Porous inorganic materials

Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science

Volumn 1, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 798-805

  Brinker, C Jeffrey ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001429105     PISSN: 13590286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1359-0286(96)80104-5     Document Type: Article

References (63)

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2. -1 less exothermic than that of crystalline quartz. This suggests that there are no stringent energetic limits to the possible porous structures that can form. What is necessary is the development of the appropriate structure-directing synthesis scheme that selects the target structure from many others of similar energy.
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5. 29Si CP MAS NMR is used to examine the influence of hydrophobic hydration behavior in the tetrapropylammonium- and 1,6 hexanediamine-mediated syntheses of pure silica zeolites. The formation of inorganic-organic composite species is found to be important in structure direction.
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20. 6.
21. Raman NK, Anderson MT, Brinker CJ, Template-based approaches to the preparation of amorphous, nanoporous silicas. Chem Mater 1996, 8:1682-1701. This paper reviews two organic 'template'-based strategies for the preparation of porous silicas. Surfactant-templated silicas are discussed, in which the template-matrix interaction is via noncovalent bonds and the pore structure is largely established in the solution stage. This surfactant-template approach is contrasted with a hybrid approach in which silica is templated by organic ligands covalently bound to the siloxane network.
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24. Beck JS, Vartuli JC: Recent advances in the synthesis, characterization and application of mesoporous molecular sieves. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 1996, 1:78-87. This paper provides a comprehensive review of MMSs synthesized by 'supramolecular' templating with molecular aggregates of surfactants. Various mechanistic pathways are reviewed along with applications of MMSs such as selective adsorbents, catalysts, and host matrices.
25. 5+-MMSs in acid-catalyzed reactions and liquid-phase selective oxidation. It is concluded that, because they have large pores, MMSs have decisive advantages over microporous molecular sieves in catalytic applications involving bulky molecules.
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28. Anderson MT, Martin JE, Odinek J, Newcomer P: Synthesis of surfactant-templated periodic silica from molecular precursors in watermethanol solutions: Chem Mater 1996, in press.
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34. Firouzi A, Kumar D, Bull LM, Besier T, Sieger P, Huo Q, Walker SA, Zasadzinski JA, Glinka C, Nicol J et al.: Cooperative organization of inorganic-organic-surfactant and biommimetic assemblies. Science 1995, 267:1138-1143. This paper provides a generalized model of the cooperative organization of organic-inorganic assemblies. It is shown that the structure of the system results from a dynamic interplay of the charged inorganic and organic species and that nucleation, growth, and phase transitions may be directed by charge density, coordination, and steric requirements.
35. Tanev PT, Pinnavaia TJ: A neutral templating route to mesoporous molecular sieves. Science 1995, 267:865-867. This paper reports on the formation of MMSs using neutral primary amine surfactants, In this case inorganic-organic assemblies form via hydrogen-bonding interactions between the primary amines and the silica framework. This work has important implications for the synthesis of other mesoporous oxides that are not amenable to electrostatic templating.
36. ••) to include polyethylene oxides which are inexpensive and amenable to large scale production.
37. Tanev PT, Pinnavaia TJ: Mesoporous silica molecular sieves prepared by ionic and neutral surfactant templating: a comparison of physical properties. Chem Mater 1996, 8:2068-2079. This paper provides an interesting comparison between MMSs prepared by electrostatic and neutral assembly pathways. It is shown that as-synthesized neutral-templated MMS are much more extensively cross-linked than the charged frameworks of MCMs-41 analogues, allowing efficient and environmentally benign recovery of the template by solvent extraction.
