On the Character and Consequences of Large Impacts in the Late Stage of Terrestrial Planet Formation

Icarus

Volumn 142, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 219-237

  Agnor, Craig B ^a,b   Canup, Robin M ^a   Levison, Harold F ^a  

^a SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Impact processes; Moon; Origin solar system; Planetary formation; Rotational dynamics

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001090490     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/icar.1999.6201     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Alexander S. G., Agnor C. B. N-body simulations of late stage planetary formation with a simple fragmentation model. Icarus. 132:1998;113-124.
2. Beaugé C., Aarseth S. J. N-body simulations of planetary formation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 245:1990;30-39.
3. Benz W., Cameron A. G. W., Melosh H. J. The origin of the Moon and the single-impact hypothesis III. Icarus. 81:1989;113-131.
4. Benz W., Slattery W. L., Cameron A. G. W. The origin of the Moon and the single-impact hypothesis I. Icarus. 66:1986;515-535.
5. Benz W., Slattery W. L., Cameron A. G. W. The origin of the Moon and the single-impact hypothesis II. Icarus. 71:1987;30-45.
6. Benz W., Slattery W. L., Cameron A. G. W. Collisional stripping of Mercury's mantle. Icarus. 74:1988;516-528.
7. Binney J., Tremaine S. Galactic Dynamics. 1987.
8. Cameron A. G. W. The origin of the Moon and the single impact hypothesis V. Icarus. 126:1997;126-137.
9. Cameron A. G. W., Benz W. The origin of the Moon and the single impact hypothesis IV. Icarus. 92:1991;165-168.
10. Cameron A. G. W., Canup R. M. The giant impact occurred during Earth accretion. Lunar Planet. Sci 29th. 1998.
11. Cameron A. G. W., Ward W. R. The origin of the Moon. Lunar Planet. Sci. 7th. 1976;120-122.
12. Canup R. M., Esposito L. W. Accretion of the Moon from an impact-generated disk. Icarus. 119:1996;427-446.
13. Chambers J. E. How special is the Earth's orbit? Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 30:1998;1051.
14. Chambers J. E., Wetherill G. W. Making the terrestrial planets: N-body integrations of planetary embryos in three dimensions. Icarus. 136:1998;304-327.
15. Dones L., Tremaine S. On the origin of planetary spins. Icarus. 103:1993a;67-92.
16. Dones L., Tremaine S. Why does the Earth spin forward? Science. 259:1993b;350-354.
17. Duncan M., Levison H. F., Lee M. H. A multiple timestep symplectic algorithm for integrating close encounters. Astron. J. 116:1998;2067-2077.
18. Gladman B., Duncan M., Candy J. Symplectic integrators for long-term integrations in celestial mechanics. Celest. Mech. Dynam. Astron. 52:1991;221-240.
19. Goldreich P. History of the lunar orbit. Rev. Geophys. 4:1966;411-439.
20. Goldreich P., R. W. Ward. The formation of planetesimals. Astrophys. J. 183:1973;1051-1061.
21. Greenberg R. J., Wacker J., Chapman C. R., Hartmann W. K. Planetesimals to planets: Numerical simulations of collisional evolution. Icarus. 35:1978;1-26.
22. Hartmann W. K., Davis D. R. Satellite-sized planetesimals and lunar origin. Icarus. 24:1975;504-515.
23. Ida S., Makino J. N-body simulation of gravitational interaction between planetesimals and a protoplanet. II. Dynamical friction. Icarus. 98:1992;28-37.
24. Ida S., Canup R. M., Stewart G. R. Lunar formation from an impact-generated disk. Nature. 389:1997;353-357.
25. Ito T., Tanikawa K. Stability and instability of the terrestrial protoplanet system and their possible roles in the final stage of planet formation. Icarus. 139:1999;336-349.
26. Kokubo E., Ida S. On runaway growth of planetesimals. Icarus. 123:1996;180-191.
27. Kokubo E., Ida S. Oligarchic growth of protoplanets. Icarus. 131:1998;171-178.
28. Kokubo E., Ida S., Makino J. High-resolution N-body simulation of lunar accretion from an impact-generated disk. Origin of the Earth and Moon Conf. Proc. 1998;20.
