Evaluating alternative explanations in ecosystem experiments

Ecosystems

Volumn 1, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 335-344

  Carpenter, Stephen R ^a   Cole, Jonathan J ^b   Essington, Timothy E ^a   Hodgson, James R ^c   Houser, Jeffrey N ^a   Kitchell, James F ^a   Pace, Michael L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b CARY INSTITUTE OF ECOSYSTEM STUDIES   (United States)

^c ST NORBERT COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001306544     PISSN: 14329840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s100219900025     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. Box GEP. 1966. Use and abuse of regression. Technometrics 8:625-9.
2. Box GEP, Hunter WG, Hunter JS. 1978. Statistics for experimenters. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
3. Box GEP, Tiao GC. 1975. Intervention analysis with application to economic and environmental problems. J Am Stat Assoc 70:70-9.
4. Carpenter SR. 1990. Large-scale perturbations: opportunities for innovation. Ecology 71:2038-43.
5. Carpenter SR. 1993. Statistical analyses of the ecosystem experiments. In: Carpenter SR, Kitchell JF, editors. The trophic cascade in lakes. London: Cambridge University Press, p 26-42.
6. Carpenter, SR. 1996. Microcosm experiments have limited relevance for community and ecosystem ecology. Ecology 77: 677-80.
7. Carpenter SR. 1998. The need for large-scale experiments to assess and predict the response of ecosystems to perturbation. In: Pace ML, Groffman PM, editors. Successes, limitations and frontiers in ecosystem science. New York: Springer-Verlag. Forthcoming.
8. Carpenter SR, Chisholm SW, Krebs CJ, Schindler DW, Wright RF. 1995. Ecosystem experiments. Science 269:324-7.
9. Carpenter SR, Cole JJ, Kitchell JF, Pace ML. 1998. Impact of dissolved organic carbon, phosphorus and grazing on phytoplankton biomass and production in experimental lakes. Limnol Oceanogr 43:73-80.
10. Carpenter SR, Frost TM, Heisey D, Kratz TK. 1989. Randomized intervention analysis and the interpretation of whole-ecosystem experiments. Ecology 70:1142-52.
11. Carpenter SR, Kitchell JF. 1993. The trophic cascade in lakes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Carpenter SR, Kitchell JF, Cottingham KL, Schindler DE, Christensen DL, Post DM, Voichick N. 1996. Chlorophyll variability, nutrient input and grazing: evidence from whole-lake experiments. Ecology 77:725-35.
13. Christensen DL, Carpenter SR, Cole JJ, Cottingham KL, Knight SE, LeBouton JP, Pace ML, Schindler DE, Voichick N. 1996. Pelagic responses to changes in dissolved organic carbon following division of a seepage lake. Limnol Oceanogr 41: 553-9.
14. Cottingham KL, Carpenter SR. 1998. Population, community and ecosystem variates as ecological indicators: phytoplankton response to whole-lake enrichment. Ecol Appl. 8:508-30.
15. Crome FHJ, Thomas MR, Moore LA. 1996. A novel Bayesian approach to assessing impacts of rain forest logging. Ecol Appl 6:1104-21.
16. Gotelli NJ, Graves GR. 1996. Null models in ecology. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press.
17. Green RH. 1993. Application of repeated measures designs in environmental impact and monitoring studies. Aust J Ecol 18:81-98.
18. Hilborn R, Mangel M. 1997. The ecological detective. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
19. Hurlbert SH. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol Monogr 54:187-211.
20. Ives AR, Carpenter SR, Dennis B. Interactions between species and the response of zooplankton to long-term experimental changes in planktivory. Ecology. Forthcoming.
21. Kass RE, Raftery AE. 1995. Bayes factors. J Am Stat Assoc 90:773-95.
22. Kitchell JF, Eby EA, He X, Schindler DE, Wright RA. 1994. Predator-prey dynamics in an ecosystem context. J Fish Biol 45:1-18.
23. Lawton, JH. 1996. The Ecotron facility at Silwood Park: the value of "big bottle" experiments. Ecology 77:665-9.
24. Levin SA. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73:1943-67.
25. Lodge DM, Blumenshine SC, Vadeboncoeur Y. 1997. Insights and application of large-scale, long-term ecological observations and experiments. In: Resetarits WJ, Bernardo J, editors. Issues and perspectives in experimental ecology. London: Oxford University Press.
26. McAllister MK, Peterman RM. 1992. Experimental design in the management of fisheries: a review. N Am J Fish Manage 12:1-18.
27. Olson M, Carpenter SR, Cunningham P, Gafny S, Herwig BR, Nibbelink NP, Pellett T, Storlie C, Trebitz AS, Wilson KA. 1998. Managing macrophytes to improve fish growth. Fisheries 23:6-12.
28. Pace ML. 1999. Getting it right and wrong: extrapolations across experimental scales. In: Gardner R, Kemp M, Peterson J, Kennedy V, editors. Scaling relations in experimental ecology. New York: Columbia University Press. Forthcoming.
29. Pace ML, Cole JJ. 1996. Regulation of bacteria by resources and predation tested in whole lake experiments. Limnol Oceanogr 41:1448-60.
30. Pace ML, Cole JJ, Carpenter SR. 1998. Trophic cascades and compensation: differential responses of microzooplankton in whole lake experiments. Ecology 79:138-52.
31. Pace ML, Groffman PM, editors. 1998. Successes, limitations and frontiers in ecosystem science. New York: Springer-Verlag. Forthcoming.
32. Post DM, Carpenter SR, Christensen DL, Cottingham KL, Hodgson JR, Kitchell JF, Schindler DE. 1997. Seasonal effects of variable recruitment of a dominant piscivore on pelagic food web structure. Limnol Oceanogr 42:722-9.
33. Rasmussen PW, Heisey DM, Nordheim EV, Frost TM. 1993. Time-series intervention analysis: unreplicated large-scale experiments. In: Scheiner SM, Gurevitch J, editors. Design and analysis of ecological experiments. New York: Chapman and Hall. p 138-58.
34. Reckhow KH. 1990. Bayesian inference in non-replicated ecological studies. Ecology 71:2053-9.
35. Schindler DW. 1998. Replication versus realism: the necessity for ecosystem-scale experiments, replicated or not. Ecosystems 1. Forthcoming.
36. Schindler DW, Mills KH, Malley DF, Findlay DL, Shearer JA, Davies IJ, Turner MA, Linsey GA, Cruikshank DR. 1985. Long-term ecosystem stress: the effects of years of experimental acidification on a small lake. Science 228:1395-401.
37. Schmitt RJ, Osenberg CW, editors. 1996. Detecting ecological impacts: concepts and applications in coastal habitats. San Diego (CA): Academic.
38. Stewart-Oaten A. 1996. Problems in the analysis of environmental monitoring data. In: Schmitt RJ, Osenberg CW, editors. Detecting ecological impacts: concepts and applications in coastal habitats. San Diego (CA): Academic, p 109-31.
39. Stewart-Oaten A, Murdoch WW, Parker KR. 1986. Environmental impact assessment: "pseudoreplication" in time? Ecology 67:929-40.
40. Tilman GD. 1989. Ecological experimentation: strengths and conceptual problems. In: Likens GE, editor. Long-term studies in ecology. New York: Springer-Verlag, p 136-57.
41. Walters CJ, Collie JS, Webb T. 1988. Experimental designs for estimating transient responses to management disturbances. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 45:530-8.
42. Walters CJ, Holling CS. 1990. Large-scale management experiments and learning by doing. Ecology 71:2060-8.