38. Perego G, Bellusi G, Corno G, Taramasso M, Buonomo F, Eposito A: Titanium silicalite: a novel derivative in the Pentasil family. Studies in Surf Sci Catal 1986, 28:139-136.
39. Tanev PT, Chibwe M, Pinnavaia TJ; Titanium-containing mesoporous molecular sieves for catalytic oxidation of aromatic compounds. Nature 1994, 368:321-323.
40. Corma A, Navarro MT, Pérez-Pariente J, Sánchez F: Synthesis of an ultralarge pore titanium silicate isomorphous to MCM41 and its application as a catalyst for selective oxidation of hydrocarbons. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1994, :147-148.
41. Maschmeyer T, Rey F, Sankar G, Thomas JM: Heterogeneous catalyst obtained by grafting metalocene complexes onto mesoporous silica. Nature 1995, 378:159-162. This paper describes the grafting of an organometallic (titanocene) complex onto the inner walls of an MMS to generate shape-selective catalytic sites with high concentration and accessibility. The resulting heterogeneous catalyst is shown to be active to epoxidize of cylcohexene and other bulky cyclic alkenes.
42. Blasco T, Corma A, Navarro MT, Pérez-Pariente J: Synthesis characterization, and catalytic activity of T-MCM-41 structures. J Catel 1995, 156:65-74.
43. Antonelli DM, Ying JY: Synthesis of a stable hexagonally packed mesoporous niobium oxide molecular sieve through a novel iigand-assisted templating mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed 1996, 35:426-430. This paper describes a new 'ligand-assisted' templating strategy enabling the preparation of thermally stable transition metal MMSs. Niobium alkoxide is reacted with tetradecylamine to form a new amino(ethoxy)niobium complex. Assembly of the organometallic surfactants into micellar arrays, accompanied by hydrolysis and condensation of the alkoxide produced well ordered mesophases completely stable during surfactant removal using a careful acid extraction procedure.
44. Antonelii DM, Ying JY: Synthesis and characterization of hexagonally packed mesoporous tantalum oxide molecular sieves. Chem Mater 1996, 8:874-881. This paper extends the ligand-assisted templating procedure developed in [43] to include tantalum oxide mesoporous molecular sieves that exhibit good thermal and hydrothermal stabilities along with high hydrocarbon adsorption capacities.
45. Ciesla U, Schacht S, Stucky GD, Unger KK, Schüth F: Formation of a porous zirconium oxo phosphate with high surface area by surfactant-assisted synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed 1996, 35:541-543.
46. Burkett SL, Sims SD, Mann S: Synthesis of hybrid inorganic-organic mesoporous silica by cocondensation of siloxane and organosiloxane precursors. Chem Commun 1996, 11:1367-1368. The results of this paper imply that the cocondensation of siloxanes and organo siloxanes in the presence of surfactant templates could provide a general route to the synthesis of hybrid porous ordered silicas with controlled functionality and hydrophobicity.
47. Kloetstra KR, Jansen JC, van Bekkum H: Composite molecular sieve comprising MCM-41 with intraporous ZSM-5 structures. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Advances in FCC Conversion Catalysts. The 211th National Meeting of the Division of Petroleum Chemistry, American Chemical Society National Meeting: 1996 March 24-29; New Orleans. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 1996: This paper describes a procedure whereby a preformed aluminosilicate MMS is reacted with tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide under hydrothermal conditions. The resulting material was shown to consist of MCM-41 with ZSM-5 substructures. These composite materials were active in hexane cracking at mild conditions, whereas a commercial aluminosilicate catalyst and the parent MCM-41 were inactive.
48. Yang H, Kuperman A, Coombs N, Mamiche-Afara S, Ozin GA: Synthesis of oriented films of mesoporous silica on mica. Nature 1996, 379:703-705. Highly ordered mesoporous silica films were prepared from a cationic surfactant/HCI/TEOS/water solution at 80°C by introduction of a freshly cleaved mica sheet maintained in a horizontal position. It was proposed that the surface structure and reactivity of the mica served to orient the micellar precursors at the mica interface, ultimately imposing order on the resulting solid film. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy showed that the pore channels were aligned parallel to the mica surface.
