Population, community, and ecosystem variates as ecological indicators: Phytoplankton responses to whole-lake enrichment

Ecological Applications

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 508-530

  Cottingham, Kathryn L ^a,b   Carpenter, Stephen R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS   (United States)

Author keywords

Diversity; Dynamic linear model; Ecological indicators; Natural variability; Nutrient enrichment; Perturbation; Phytoplankton; Taxonomy; Whole lake experiments

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY VARIATE; ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR; ECOSYSTEM VARIATE; PHYTOPLANKTON RESPONSE; POPULATION VARIATE; WHOLE-LAKE ENRICHMENT;

EID: 0031981568     PISSN: 10510761     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0508:PCAEVA]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Ahrens, M. A., and R. H. Peters. 1991. Patterns and limitations in limnoplankton size spectra. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48:1967-1978.
2. Anderson, N. J. 1993. Natural versus anthropogenic change in lakes: the role of the sediment record. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8:356-361.
3. Anderson, N. J., B. Rippey, and A. C. Stevenson. 1990. Change to diatom assemblage in a eutrophic lake following point source nutrient re-direction: a paleolimnological approach. Freshwater Biology 23:205-217.
4. Bernstein, B. B. 1992. A framework for trend detection: coupling ecological and managerial perspectives. Pages 1101-1114 in D. H. McKenzie, D. E. Hyatt, and V. J. McDonald, editors. Ecological indicators. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, New York, USA.
5. Bernstein, B. B., and R. W. Smith. 1986. Community approaches to monitoring. Pages 934-939 in IEEE Oceans '86 Conference Proceedings, Volume 3. Marine Technology Society/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington, D. C., USA.
6. Bernstein, B. B., and J. Zalinski. 1986. A philosophy for effective monitoring. Pages 1024-1029 in IEEE Oceans '86 Conference Proceedings, Volume 3. Marine Technology Society/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington, D. C., USA.
7. Box, G. E. P., G. M. Jenkins, and G. C. Reinsel. 1994. Time series analysis: forecasting and control. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
8. Box, G. E. P., and G. C. Tiao. 1992. Bayesian inference in statistical analysis. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
9. Cairns, J., Jr., P. V. McCormick, and B. R. Niederlehner. 1993. A proposed framework for developing indicators of ecosystem health. Hydrobiologia 263:1-44.
10. Cairns, J., Jr., and W. H. van der Schalie. 1980. Biological monitoring. Part I - Early warning systems. Water Research 14:1179-1196.
11. Carpenter, S. R., and J. F. Kitchell, editors. 1993. The trophic cascade in lakes. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
12. Carpenter, S. R., J. F. Kitchell, K. L. Cottingham, D. E. Schindler, D. L. Christensen, D. M. Post, and N. Voichick. 1996. Chlorophyll variability, nutrient input, and grazing: evidence from whole-lake experiments. Ecology 77:725-35.
13. Casvvell, H., and J. R. Weinberg. 1986. Sample size and sensitivity in the detection of environmental impact. Pages 1040-1045 in IEEE Oceans '86 Conference Proceedings. Volume 3. Marine Technology Society/Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Washington, D. C., USA.
14. Charles, D. F., M. W. Binford, E. T. Furlong, R. A. Hites, M. J. Mitchell, S. A. Norton, F. Oldfield, M. J. Paterson, J. P. Smol, A. J. Uutala, J. R. White, D. R. Whitehead, and R. J. Wise. 1990. Paleoecological investigation of recent lake acidification in the Adirondack mountains, N. Y. Journal of Paleolimnology 3:195-241.
15. Christensen, D. L., S. R. Carpenter, J. J. Cole, K. L. Cottingham, S. E. Knight, J. P. LeBouton, M. L. Pace, D. E. Schindler, and N. Voichick. 1996. Pelagic responses to changes in dissolved organic carbon following division of a seepage lake. Limnology and Oceanography 41:553-559.
16. Cooke, G. D., E. B. Welch, S. A. Peterson, and P. R. Newroth. 1993. Restoration and management of lakes and reservoirs. Lewis, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
17. Cottingham, K. L. 1996. Phytoplankton responses to whole-lake manipulations of nutrients and food webs. Dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
18. Cranston, P. S. 1990. Biomonitoring and invertebrate taxonomy. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 14: 265-273.
19. Dillon, P. J., and R. H. Rigler. 1974. The phosphorus-chlorophyll relationship in lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 19:767-773.
20. Dixit, S. S., J. P. Smol, J. C. Kingston, and D. F. Charles. 1992. Diatoms: powerful indicators of environmental change. Environmental Science and Technology 26:23-33.
