Plausible condensates in Titan's stratosphere from Voyager infrared spectra

Planetary and Space Science

Volumn 47, Issue 10-11, 1999, Pages 1305-1329

  Coustenis, A ^a   Schmitt, B ^b,d   Khanna, R K ^c   Trotta, F ^b,e  

^a OBSERVATOIRE DE PARIS   (France)

^b CNRS   (France)

^c University of Maryland   (United States)

^d LABORATOIRE D ASTROPHYSIQUE   (France)

^e UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001348466     PISSN: 00320633     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0032-0633(99)00053-7     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. -1. J. Chem. Phys. 50, 4501-4520.
2. Bézard, B., Marten, A., Paubert, G., 1993. Detection of acetonitrile on Titan. Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 25, 1100.
3. 2. J. Chem. Phys. 40, 2010-2017.
4. Cerceau, F., Raulin, F., Courtin, R., Gautier, D., 1985. Infrared spectra of gaseous mononitriles: application to the atmosphere of Titan. Icarus 62, 207-220.
5. Coustenis, A., Bézard, B., Gautier, D., 1989a. Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations - I. The gas composition of Titan's equatorial region. Icarus 80, 54-76.
6. -1 spectral region. Icarus 82, 67-80.
7. Coustenis, A., Bézard, B., Gautier, D., Marten, A., Samuelson, R.E., 1991. Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations - III. The vertical distributions of hydrocarbons and nitriles near Titan's north pole. Icarus 89, 152-167.
8. Coustenis, A., Bézard, B., 1995. Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations - IV. Latitudinal variations of temperature and composition. Icarus 115, 126-140.
9. Coustenis, A., Salama, A., Lellouch, E., Encrenaz, Th, Bjoraker, G., Samuelson, R.E., de Graauw, Th, Feuchtgruber, H., Kessler, M.F., 1998. Evidence for water vapor in Titan's atmosphere from ISO/SWS data. Astron. and Astrophys. 336, L85-L89.
10. Dello Russo, N., Khanna, R.K., 1996. Laboratory infrared spectroscopic studies of crystalline nitriles with relevance to outer planetary systems. Icarus 123, 366-395.
11. English, M., Lara, L.M., Lorenz, R.D., Ratcliff, P.M., Rodrigo, R., 1996. Ablation and chemistry of meteoric materials in the atmosphere of Titan. Adv. Space Res. 17, 157-160.
12. 6 n-alkanes. J. Chem. Phys. 87, 1753-1757.
13. Guez, L., 1997. Modélisation des changements de phase dans la basse atmosphère de Titan. Thèse de Doctorat, University Paris VII (Denis Diderot).
14. Hagen, W., Tielens, A.G.G.M., 1982. The librational region in the spectrum of amorphous solid water and ice Ic between 10 and 140 K. Spectrochim. Acta 38A, 1089-1094.
15. Hanel, R.A., Conrath, B.J., Flasar, F.M., Kunde, V.G., Maguire, W., Pearl, J.C., Pirraglia, J.A., Samuelson, R., Cruikshank, D.P., Gautier, D., Gierasch, P., Horn, L., Ponnamperuma, 1981. Infrared observations of the Saturnian system from Voyager 1. Science 212, 192-200.
16. Hanel, R., Pearl, J.C., Mayo, L.A., 1982. Voyager infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer (IRIS) - documentation for reduced data records (RDR) for the Saturnian System. NASA X-693-82-30.
17. Hanel, R.A., Conrath, B.J., Jennings, D.E., Samuelson, R.E., 1992. Exploration of the solar system by infrared remote sensing. Cambridge Planetary Sciences Series 7.
18. Hudgins, D.M., Sandford, S.A., Allamandola, L.J., Tielens, A.G.G.M., 1993. Mid- and far-infrared spectroscopy of ices: optical constants and integrated absorbances. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 86, 713-870.
19. Husson, N., Bonnet, B., Scott, N.A., Chedin, A., 1997. The GEISA data bank, 1991 version. Summary from the Internal note L.M.D. vol. 163. Update 1997.
20. Jenniskens, P., Blake, D.F., Kouchi, A., 1998. Amorphous water ice. A solar system material. In: Schmitt, B. (Ed.), Solar System Ices, vol. 227. Kluwer, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, pp. 139-155.
21. Johnson, B.R., Atreya, S.K., 1996. Feasibility of determining the composition of planetary ices by far infrared observations: application to Martian cloud and surface ices. Icarus 119, 405-426.
22. Khanna, R.K., Perera-Jarmer, M.A., Ospina, M.J., 1987. Vibrational infrared and Raman spectra of dicyanoacetylene. Spectroch. Acta 43A, 421-425.
23. 2. Icarus 74, 527-535.
24. Khanna, R.K., Allen Jr, J.E., Masterson, C.M., Zhao, G., 1990. Thin-film infrared spectroscopic method for low-temperature vapor pressure measurements. J. Phys. Chem. 94, 440-442.
