment is defined as an economic unit, such as a factory or office, generally at a single physical location, where business is conducted.
31. High-tech industry growth from January 1988 to January 1996 is discussed in Luker and Lyons. "Employment shifts in high-technology industries." pp. 12-25, with some detail by 4-digit sic industry.
32. In all industries, technology-oriented workers grew 24 percent and are projected to grow 35 percent.
33. See Thomson, "Defense-related employment and spending;" and Ron L. Hetrick, "Employment in high-tech defense industries in a post cold war era," Monthly Labor Review, August 1996, pp. 57-63, and Luker and Lyons, "Employment shifts in high technology industries."
34. See Thomson, "Defense-related employment and spending;" and Ron L. Hetrick, "Employment in high-tech defense industries in a post cold war era," Monthly Labor Review, August 1996, pp. 57-63, and Luker and Lyons, "Employment shifts in high technology industries."
35. See Thomson, "Defense-related employment and spending;" and Ron L. Hetrick, "Employment in high-tech defense industries in a post cold war era," Monthly Labor Review, August 1996, pp. 57-63, and Luker and Lyons, "Employment shifts in high technology industries."
36. See Luker and Lyons, "Employment shifts in high technology industries," pp. 16 and 21. Employment trends in computer manufacturing are discussed in Jacqueline Warnke, "Computer manufacturing: change and competition," Monthly Labor Review, August 1996 pp. 18-29.
37. See Luker and Lyons, "Employment shifts in high technology industries," pp. 16 and 21. Employment trends in computer manufacturing are discussed in Jacqueline Warnke, "Computer manufacturing: change and competition," Monthly Labor Review, August 1996 pp. 18-29.
38. Employment trends in drugs manufacturing are discussed in Stephen Heffler, "Drugs manufacturing: a prescription for jobs," Monthly Labor Review, March 1995 pp. 12-22.
39. See Science and Engineering Indicators, pp. 6-5 and 6-16; Cyberstates 3.0 (Washington, DC, American Electronics Association, 1999), p. 7, and Hadlock, Hecker, and Cannon, pp. 27 and 28. 28 Data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics Survey.
40. See Science and Engineering Indicators, pp. 6-5 and 6-16; Cyberstates 3.0 (Washington, DC, American Electronics Association, 1999), p. 7, and Hadlock, Hecker, and Cannon, pp. 27 and 28. 28 Data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics Survey.
41. Riche and others, "High technology today and tomorrow."
42. Hadlock and others, "High technology employment: another view; Luker and Lyons used this definition."
43. Science and Engineering Indicators, 1998; and Rausch, "High-tech drives global economic activity." Data, which are for all OECD countries, are presented in Hatzichronoglou, "Revision of the High-technology Sector."
44. Science and Engineering Indicators, 1998; and Rausch, "High-tech drives global economic activity." Data, which are for all OECD countries, are presented in Hatzichronoglou, "Revision of the High-technology Sector."
45. Ann Markusen, Peter Hall, and Amy Glasmeier, High Tech America, the what, how, where, and why of the sunrise industries (Boston, Allen and Unwin, 1986), pp. 14-15. It also used Occupational Employment Statistics data; research and development data were not then available from this survey.
46. See Cyberstates 3.0, pp. 103-4; and The Emerging Digital Economy 11 (U.S. Department of Commerce, June 1999), p. 15.
47. See Cyberstates 3.0, pp. 103-4; and The Emerging Digital Economy 11 (U.S. Department of Commerce, June 1999), p. 15.