49. Yang H, Coombs N, Sokolov I, Ozin GA: Free-standing and oriented mesoporous silica films grown at the air-water interface. Nature 1996, 381:589-592. In an extension of the work described in [48•], Ozin and co-workers formed free-standing mesoporous films at a vapor/liquid interface. It was proposed that the film formation process involves the collective interactions between silicate oligomers, micellar solution species and a surfactant hemimicellar over structure localized at the air/water interface.
50. Ogawa M: A simple sol-gel route for the preparation of silica-surfactant mesostructured materials. Chem Commun 1996, 10:1149-1160.
51. Prakash SS, Brinker CJ, Hurd AJ, Rao SM: Silica aerogel films prepared at ambient pressure by using surface derivatization to induce reversible drying shrinkage. Nature 1995, 374:439-443. Aerogels are normally prepared from 'wet' gels by supercritical solvent ex traction, which eliminates drying shrinkage induced by capillary stress. This paper describes a new approach in which a wet gel is derivatized with trimethylsilyl groups prior to drying (by evaporation). The gel initially shrinks, but because the trimethylsilyl groups prevent further condensation reactions from occurring, the gel 'springs back' at the final stage of drying, when the capillary stress vanishes. The final dried gels have porosities of up to 98% and can be prepared as supported thin films.
52. Dutoit DCM, Schneider M, Fabrizioli P, Baiker A: Vanadia-silica low temperature aerogels: influence of aging and vanadia loading on structural and chemical properties. Chem Mater 1996, 8:734-743.
53. Hutter R, Dutoit DCM, Mallat T, Schneider M, Baiker A: Novel mesoporous titania-silica aerogels highly active for the selective epoxidation of cyclic olefins. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1995, 2:163-164.
54. Brodsky CJ, Ko EI: Effect of supercritical drying temperature on the properties of zirconia, niobia, and titania-silica aerogels. J Non-Cyst Solids 1995, 186:88-95.
55. Loy DA, Jamison GM, Baugher BM, Russick EM, Assink RA, Prabakar S, Shea KJ: Alkylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels: highly porous hybrid organic-inorganic materials. J Non-Cyst Solids 1995, 186:44-53. This paper describes the preparation of a novel class of hybrid aerogels in which the microstructural properties were shown to vary systematically with the alylene-bridging group length.
56. Hüsing N, Schwertfeger F, Tappert W, Schubert U: Influence of supercritical drying fluid on structure and properties of organically modified silica aerogels. J Non-Cryst Solids 1995, 186:37-43.
57. Oliver S, Kuperman A, Coombs N, Lough A, Ozin GA: Lamellar aluminophosphates with surface patterns that mimic diatom and radiolarian microskeletons. Nature 1995, 378:47-50. This paper described the synthesis of aluminophosphates that are patterned on the submicrorneter-to-millimeter scale using vesicle templates. The resulting materials exhibit morphologies and patterns similar in size and form to those of the siliceous skeletons of diatoms and radiolaria.
58. Walsh D, Mann S: Fabrication of hollow porous shells of calcium carbonate from self-organizing media. Nature 1995, 377:320-323. This paper discloses the development of intricate cellular macrostructures in calcium carbonate by patterned mineralization of oil/water foams.
59. Mann S, Ozin GA: Synthesis of inorganic materials with complex form. Nature 1996, 382:313-318. This paper provides a fascinating account of the formation of complex, hierarchical inorganic materials by pattern replication of seff-organized assemblies such as micelles, vesicles, or foams.
60. Schacht S, Huo Q, Voigt-Martin IG, Stucky GD, Schüth F: Oil-water interface templating of mesoporous macroscale structures. Science 1996, 273:768-771. This paper provides an example where templating occurs simultaneously on the mesoscale and macroscale. Oil-in-water emulsions were formed containing unhydrolyzed TEOS. Hydrolysis at the interface in the presence of a high concentration of surfactants led to the formation of hollow spheres decorated with mesostructured porous silicas.
61. Lin H-P, Mou C-Y: Tubules-within a tubule' hierarchical order of mesoporous molecular sieves in MCM-41. Science 1996, 273: 765-767.
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