25. 3D in the atmosphere of Titan from 8- to 14-μm thermal emission. Icarus 52, 473-482.
26. 2 in Titan's atmosphere. Nature 292, 686-688.
27. Lara, L.M., Lellouch, E., Lopez-Moreno, J.J., Rodrigo, R., 1996. Vertical distribution of Titan's atmospheric neutral constituents. J. Geoph. Res. 101, 23,261-23,283.
28. Lellouch, E., Laureijs, R., Schuuh, B., Quirico, E., de Bergh, C., Crovisier, J., and Coustenis, A., 1999. Pluto's non isothermal surface. Icarus, submitted for publication.
29. Lin-Vien, D., Colthup, N.B., Fateley, W.G., Grasselli, J.G., 1991. The Handbook of Infrared and Raman Characteristic Frequencies of Organic Molecules. Academic Press.
30. Lutz, B.L., de Bergh, C., Owen, T., 1983. Titan: discovery of carbon monoxide in its atmosphere. Science 220, 1374-1375.
31. 4 in Titan's atmosphere. Nature 292, 683-686.
32. 2 in the infrared region. Icarus 83, 83-92.
33. Moore, M.H., Hudson, R.L., 1992. Far-infrared studies of phase changes in water ice induced by photon irradiation. Astrophys. J. 401, 353-360.
34. 4 under high pressure. Chem. Phys. Lett. 60, 90-94.
35. 2 in the infrared region. Spectroch. Acta A44, 23-26.
36. -1. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 17,477-17,482.
37. 2 on Titan. Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 18, 808.
38. Rytter, E., Gruen, D.M., 1979. Infrared spectra of matrix isolated and solid ethylene. Formation of ethylene dimers. Spectroch. Acta 35A, 199-207.
39. Sagan, C., Thompson, W.R., 1984. Production and condensation of organic gases in the atmosphere of Titan. Icarus 59, 133-161.
40. 2 on Titan. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8709-8715.
41. Samuelson, R.E., 1985. Clouds and aerosols in Titan's atmosphere. ESA-SP 241, 99-107.
42. Samuelson, R.E., Mayo, L.A., 1991. Thermal infrared properties of Titan's stratospheric aerosol. Icarus 91, 207-219.
43. Samuelson, R.E., 1992. Infrared properties of Titan's clouds and aerosols. ESA-SP 338, 191-195.
44. 2 ice in Titan's north polar stratosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 45, 941-948.
45. Savoie, R., Fournier, R.P., 1970. Far-infrared spectra of condensed methane and methane-d4. Chem. Phys. Lett. 7, 1-3.
46. 2O ices, Infrared Spectroscopy in Astronomy, ESA-SP, 290, 213-219.
47. Schmitt, B., Espinasse, S., Grim, R.J.A., Greenberg, J.M., Klinger, J., 1989. Laboratory studies of cometary ice analogues. Proceedings of International Workshop on Physics and Mechanics of Cometary Materials (special issue). ESA-SP 302, 65-69.
48. Schmitt, B., Quirico, E., Trotta, F., Grundy, W.M., 1998. Optical properties of ices. In: Schmitt, B., de Bergh, C., Festov, M. (Eds.), Solar System Ices, vol. 227. Kluwer, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, pp. 199-240.
49. Schrumpf, G.S., Martin, S., 1983. Conformational equilibrium and vibrational spectra of 2-isocyano ethylcyanide. J. Mol. Struct. 101, 57-67.
50. Smith, B.A., Soderblom, L., Beebe, R., Boyce, J., Briggs, G., Buncer, A., Collins, S.A., Hansen, C.J., Johnson, T.V., Mitchell, J.L., Terrile, R.J., Carr, M., Cook II, A.F., Cuzzi, J., Pollack, J.P., Danielson, G.E., Ingersoll, A., Davies, M.E., Hunt, G.E., Mazursky, H., Shoemaker, E., Morrison, D., Owen, T., Sagan, C., Veverka, J., Strom, R., Suomi, V.E., 1981. Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 imaging science results. Science 212, 163-191.
51. 2O ice. Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 271, 481-489.
52. Thompson, W.R., 1984. A physical and chemical study of Titan: atmosphere, clouds, and hazes. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University.
53. Trotta, F., 1996. Détermination des constantes optiques de glaces dans l'infrarouge moyen et lointain - application aux grains du milieu interstellaire et des enveloppes circumstellaires. Thèse de Doctorat, LGGE - University J. Fourier, Grenoble, France.
54. Trotta, F., Schmitt, B., 1999. A new model for the determination of the optical constants of thin film solids. Appl. Spectrosc., submitted for publication.
55. Yung, Y.L., Allen, M., Pinto, J.P., 1984. Photochemistry of the atmosphere of Titan: comparison between model and observations. Astrophys. J. 55, 465-506.
56. Yung, Y.L., 1987. An update of nitrile photochemistry on Titan. Icarus 72, 468-472.