21. Elser, J. J., M. M. Elser, and S. R. Carpenter. 1986. Size fractionation of algal chlorophyll, carbon fixation, and phosphatase activity: relationships with species-specific size distributions and zooplankton community structure. Journal of Plankton Research 8:365-83.
22. Findlay, D. L., R. E. Hecky, L. L. Hendzel, M. P. Stainton, and G. W. Regehr. 1994. Relationship between N-2-fixation and heterocyst abundance and its relevance to the nitrogen budget of Lake 227. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51:2254-2266.
23. Frost, T. M., S. R. Carpenter, A. R. Ives, and T. K. Kratz. 1995. Species compensation and complementarity in ecosystem function. Pages 224-239 in C. Jones and J. Lawton, editors. Linking Species and Ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
24. Frost, T. M., S. R. Carpenter, and T. K. Kratz. 1992. Choosing ecological indicators: effects of taxonomic aggregation on sensitivity to stress and natural variability. Pages 215-227 in D. H. McKenzie, D. E. Hyatt, and V. J. McDonald, editors. Ecological indicators. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, New York, USA.
25. Hansson, L. A. 1993. Factors initiating algal life-form shift from sediment to water. Oecologia 94:286-94.
26. Harper, D. 1992. Eutrophication of freshwaters. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
27. Hendzel, L. L., R. E. Hecky, and D. L. Findlay. 1994. Recent changes of N-2-fixation in Lake 227 response to reduction of the N:P loading ratio. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51:2247-2253.
28. Herman, P. M., and C. Heip. 1988. On the use of meiotauna in ecological monitoring: who needs taxonomy? Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:665-668.
29. Holmgren, S. K. 1984. Experimental lake fertilization in the Kuokkel area, northern Sweden. Phytoplankton biomass and algal composition in natural and fertilized subarctic lakes. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 69:781-817.
30. Howarth, R. W. 1991. Comparative responses of aquatic ecosystems to toxic chemical stress. Pages 169-195 in J. J. Cole, G. Lovett, and S. Findlay, editors. Comparative analyses of ecosystems: patterns, mechanisms, and theories. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
31. Ignatiades, L., K. Pagou, and V. Gialamas. 1992. Multivariate analysis of phytoplanktonic parameters: a sample study. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 160:103-114.
32. Johnson, K. H., K. A. Vogt, H. J. Clark, O. J. Schmitz, and D. J. Vogt. 1996. Biodiversity and the productivity and stability of ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:372-377.
33. Kelly, J. R., and M. A. Harwell. 1990. Indicators of ecosystem recovery. Environmental Management 14:524-545.
34. Keough, M. J., and G. P. Quinn. 1991. Causality and the choice of measurements for detecting human impacts in marine environments. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 42:539-554.
35. Lamon, E. C. III, S. R. Carpenter, and C. A. Stow. 1998. Forecasting PCB concentrations in five species of Lake Michigan salmonids: a dynamic linear model approach. Ecological Applications, in press.
36. Leavitt, P. R., S. R. Carpenter, and J. F. Kitchell. 1989. Whole-lake experiments: the annual record of fossil pigments and Zooplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 34: 700-717.
37. Lillesand, T. M., and R. W. Kiefer. 1994. Remote sensing and image interpretation. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
38. Ljung, L. 1987. System identification: theory for the user. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
39. Ljung, L. 1991, System identification toolbox user's guide. MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA.
40. Malone, T. C. 1980. Algal size. Pages 433-463 in I. Morris, editor. The physiological ecology of phytoplankton. Blackwell Scientific, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
41. Marker, A. F. H., C. A. Crowther, and R. J. M. Gunn. 1980. Methanol and acetone as solvents for estimation of chlorophyll a and phaeopigments by spectrophotometry. Archiv tuer Hydrobiologia Beihandlungen Ergebnisse der Limnologie 14:52-69.
42. McCormick, P. V., and J. Cairns, Jr. 1994. Algae as indicators of environmental change. Journal of Applied Phycology 6: 509-526.
43. McKenzie, D. H., D. E. Hyatt, and V. J. McDonald, editors. 1992. Ecological indicators. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, New York, USA.
44. Mooney, H. A., J. Lubchenco, R. Dirzo, and O. E. Sala, coordinators. 1995. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: basic principles. Pages 275-326 in V. H. Heywood, executive editor. Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press, London, UK.
