Structures of chiral smectic-C mesophases revealed by polarization-analyzed resonant x-ray scattering

Physical Review E - Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics

Volumn 60, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 6793-6802

  Furenlid, L ^f   Huang, C C ^a   Pindak, R ^b   Levelut, A M ^c   Barois, P ^d   Nguyen, H T ^d   Baltes, H ^b   Hird, M ^e   Toyne, K ^e   Seed, A ^e   Goodby, J W ^e  

^a University of Minnesota   (United States)

^b LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SUD   (France)

^d CENTRE DE RECHERCHE PAUL PASCAL   (France)

^e Faculty of Science and Engineering   (United Kingdom)

^f BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE;

EID: 0001591791     PISSN: 1063651X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.60.6793     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. A. D. L. Chandani, E. Gorecka, Y. Ouchi, H. Takezoe, and A. Fukuda, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2 28, L1265 (1989).
2. R. B. Meyer, L. Liebert, L. Strzelecki, and P. Keller, J. Phys. (France) Lett. 36, L-69 (1975).
3. A. Fukuda, Y. Takanishi, T. Isozaki, K. Ishikawa, and H. Takezoe, J. Mater. Chem. 4, 997 (1994); this review includes a summary of (Formula presented) variant phases.
4. Y. Yamada, N. Yamamoto, K. Mori, K. Nakamura, T. Hagiwara, Y. Suzuki, I. Kawamura, H. Orihara, and Y. Ishibashi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 29, 1757 (1990).
5. M. Johno, A. D. L. Chandani, J. Lee, Y. Ouchi, H. Takezoe, A. Fukuda, and K. Itoh, Proc. Soc. Inf. Disp. 31, 129 (1990).
6. N. Yamamoto, N. Koshoubu, K. Mori, K. Nakamura, and Y. Yamada, Ferroelectrics 149, 295 (1993).
7. K. Itoh, M. Kabe, K. Miyachi, Y. Takanishi, K. Ishikawa, H. Takezoe, and A. Fukuda, J. Mater. Chem. 7, 407 (1997).
8. K. Hiraoka, T. Tsumita, Y. Sugiyama, K. Monzen, Y. Uematsu, and Y. Suzuki, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 36, 6847 (1997).
9. I. Musevic, A. Rastegar, M. Cepic, B. Zeks, and M. Copic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1769 (1996).
10. M. Skarabot, M. Cepic, B. Zeks, R. Blinc, G. Heppke, A. V. Kityk, and I. Musevic, Phys. Rev. E 58, 575 (1998).
11. K. Ema, H. Yao, I. Kawamura, T. Chan, and C. W. Garland, Phys. Rev. E 47, 1203 (1993).
12. H. T. Nguyen, J. C. Rouillon, P. Cluzeau, G. Sigaud, C. Destrade, and N. Isaert, Liq. Cryst. 17, 571 (1994).
13. E. Gorecka, A. D. L. Chandani, Y. Ouchi, H. Takezoe, and A. Fukuda, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 29, 131 (1990).
14. Ch. Bahr and D. Fliegner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1842 (1993).
15. Y. Galerne and L. Liebert, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2891 (1991).
16. Y. Takanishi, K. Hiraoka, V. Agrawal, H. Takezoe, A. Fukuda, and M. Matsushita, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 30, 2023 (1991).
17. Y. Takanishi, A. Ikeda, H. Takezoe, and A. Fukuda, Phys. Rev. E 51, 400 (1995).
18. A herringbonelike, alternating orientation of molecules in (Formula presented) layers, with correspondingly antiparallel in-layer polarizations, was revealed by optical and ellipsometry work (Refs. 14, 15)
19. P. Mach, R. Pindak, A.-M. Levelut, P. Barois, H. T. Nguyen, C. C. Huang, and L. Furenlid, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1015 (1998).
20. M. Cepic and B. Zeks, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol., Sect. A 263, 61 (1995)
21. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol., Sect. AV. L. Lorman, 262, 437 (1995)
22. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol., Sect. AS. A. Pikin, S. Hiller, and W. Haase, 262, 425 (1995)
23. A. Roy and N. Madhusudana, Europhys. Lett. 36, 221 (1996).
24. A.-M. Levelut and B. Pansu, following paper, Phys. Rev. E 60, 6803 (1999).
25. T. Isozaki, T. Fujikawa, H. Takezoe, A. Fukuda, T. Hagiwara, Y. Suzuki, and I. Kawamura, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 31, 1435 (1992).
26. K. Hiraoka, Y. Takanishi, K. Sharp, H. Takezoe, and A. Fukuda, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2 30, L1819 (1991).
27. Physical properties of selected compounds from this series have been published elsewhere (Ref. 12).
