메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 278, Issue 5340, 1997, Pages 1098-1103

Age and origin of the moon

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE DETERMINATION; HAFNIUM/TUNGSTEN DATING;

EID: 0030662274     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5340.1098     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (132)

References (62)
  • 1
    • 0003114134 scopus 로고
    • W. K. Hartman, R. J. Phillips, G. J. Taylor, Eds. Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston, TX
    • W. K. Hartman, in Origin of the Moon, W. K. Hartman, R. J. Phillips, G. J. Taylor, Eds. (Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, 1986), pp. 579-608; D. J. Stevenson, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 15, 271 (1987).
    • (1986) Origin of the Moon , pp. 579-608
    • Hartman, W.K.1
  • 2
    • 0001142241 scopus 로고
    • W. K. Hartman, in Origin of the Moon, W. K. Hartman, R. J. Phillips, G. J. Taylor, Eds. (Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, 1986), pp. 579-608; D. J. Stevenson, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 15, 271 (1987).
    • (1987) Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. , vol.15 , pp. 271
    • Stevenson, D.J.1
  • 3
    • 0004493285 scopus 로고
    • H. E. Newsom and J. H. Jones, Eds. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford
    • H. J. Melosh, in Origin of the Earth, H. E. Newsom and J. H. Jones, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1989), pp. 69-83; A. G. W. Cameron and W. Benz, Icarus 92, 204 (1991).
    • (1989) Origin of the Earth , pp. 69-83
    • Melosh, H.J.1
  • 4
    • 0000394191 scopus 로고
    • H. J. Melosh, in Origin of the Earth, H. E. Newsom and J. H. Jones, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1989), pp. 69-83; A. G. W. Cameron and W. Benz, Icarus 92, 204 (1991).
    • (1991) Icarus , vol.92 , pp. 204
    • Cameron, A.G.W.1    Benz, W.2
  • 6
    • 0001543807 scopus 로고
    • W. Rammensee and H. Wänke, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 8, 399 (1977); H. Wänke and G. Dreibus, in Origin of the Moon, W. K. Hartman, R. J. Phillips, G. J. Taylor, Eds. (Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston, 1986), pp. 649-672; H. E. Newsom, ibid., pp. 203-229.
    • (1977) Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. , vol.8 , pp. 399
    • Rammensee, W.1    Wänke, H.2
  • 7
    • 0002380239 scopus 로고
    • W. K. Hartman, R. J. Phillips, G. J. Taylor, Eds. Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston
    • W. Rammensee and H. Wänke, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 8, 399 (1977); H. Wänke and G. Dreibus, in Origin of the Moon, W. K. Hartman, R. J. Phillips, G. J. Taylor, Eds. (Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston, 1986), pp. 649-672; H. E. Newsom, ibid., pp. 203-229.
    • (1986) Origin of the Moon , pp. 649-672
    • Wänke, H.1    Dreibus, G.2
  • 8
    • 0004210181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. Rammensee and H. Wänke, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 8, 399 (1977); H. Wänke and G. Dreibus, in Origin of the Moon, W. K. Hartman, R. J. Phillips, G. J. Taylor, Eds. (Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston, 1986), pp. 649-672; H. E. Newsom, ibid., pp. 203-229.
    • Origin of the Moon , pp. 203-229
    • Newsom, H.E.1
  • 9
    • 0019998701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H. E. Newsom and M. J. Drake, Nature 297, 210 (1982); H. E. Newsom and S. R. Taylor, ibid. 338, 29 (1989); J. H. Jones and M. J. Drake, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 3785 (1993); S. R. Taylor and T. M. Esat, in Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code, A. Basu and S. Hart, Eds. (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1996), pp. 33-46.
    • (1982) Nature , vol.297 , pp. 210
    • Newsom, H.E.1    Drake, M.J.2
  • 10
    • 0024487567 scopus 로고
    • H. E. Newsom and M. J. Drake, Nature 297, 210 (1982); H. E. Newsom and S. R. Taylor, ibid. 338, 29 (1989); J. H. Jones and M. J. Drake, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 3785 (1993); S. R. Taylor and T. M. Esat, in Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code, A. Basu and S. Hart, Eds. (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1996), pp. 33-46.
    • (1989) Nature , vol.338 , pp. 29
    • Newsom, H.E.1    Taylor, S.R.2
  • 11
    • 0027849788 scopus 로고
    • H. E. Newsom and M. J. Drake, Nature 297, 210 (1982); H. E. Newsom and S. R. Taylor, ibid. 338, 29 (1989); J. H. Jones and M. J. Drake, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 3785 (1993); S. R. Taylor and T. M. Esat, in Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code, A. Basu and S. Hart, Eds. (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1996), pp. 33-46.