45. National Research Council. 1992. Restoration of aquatic ecosystems. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
46. Noss, R. F. 1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology 4:355-364.
47. Nygaard, G. 1949. Hydrobiological studies of some Danish ponds and lakes. Biologiske Skrifter 7:1-293.
48. Odum, E. P. 1985. Trends expected in stressed ecosystems. Bioscience 35:419-22.
49. Padisak, J. 1992. Seasonal succession of phytoplankton in a large shallow lake (Balaton, Hungary) - a dynamic approach to ecological memory, its possible role and mechanisms. Journal of Ecology 80:217-30.
50. Paerl, H. W. 1988. Nuisance phytoplankton blooms in coastal, estuarine, and inland waters. Limnology and Oceanography 33:823-847.
51. Pearsall, W. H. 1932. Phytoplankton in the English lakes. II. The composition of the phytoplankton in relation to dissolved substances. Journal of Ecology 20:241-262.
52. Persson, G., S. K. Holmgren, M. Jansson, A. Lundgren, B. Nyman, D. Solander, and C. Anell. 1975. Phosphorus and nitrogen and the regulation of lake ecosystems: experimental approaches in subarctic Sweden. Pages III-3-III-19 in Proceedings of the Circumpolar Conference on Northern Ecology. 15-18 September 1975, Ottawa, Canada, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
53. Pielou, E. C. 1977. Mathematical ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
54. Pole, A., M. West, and J. Harrison. 1994. Applied Bayesian forecasting and time series analysis. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
55. Pollingher, U. 1988. Freshwater armored dinoflagellates: growth, reproduction strategies, and population dynamics. Pages 134-174 in C. D. Sandgren, editor. Growth and reproductive strategies of freshwater phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
56. Post, D. M., S. R. Carpenter, D. L. Christensen, K. L. Cottingham, J. R. Hodgson, J. F. Kitchell, and D. E. Schindler, 1997. Seasonal effects of variable recruitment of a dominant piscivore on pelagic food web structure. Limnology and Oceanography 42:722-729.
57. Pratt, J. R., and J. Cairns, Jr. 1996. Ecotoxicology and the redundancy problem: understanding effects on community structure and function. Pages 347-370 in M. C. Newman and C. H. Jagoe, editors. Ecotoxicology: A hierarchical approach. CRC Lewis, New York, New York, USA.
58. Rapport, D. J. 1990. Challenges in the detection and diagnosis of pathological change in aquatic ecosystems. Journal of Great Lakes Research 16:609-618.
59. Rapport, D. J., H. A. Regier, and T. C. Hutchinson. 1985. Ecosystem behavior under stress. American Naturalist 125: 617-40.
60. Reynolds, C. S. 1984. The ecology of freshwater phyto7 plankton. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
61. Richardson, L. L. 1996. Remote sensing of algal bloom dynamics. BioScience 7:492-501.
62. Sandgren, C. D. 1988a. The ecology of chrysophyte flagellates: their growth and perennation strategies as freshwater phytoplankton. Pages 9-104 in C. D. Sandgren, editor. Growth and reproductive strategies of freshwater phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
63. _. editor. 1988b. Growth and reproductive strategies of freshwater phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
64. Schindler, D. E., S. R. Carpenter, J. J. Cole, J. F. Kitchell, and M. L. Pace. 1997. Influence of food web structure on carbon exchange between lakes and the atmosphere. Science 277:248-251.
65. Schindler, D. W. 1974. Eutrophication and recovery in experimental lakes: implications for lake management. Science 184:897-899.
66. Schindler, D. W. 1987. Detecting ecosystem responses to anthropogenic stress. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44 (Supplement 1):6-25.
67. Schindler, D. W. 1988. Experimental studies of chemical stressors on whole lake ecosystems. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Verhandlungen 23:11-41.
68. Schindler, D. W. 1990. Experimental perturbations of whole lakes as tests of hypotheses concerning ecosystem structure and function. Oikos 57:25-41.
69. Schindler, D. W. 1996. Ecosystems and ecotoxicology: a personal perspective. Pages 371-398 in M. C. Newman and C. H. Jagoe, editors. Ecotoxicology: a hierarchical treatment. CRC Lewis, New York, New York, USA.
70. Schindler, D. W., F. A. J. Armstrong, S. K. Holmgren, and G. J. Brunskill. 1971. Eutrophication of Lake 227, Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario, by addition of phosphate and nitrate. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28:1763-1782.
71. Schindler, D. W., E. J. Fee, and T. Ruszczynski. 1978. Phosphorus input and its consequences for phytoplankton standing crop and production in the Experimental Lakes Area and in similar lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35:190-196.
