Vitrification and crystallization of organic liquids confined to nanoscale pores

Chemistry of Materials

Volumn 8, Issue 8, 1996, Pages 2128-2137

  Jackson, Catheryn L ^a   McKenna, Gregory B ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001281841     PISSN: 08974756     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/cm9601188     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Kauzman, W. Chem. Rev. 1948, 43, 219.
2. Turnbull, D. Cont. Phys. 1969, 10, 473.
3. Turnbull, D.; Cohen, M. H. J. Chem. Phys. 1958, 29, 1049.
4. MacFarlane, D. R.; Angell, C. A. J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 1927.
5. Teixeira, J.; Alba-Simionesco, C.; Angell, C. A. Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1991, 84, 117.
6. Alba, C.; Busse, L. E.; List, D. J.; Angell, C. A. J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 92, 617.
7. Tell, J. L.; Maris, H. J. Phys. Rev. B 1983, 28, 5122.
8. Warnock, J.; Awschalom, D. D.; Shafer, M. W. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1986, 57, 1753.
9. Molz, E.; Wong, A. P. Y.; Chan, M. H. W.; Beamish, J. R. Phys. Rev. B 1993, 48, 5741.
10. Buffat, Ph.; Borel, J.-P. Phys. Rev. A 1978, 13, 2287.
11. Defay, R.; Prigogine, I.; Bellemans, A.; Everett, D. H. Surface Tension and Adsorption; Wiley: New York, 1966.
12. Rennie, G. K.; Clifford, J. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1977, 73, 680.
13. Jackson, C. L.; McKenna, G. B. J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 93, 9002.
14. Unruh, K. M.; Huber, T. E.; Huber, C. A. Phys. Rev. B 1993, 48, 9021.
15. Reiss, H.; Koper, G. J. M. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 7837.
16. Jackson, C. L.; McKenna, G. B. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1991, 131-133, 221.
17. Wales, D. J.; Berry, R. S. J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 92, 4473.
18. Lobe, B.; Baschnagel, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1994, 101, 1616.
19. Cracknell, R. F.; Gubbins, K. E.; Maddox, M.; Nicholson, D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 281.
20. Fredrickson, G. H. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1988, 39, 149.
21. Ray, P.; Binder, K. Europhys. Lett. 1994, 27, 53.
22. Mayes, A. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 3114.
23. Couchman, P. R.; Karasz, F. E. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1977, 15, 1037.
24. Keddie, J. L.; Jones, R. A. L.; Cory, R. A. Europhys. Lett. 1994, 27, 59.
25. Reiter, G. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 3046.
26. Beaucage, G.; Composto, R.; Stein, R. S. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1993, 31, 319.
27. Russell, T. P.; Menelle, A.; Anastasiadis, S. H.; Satija, S. K.; Majkrzak, C. F. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 6263.
28. Service, R. F. Science 1995, 267, 327.
29. Röder, H.; Hahn, E.; Brune, H.; Bucher, J.-P.; Kern, K. Nature 1993, 366, 141.
30. Metiu, H. Nature 1993, 366, 111.
31. Meijer, H. E. H.; van der Sanden, M. C. M. 9th International Conference on Deformation, Yield and Fracture of Polymers; The Institute of Materials: London, 1994; p 7/1.
32. Vaia, R.; Sauer, B. B.; Tse, O.; Giannelis, E. P. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed., submitted.
33. Klein, J.; Kumacheva, E.; Mahalu, D.; Perahia, D.; Fetters, L. J. Nature 1994, 370, 634.
34. Granick, S. Science 1994, 253, 1374.
35. Keddie, J. L.; Jones, R. A. L.; Cory, R. A. Faraday Discuss. 1994, 98, 219.
36. Wallace, W. E.; van Zanten, J. H.; Wu, W. L. Phys. Rev. E 1995, 52, R3329.
37. Reich, S.; Cohen, Y. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1981 ,19, 1255.
38. Nesterov, A.; Horichko, V.; Lipatov, Y. Makromol. Chem., Rapid Comm. 1991, 12, 571.
39. Bares, J. Macromolecules 1975, 8, 244.
40. Krause, S.; Lu, Z.; Iskandar, M. Macromolecules 1982, 15, 1076.
41. Lu, X.; Weiss, R. A. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 3615.
42. Gaur, U.; Wunderlich, B. Macromolecules 1980, 13, 1618.
43. Berger, L. L.; Sauer, B. B. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 2096.
44. Handa, Y. P.; Zakrzewski, M.; Fairbridge, C. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 8594.
45. Pfeifer, H.; Oehme, W.; Siegel, H. Z. Phys. Chem. N. F. 1987, 152, 215.
46. Dash, J. G.; Fu, H.; Wettlaufer, J. S. Rep. Prog. Phys. 1995, 58, 115.