    • (1993) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.57 , pp. 3785
    • Jones, J.H.1    Drake, M.J.2
  • 12
    • 0019998701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. Basu and S. Hart, Eds. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC
    • H. E. Newsom and M. J. Drake, Nature 297, 210 (1982); H. E. Newsom and S. R. Taylor, ibid. 338, 29 (1989); J. H. Jones and M. J. Drake, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 3785 (1993); S. R. Taylor and T. M. Esat, in Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code, A. Basu and S. Hart, Eds. (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1996), pp. 33-46.
    • (1996) Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code , pp. 33-46
    • Taylor, S.R.1    Esat, T.M.2
  • 13
    • 1842377082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. G. W. Cameron, Lunar Planet. Sci. XXVII, 988 (1997); S. Ida, R. M. Canup, G. P. Stewart, Nature 389, 353 (1997).
    • (1997) Lunar Planet. Sci. , vol.27 , pp. 988
    • Cameron, A.G.W.1
  • 14
    • 0030801761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. G. W. Cameron, Lunar Planet. Sci. XXVII, 988 (1997); S. Ida, R. M. Canup, G. P. Stewart, Nature 389, 353 (1997).
    • (1997) Nature , vol.389 , pp. 353
    • Ida, S.1    Canup, R.M.2    Stewart, G.P.3
  • 17
    • 0024884815 scopus 로고
    • R. N. Clayton and T. Mayeda, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 6, 1761 (1975); A. E. Ringwood, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 95, 208 (1989).
    • (1989) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.95 , pp. 208
    • Ringwood, A.E.1
  • 33
    • 0027090956 scopus 로고
    • J. Longhi, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 2235 (1992); D. Walker, J. Longhi, E. M. Stolper, T. L. Grove, J. F. Hayes, ibid. 39, 1219 (1975).
    • (1992) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.56 , pp. 2235
    • Longhi, J.1
  • 36
    • 0001166470 scopus 로고
    • J. C. Meyer, D. S. Mckay, D. H. Anderson, P. Butler Jr., Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 6, 1673 (1975); J. W. Delano, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 201 (1986).
    • (1986) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.91 , pp. 201
    • Delano, J.W.1
  • 37
    • 1842371066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Highlands rocks display a large spread in Hf and W concentrations, consistent with their variable cumulate mineralogy, the anorthosites being the most depleted (Table 1). Intense meteorite bombardment may result in brecciation and variable contamination of these samples (23). This alteration is a particular problem for the ferroan anorthosites, which have only a few parts per billion of W (Table 1). Average solar system debris is probably chondritic in terms of W isotopic composition, but the average may not be relevant to a particular sample. To minimize this problem, we selected samples with a high confidence class (cc) (40), which is an index of pristinity, with 9 being the most pristine. All four ferroan anorthosites studied have cc ≥ 8. Where possible, we have also used samples with reasonably well-preserved Sm-Nd and U-Pb systematics. Most ferroan anorthosites are thought to be early, but sample 60025 (47) is particularly important in this respect: With a Sm-Nd age of 4.44 ± 0.02 Ga (18) and a Pb-Pb age of 4.51 ± 0.01 Ga (17), it has the most reliable age of any early lunar rock. Although troctolite 76535 (cc = 9) yields a Rb-Sr age of 4.61 ± 0.07 Ga (16), some have argued that the Sm-Nd age of 4.26 ± 0.06 Ga (74) may be closer to the correct value. For the norites, we used 77215 (cc = 8), which yields a Sm-Nd age of 4.37 ± 0.07 Ga (15), and 78235 (cc = 8), with a Pb-Pb age of 4.43 ± 0.07 Ga (19); both of these norites have exceedingly high W concentrations (Table 1). The Mg-granulite 67955 is a cataclasized poikiloblastic noritic anorthosite; of all of the samples, it is the least pristine and the most likely to be contaminated with meteoritic siderophiles. Its exact age is unclear.
  • 39
    • 1842296527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 184W = 0.927633 (43). The quoted 2σ standard errors all refer to the least significant figures. The isotope dilution measurements of Hf and W were determined simultaneously, and the reproducibility was typically 0.2% or better.
  • 41
    • 0030882858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • _, Nature 388, 854 (1997).
    • (1997) Nature , vol.388 , pp. 854
  • 42
    • 1842292918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 4
  • 44
    • 1842336448 scopus 로고
    • G. J. Wasserburg and D. A. Papanastassiou, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 13, 97 (1971); F. Tera, D. A. Papanastassiou, G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 22, 1 (1974); F. Tera and G. J. Wasserburg, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 5, 1571 (1974); D. A. Papanastassiou and G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 6, 1467 (1975); G. J. Wasserburg, D. A. Papanastassiou, F. Tera, J. C. Huneke, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 285, 7 (1977); E. C. Alexander, M. R. Coscio, J. C. Dragon, K. Saito, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 11, 1663 (1980); L E. Nyquist and C.-Y. Shih, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 2213 (1992); C. Alibert, M. D. Norman, M. T. McCulloch, ibid. 58, 2921 (1994).