29. Laskar J., Robutel P. The chaotic obliquity of the planets. Nature. 245:1993;608-612.
30. Lecar M., Aarseth S. J. A numerical simulation of the formation of the terrestrial planets. Astrophys. J. 305:1986;564-579.
31. Lee D.-C., Halliday A. N., Snyder G. A., Taylor L. A. Age and origin of the Moon. Science. 278:1997;1098-1103.
32. Lissauer, J. J., and G. R. Stewart1993. Growth of planets from planetesimals. In Protostars and Planets IIIE. H. Levy and J. I. Lunine, Eds., pp. 1061-1088. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson.
33. Love S. G., Ahrens T. J. Catastrophic impacts on gravity dominated asteroids. Icarus. 124:1996;141-155.
34. Melosh H. J., Ryan E. V. Asteroids: Shattered but not dispersed. Icarus. 129:1997;562-564.
35. Ohtsuki K., Ida S. Planetary rotation by accretion of planetesimals with nonuniform spatial distribution formed by the planet's gravitational perturbation. Icarus. 131:1998;393-420.
36. Ryan E. V., Melosh H. J. Impact fragmentation: From the laboratory to asteroids. Icarus. 133:1998;1-24.
37. Safronov V. S. Evolution of the Protoplanetary Cloud and Formation of the Earth and Planets. 1969.
38. Slattery W. L., Benz W., Cameron A. G. W. Giant impacts on a primitive Uranus. Icarus. 99:1992;167-174.
39. Spaute D., Weidenschilling S., Davis D. R., Marzari F. Accretional evolution of a planetesimal swarm: I. A new simulation. Icarus. 92:1991;147-164.
40. Stern, A. S., W. B. McKinnon, and J. I. Lunine1997. On the origin of Pluto, Charon, and the Pluto-Charon binary. In Pluto and CharonS. A. Stern and D. J. Tholen, Eds., pp. 605-664. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson.
41. Stewart G. R., Wetherill G. W. Evolutions of planetesimal velocities. Icarus. 74:1988;542-553.
42. Tanaka H., Ida S. Distribution of planetesimals around a protoplanet in the nebula gas. Icarus. 125:1997;302-316.
43. Touma J., Wisdom J. The chaotic obliquity of Mars. Science. 259:1993;1294-1297.
44. Ward W. R. Large-scale variation in the obliquity of Mars. Science. 181:1973;260-262.
45. Ward W. R. Climatic variations on Mars 1. Astronomical theory of insolation. J. Geophys. Res. 79:1974;3375-3386.
46. Ward, W. R. 1999, On the formation of planetesimals. In, Origin of the Earth and Moon, R. M. Canup and K. Righter, Eds, Univ. of Arizona Press. Tucson, in press.
47. Weidenschilling, S. J., and J. N. Cuzzi1993. Formation of planetesimals in the solar nebula. In Protostars and Planets IIIE. H. Levy and J. I. Lunine, Eds., pp. 1031-1060. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson.
48. Weidenschilling S. J., Spaute D., Davis D. R., Marzari F., Ohtsuki K. Accretional evolution of a planetesimal swarm. Icarus. 128:1997;429-455.
49. Wetherill G. W. Occurrence of giant impacts during the growth of the terrestrial planets. Science. 228:1985;877-879.
50. Wetherill, G. W.1986. Accumulation of the terrestrial planets and implications concerning lunar origin. In Origin of the MoonW. K. Hartmann, R. J. Phillips, and G. J. Taylor, Eds., pp. 519-550. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.
51. Wetherill G. W. An alternative model for the formation of the asteroid belt. Icarus. 1992;307-325.
52. Wetherill G. W. The provenance of the terrestrial planets. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 58:1994;4513-4520.
53. Wetherill G. W. The formation and habitability of extra-solar planets. Icarus. 119:1996;219-238.
54. Wetherill G. W., Stewart G. R. Accumulation of a swarm of small planetesimals. Icarus. 77:1989;350-357.
55. Wetherill G. W., Stewart G. R. Formation of planetary embryos: Effects of fragmentation, low relative velocity, and independent variation of eccentricity and inclination. Icarus. 106:1993;190-209.
56. Wisdom J., Holman M. Symplectic maps for the N-body problem. Astron. J. 102:1991;1528-1538.