47. Chang, S. S.; Bestul, A. B. J. Chem. Phys. 1972, 56, 503.
48. Certain commercial companies are named in order to specify adequately the experimental procedure. This in no way implies endorsement or recommendation by NIST.
49. Wunderlich, B.; Bodily, D. M.; Kaplan, M. H. J. Appl. Phys. 1964, 35, 95.
50. Wunderlich, B.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Loufakis, K. Encycl. Polym. Sci. Eng.; Wiley: New York, 1989; Vol. 16, p 767.
51. Peters, D. G.; Hayes, J. M.; Hieftje, G. M. Chemical Separations and Measurements; W. B. Saunders: Philadelphia, 1974; p 27.
52. Sands, D. W.; Kim, Y. S.; Bass, J. L. J. Chromatogr. 1986, 360, 353.
53. Liu, G.; Li, Y.; Jonas, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 95, 6892.
54. McKenna, G. B. In Comprehensive Polymer Science; Booth, C., Price, C., Eds.; Pergammon Press: Oxford, 1989; Vol. 2, p 311.
55. Proceedings of a Workshop on "Glasses and the Glass Transition"; Comput. Mater. Sci. 1995, 4, 283-385.
56. Douglas, J. F.; Ishinabe, T. Phys. Rev. E 1995, 51, 1791.
57. Nakanishi, H.; Fisher, M. E. J. Chem. Phys. 1983, 78, 3279.
58. Sappelt, D.; Jackle, J. J. Phys. A 1993, 26, 7325.
59. Hunt, A. Solid State Commun. 1994, 90, 527.
60. Fedors, R. F. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Lett. Ed. 1979, 17, 719.
61. Gibbs, J. H.; DiMarzio, E. A. J. Chem. Phys. 1958, 28, 323.
62. DiMarzio, E. A.; Gibbs, J. H. J. Chem. Phys. 1958, 28, 807.
63. Robertson, R. E.; Simha, R.; Curro, J. G. Macromolecules 1985, 18, 2239.
64. Curro, J. G.; LaGasse, R. R.; Simha, R. Macromolecules 1982, 15, 1621.
65. Angell, C. A.; Quing, Z. Phys. Rev. B 1989, 39, 8784.
66. Zhang, J.; Liu, G.; Jonas, J. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 3478.
67. Timoshenko, S. P.; Goodier, J. N. Theory of Elasticity, 3rd ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1970.
68. Cukierman, M.; Lane, J. W.; Uhlmann, D. R. J. Chem. Phys. 1973, 59, 3639.
69. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 56th ed.; Weast, R. C., Ed: Chemical Rubber Co.: Cleveland, 1975.
70. -4/MPa, and this value does not vary substantially for other organic liquids. Since the bulk modulus is related to the compressibility as K = 1/κ, the bulk modulus is estimated to be 1.25 GPa. We use a value of 2 GPa since the glass is expected to have a slightly lower compressibility than the liquid and thus a higher modulus.
71. Atake, T.; Angell, C. A. J. Phys. Chem. 1979, 83, 3218.
72. DiMarzio, E. A.; Castellano, C.; Yang, A. J. Polym. Sci.: Part B: Polym. Phys. 1996, 34, 535.
73. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in air of the 8.5 nm diameter CPGs showed about 1.0% weight loss up to 105 °C for the treated CPG and 2.5% weight loss up to 105 °C for the untreated CPG. Assuming that this weight loss is adsorbed water, the amount of impurity present is over twice as great for the untreated CPG. From 105 to 300 °C, both the treated and untreated CPG showed an additional weight loss of 1%. Each sample was run in triplicate and showed excellent reproducibility. The desorption of the adsorbed water and other impurities on the surface at elevated temperatures does not guarantee desorption and dissolution into the imbibed liquid at the much lower temperatures employed in this work, but unless strict vacuum procedures are used it is an unavoidable issue in working with porous glasses such as CPGs or Vycor glass.
74. McKenna, G. B.; Jackson, C. L.; O'Reilly, J. M.; Sedita, J. S. Am. Chem. Soc., Polym. Prepr. (Div. Polym. Sci.) 1992, 33, 118.
75. Pissis, P.; Daoukaki-Diamanti, D.; Apekis, L.; Christodoulides, C. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 1994, 6, L325.
76. Schuller, J.; Yu, B.; Mel'nichenko, B.; Richert, R.; Fischer, E. W. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1994, 73, 2224.
77. Faucher, J. A. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. 1965, 3, 143.
78. Ajayan, P. M.; Iijima, S. Nature 1993, 361, 333.
79. Prasad, R.; Lele, S. Philos. Mag. Lett. 1994, 70, 357.
80. Mullin, J. W. Crystallization, 3rd ed.; Butterworth-Heinemann: London, 1993; Chapter 5.
81. M,f = 0.33, as given by: Dunning, W. J. In Physics and Chemistry of the Organic Solid State; Fox, D., Labes, M. M., Weissberger, A., Eds.; Interscience: New York, 1963; Chapter 7.
82. 2 calculated using the method of Dunning.
83. Kim, S.-J.; Karis, T. E. J. Mater. Res. 1995, 10, 2128.