Alzheimer's disease and brain reserve

Australasian Journal on Ageing

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 10-14

  Schofield, Peter ^a  

^a Neuropsychiatry Service   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001618661     PISSN: 14406381     EISSN: 17416612     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-6612.1999.tb00081.x     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. Jorm AF, Korten AE, Henderson AS. The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1987; 76:465-479
2. Evans DA, Funkenstein HH, Albert MS, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer' s disease in a community population of older persons: higher than previously reported. Journal of the American Medical Association 1989; 262:2551-2556.
3. Rothschild D. The pathological changes in senile psychosis and their psychobiologic significanze. American Journal of Psychiatry 1937; 93:757.
4. Tomlinson BE. Blessed G, Roth M. Observations on the brains of non-demented old people. Journal of Neurological Sciences 1968; 7:331-356.
5. Tomlinson BE, Blessed G. Roth M. Observations on the brains of demented old people. Journal of Neurological Sciences 1970; 1 1 :205-242.
6. Mortirner JA. Do psychosocial risk factors contribute to Alzheimer' s disease? In Henderson AS & Henderson JH, eds. Etiology of dementia of Alzbeimer' s type. Chichester: John Wiiey and Sons, 1988: 39-52.
7. Satz P. Brain reserve capacity of symptom onset after brain injury: a formulation and review of evidence for threshold theory. Neuropsychology 1993; 3:273-295.
8. Morimatsu M, Hirai S, Muramatsu A, Yoshkawa M. Senile degenerative brain lesions and dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1975; 23:390-406.
9. Davies L, Wolska B, Hilbich C, et al. A4 amyloid protein deposition and the diagnosis of Alzheimer' s disease: prevalence in aged brains determined by immunocytochemistry compared with conventional neuropathologic techniques. Neurology 1988; 38: 1688-1693.
10. Rumble B. Retallack R, Hilbich, et al. Amyloid A4 protein and its precursor in Down' s syndrome and Alzheimer' s disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1989; 320~1446-52.
11. Ohm T, Muller H, Braak H, Bohl J. Close-meshed prevalence rates of different stages as a tool to uncover the rate of Alzheimer' s disease-related neurofibrillary changes. Neuroscience 1995; 64:209-217
12. Jacobs DM, Sano M. Dooneief G, Marder K, Bell KL, Stern Y. Neuropsychological detection and characterization of preclinical Alzheimer' s disease. Neurology 1995; 45957-962.
13. Linn RT, Wolf PA, Bachman DL, et al. The preclinical phase of probable Alzurology 1995; 52:485-490.
14. Braak H, Eraak E. Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin) 1991; 82:261-268.
15. Terry RD, Masliah E, Salmon DP, et al. Physical basis of cognitve alterations in Alzheimer's disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Annals of Neurology 1991;30572-580.
16. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price O, Stadian EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report on the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of the Dept of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984; 34:939-944.
17. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc. 1994.
18. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
19. Folstein MF. Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975; 12:189-198.
20. Gronwall D, Wrightson P. Cumulative effect of concussion. Lancet 1974; 113995-997.
21. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP. Greiner PA, Markesbery WR. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease: the Nun Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 1997; 277:1813-817.
22. Kemper TL. Neuroanatomical and neuropathological changes during aging and dementia. In: Albert ML, Knoefel JE. Clinical neurology of aging, 2nd ed. NY Oxford University Press, 1994.
23. Mann DMA, Yates PO, Marcyniuk B. Alzheimer's presenile dementia, senile dementia of Alzheimer type and Down's syndrome in middle age form an age related continuum of pathological changes. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 1984; 10:185-207.
24. Katzman R. Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993; 43:13-20.
25. Mortimer JA. Graves A. Education and other socioeconomic determinants of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993; 43(Suppl4):39-44.
26. Stern Y, Gurland B, Tatemichi T Tang M, Wilder D, Mayeux R. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 1994; 271 :1004-1010.
27. Ott A, Ereteler M, van Harskamp F, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: association with education: the Rotterdam Study. British Medical Journal 1995; 31 0:970-973.
28. Farmer ME, Kittner SJ, Rae DS, Bartko JJ. Regier DA. Education and change in cognitive function: the epidemiologic catchment area study. Annals of Epidemiology 1995; 5:l-7.
29. Evans DA. Eeckett LA, Albert MS, et al. Level of education and change in cognitive function in a community population of older persons. Annals of Epidemiology 1993; 3:71-77.
30. Stern Y, Alexander GE, Prohovnik I, Mayeux R. Inverse relationship between education and parietotemporal perfusion deficit in Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology 1992; 32:371-375.
31. Stern Y, Alexander GE, Stricks L, Link B, Mayeux R. Relationship between lifetime occupation and parietal flow: implications for a reserve against Alzheimer's disease pathology. Neurology 1995; 4555-60.
32. Diamond MC. Enriching hereditary: the impact of the environment on the anafomy of the brain. New York: Free Press; London: Collier MacMillan, 1988.
33. Jacobs B. Schall M, Scheibel AB. A quantitative dendritic analysis of Wernicke's area in humans. Il Gender, hemispheric and environmental factors. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1993; 32797-1 11.
34. Chatain RL, Joe GW. Multidimensional relations between intellectual ability and demographic variables. Journal of Educational Psychology 1987; 79:323-325.
35. Schmand B, Smit JH, Geerlins MI, Lindeboom J. The effects of intelligence and education on the development of dementia: a test of the brain reserve hypothesis. Psychological Medicine 1997; 27:1337-1344.
36. Snowden DA, Kemper SJ, Mortimer JA, Greiner LH, Wekstein DR, Markesbery WR. Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life. Journal of the American Medical Association 1996; 275:528-532.
37. Katzman R, Terry R, DeTeresa R, et al. Clinical, pathological and neurochemical changes in dementia: a subgroup with preserved mental status and numerous neocortical plaques. Annals of Neurology 1988; 23:138-144.
38. Schofield PW, Mosesson R, Stern Y, Mayeux R. The age at onset of Alzheimer's disease and an intracranial area measurement: a relationship. Archives of Neurology 1995; 52:95-98.
39. Mori E, Hirono N, Yamashita H et al. Premorbid brain size as a determinant of reserve capacity against intellectual decline in Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 154:18-24.
40. Graves AB, Mortimer JA, Larson EB, Wenzlow A, Bower JD, McCormick WC. Head circumference as a measure of cognitive reserve: association with severity of impairment in Alzheimer's disease. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 169: 86-92.
41. Schofield PW, Logroscino G, Andrews HF, Albert S, Stern Y. An association between head circumference and Alzheimer's disease in a population-based study of aging and dementia. Neurology 1997; 49:30-37.
42. Willerman L, Schultz R. Rutledge JN. Bigler ED. In vivo brain size and intelligence. Intelligence 1991;15:223-228.
43. Andreasen NC, Flaum M, Swayze V II, et al. Intelligence and brain structure in normal individuals. American Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 150:130-134.
44. Reichenbach A. Glia:Neuron Index: review and hypothesis to account for different values in various mammals. Glia 1989a; 2:71-77.
45. Segal M. Dentritic spines for neuroprotection: a hypothesis. Trends in Neuroscience 1995; 18:468-71.