72. Schindler, D. W., H. Kling, R. V. Schmidt, J. Prokopowich, V. E. Frost, R. A. Reid, and M. Capel. 1973. Eutrophication of Lake 227 by addition of phosphate and nitrate: the second, third, and fourth years of enrichment, 1970, 1971, and 1972. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30:1415-1440.
73. Schindler, D. W., K. H. Mills, D. F. Malley, D. L. Findlay, J. A. Shearer, I. J. Davies, M. A. Turner, G. A. Linsey, and D. R. Cruikshank. 1985. Long-term ecosystem stress: the effects of years of experimental acidification on a small lake. Science 228:1395-1401.
74. Smith, S. D. A., and R. D. Simpson. 1992. Monitoring the shallow sublittoral using the fauna of kelp (Ecklonia radiata) holdfasts. Marine Pollution Bulletin 24:46-52.
75. Smith, V. H. 1983. Low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios favor dominance by blue-green algae in lake phytoplankton. Science 221:669-671.
76. Smol, J. P. 1992. Paleolimnology: an important tool for effective ecosystem management. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 1:49-58.
77. Smol, J. P., I. R. Walker, and P. R. Leavitt. 1991 . Paleolimnology and hincasting climatic trends. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Verhandlungen 24:1240-1246.
78. Soranno, P. A., S. R. Carpenter, and M. M. Elser. 1993. Zooplankton community dynamics. Pages 116-152 in S. R. Carpenter and J. F. Kitchell, editors. The trophic cascade in lakes. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
79. Soudant, D., B. Beliaeff, and G. Thomas. 1997. Dynamic linear Bayesian models in phytoplankton ecology. Ecological Modelling 99:161-169.
80. Sprules, W. G. 1984. Towards an optimal classification of Zooplankton for lake ecosystem studies. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Verhandlungen 22:320-325.
81. St. Amand, A. L. 1990. Mechanisms controlling metalimnetic communities and the importance of metalimnetic phytoplankton to whole lake primary productivity. Dissertation. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
82. Stow, C. A., S. R. Carpenter, K. E. Webster, and T. M. Frost. 1998. Long-term environmental monitoring: some perspectives from lakes. Ecological Applications 8:269-276.
83. Sullivan, P. F., and S. R. Carpenter. 1982. Evaluation of fourteen trophic state indices for phytoplankton of Indiana lakes and reservoirs. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 27:143-153.
84. Thompson, P., and G. Rhee. 1994. Phytoplankton responses to eutrophication. Archiv für Hydrobiologia Beihandlungen Ergebnisse der Limnologie 42:125-166.
85. Thornton, K. W., D. E. Hyatt, and C. B. Chapman, editors. 1993. Environmental monitoring and assessment program guide. EPA/620/R-93/012. EMAP Research and Assessment Center, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
86. Tilman, D. 1996. Biodiversity: population versus ecosystem stability. Ecology 77:350-363.
87. Tilman, D., and J. A. Downing. 1994. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367:363-365.
88. Tilman, D., S. S. Kilham, and P. Kilham. 1982. Phytoplankton community ecology: the role of limiting nutrients. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13:349-372.
89. Turner, M. A., D. W. Schindler, D. L. Findlay, M. B. Jackson, and G. G. C. Robinson. 1995. Disruption of littoral algal associations by experimental lake acidification. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52:2238-2250.
90. Vitousek, P. M. 1990. Biological invasions and ecosystem processes: towards an integration of population biology and ecosystem studies. Oikos 57:7-13.
91. _. 1994. Beyond global warming: ecology and global change. Ecology 75:1861-1876.
92. Voichick, N., and J. P. LeBouton, editors. 1994. Methods of the Cascading Trophic Interactions Project, Fourth edition. Center for Limnology, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
93. Vollenweider, R. A., editor. 1974. A manual on methods for measuring primary production in aquatic environments. Blackwell Scientific, London, UK.
94. Vollenweider, R. A. 1976. Advances in defining critical loading levels for phosphorus in lake eutrophication. Memorie dell'istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia 33:55-83.
95. Warwick, R. M. 1988. The level of taxonomic discrimination required to detect pollution effects on marine benthic communities. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:259-268.
96. Watson, S., E. McCauley, and J. A. Downing. 1992. Sigmoid relationships between phosphorus, algal biomass, and algal community structure. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49:2605-2610.
97. West, M., and J. Harrison. 1989. Bayesian forecasting and dynamic models. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.