28. V. E. Dmitrienko, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A: Found. Crystallogr. 39, 29 (1983).
29. For examples of this effect in anomalous x-ray diffraction and absorption spectra studies on crystalline materials, see D. H. Templeton and L. K. Templeton, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A: Found. Crystallogr. 42, 478 (1986)
30. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A: Found. Crystallogr.L. K. Templeton and D. H. Templeton, 44, 1045 (1988).
31. For film thicknesses of greater than roughly 15 layers, the films exhibit distinct coloring due to optical interference effects, making it possible to estimate their thickness. A discussion is given in E. B. Sirota, P. S. Pershan, L. B. Sorensen, and J. Collet, Phys. Rev. A 36, 2890 (1987). The films studied in our experiment were approximately 250 layers thick.
32. The bulk phase sequence available does not distinguish between (Formula presented) or (Formula presented) for the nature of the ferroelectric temperature window of MHDDOPTCOB.
33. We determined this value for (Formula presented) by using our standard fluorescence measurement technique on bulk MHDDOPTCOB; despite the very different position of the sulfur in MHDDOPTCOB as compared to 10OTBBB1M7, their resonance energies are in remarkable agreement.
34. The resonance origin of all the nonintegral (Formula presented) peaks in 10OTBBB1M7 was individually confirmed by performing scans at energies other than the resonance value. The peaks disappear if x-ray energy is shifted by less than 1% from 2.475 keV (Ref. 19), similar to what is seen for the MHDDOPTCOB compound in Fig.3.
35. 10OTBBB1M7 racemate shows the following phase sequence: isotropic, (Formula presented) (Formula presented) (Formula presented) and crystal phases.
36. The FWHM of our system resolution function was found to be (Formula presented)
37. The very small offset in the position of the (Formula presented) peaks from exact quarter-integer (Formula presented) values is most likely due to a slight change in layer spacing between the time these scans were acquired and the most recent previous layer thickness assignment based on a detailed scan of the (002) peak location. For reference, our confidence in the absolute (Formula presented) assignments for observed peaks (Formula presented) would correspond to approximately ± 0.13% in layer spacing for this (Formula presented) phase, or equivalently a tilt angle variation of approximately ± 0.3°.
38. We have to date failed to observe a distinct x-ray signature corresponding to an ordinary (Formula presented) phase in the 10OTBBB1M7 material, although bulk measurements indicate that such a phase should be expected between (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) (Ref. 12). However, the temperature window for the bulk (Formula presented) phase is quite narrow (only 1 K).
39. H. Orihari and Y. Ishibashi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2 29, L115 (1990)
40. B. Zeks and M. Cepic, Liq. Cryst. 14, 445 (1993)
41. V. L. Lorman, A. A. Bulbitch, and P. Toledano, Phys. Rev. E 49, 1367 (1994).
42. This agrees with a previously reported value: V. Laux, N. Isaert, G. Joly, and H. T. Nguyen, Liq. Cryst. 26, 361 (1999).
43. The (Formula presented) phase can be thought of as one in which the usually short clock pitch (Formula presented) has unwound to infinity (ν=∞), leaving just the optical pitch (Formula presented) due to molecular chirality. For our (Formula presented) MHDDOPTCOB data (Fig. 33), inserting the observed layer spacing of (Formula presented) into Eq. (1) above yields a (Formula presented) optical pitch (Formula presented) Considering a typical liquid-crystal refractive index of approximately 1.5, such a value would indicate a selective reflection of light of wavelength ≈ 0.45 μm from our sample, in agreement with the bright blue color of the film under crossed polarizers which we observed at this temperature.
44. Y. Murakami, J. P. Hill, D. Gibbs, M. Blume, I. Koyama, M. Tanaka, H. Kawata, T. Arima, Y. Tokura, K. Hirota, and Y. Endoh, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 582 (1998).