    • (1971) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.13 , pp. 97
    • Wasserburg, G.J.1    Papanastassiou, D.A.2
  • 45
    • 0001834384 scopus 로고
    • G. J. Wasserburg and D. A. Papanastassiou, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 13, 97 (1971); F. Tera, D. A. Papanastassiou, G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 22, 1 (1974); F. Tera and G. J. Wasserburg, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 5, 1571 (1974); D. A. Papanastassiou and G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 6, 1467 (1975); G. J. Wasserburg, D. A. Papanastassiou, F. Tera, J. C. Huneke, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 285, 7 (1977); E. C. Alexander, M. R. Coscio, J. C. Dragon, K. Saito, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 11, 1663 (1980); L E. Nyquist and C.-Y. Shih, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 2213 (1992); C. Alibert, M. D. Norman, M. T. McCulloch, ibid. 58, 2921 (1994).
    • (1974) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 1
    • Tera, F.1    Papanastassiou, D.A.2    Wasserburg, G.J.3
  • 46
    • 1842336448 scopus 로고
    • G. J. Wasserburg and D. A. Papanastassiou, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 13, 97 (1971); F. Tera, D. A. Papanastassiou, G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 22, 1 (1974); F. Tera and G. J. Wasserburg, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 5, 1571 (1974); D. A. Papanastassiou and G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 6, 1467 (1975); G. J. Wasserburg, D. A. Papanastassiou, F. Tera, J. C. Huneke, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 285, 7 (1977); E. C. Alexander, M. R. Coscio, J. C. Dragon, K. Saito, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 11, 1663 (1980); L E. Nyquist and C.-Y. Shih, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 2213 (1992); C. Alibert, M. D. Norman, M. T. McCulloch, ibid. 58, 2921 (1994).
    • (1974) Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. , vol.5 , pp. 1571
    • Tera, F.1    Wasserburg, G.J.2
  • 47
    • 1842336448 scopus 로고
    • G. J. Wasserburg and D. A. Papanastassiou, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 13, 97 (1971); F. Tera, D. A. Papanastassiou, G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 22, 1 (1974); F. Tera and G. J. Wasserburg, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 5, 1571 (1974); D. A. Papanastassiou and G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 6, 1467 (1975); G. J. Wasserburg, D. A. Papanastassiou, F. Tera, J. C. Huneke, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 285, 7 (1977); E. C. Alexander, M. R. Coscio, J. C. Dragon, K. Saito, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 11, 1663 (1980); L E. Nyquist and C.-Y. Shih, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 2213 (1992); C. Alibert, M. D. Norman, M. T. McCulloch, ibid. 58, 2921 (1994).
    • (1975) Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. , vol.6 , pp. 1467
    • Papanastassiou, D.A.1    Wasserburg, G.J.2
  • 48
    • 1842336448 scopus 로고
    • G. J. Wasserburg and D. A. Papanastassiou, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 13, 97 (1971); F. Tera, D. A. Papanastassiou, G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 22, 1 (1974); F. Tera and G. J. Wasserburg, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 5, 1571 (1974); D. A. Papanastassiou and G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 6, 1467 (1975); G. J. Wasserburg, D. A. Papanastassiou, F. Tera, J. C. Huneke, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 285, 7 (1977); E. C. Alexander, M. R. Coscio, J. C. Dragon, K. Saito, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 11, 1663 (1980); L E. Nyquist and C.-Y. Shih, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 2213 (1992); C. Alibert, M. D. Norman, M. T. McCulloch, ibid. 58, 2921 (1994).
    • (1977) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A , vol.285 , pp. 7
    • Wasserburg, G.J.1    Papanastassiou, D.A.2    Tera, F.3    Huneke, J.C.4
  • 49
    • 1842336448 scopus 로고
    • G. J. Wasserburg and D. A. Papanastassiou, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 13, 97 (1971); F. Tera, D. A. Papanastassiou, G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 22, 1 (1974); F. Tera and G. J. Wasserburg, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 5, 1571 (1974); D. A. Papanastassiou and G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 6, 1467 (1975); G. J. Wasserburg, D. A. Papanastassiou, F. Tera, J. C. Huneke, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 285, 7 (1977); E. C. Alexander, M. R. Coscio, J. C. Dragon, K. Saito, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 11, 1663 (1980); L E. Nyquist and C.-Y. Shih, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 2213 (1992); C. Alibert, M. D. Norman, M. T. McCulloch, ibid. 58, 2921 (1994).
    • (1980) Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. , vol.11 , pp. 1663
    • Alexander, E.C.1    Coscio, M.R.2    Dragon, J.C.3    Saito, K.4
  • 50
    • 0027038682 scopus 로고
    • G. J. Wasserburg and D. A. Papanastassiou, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 13, 97 (1971); F. Tera, D. A. Papanastassiou, G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 22, 1 (1974); F. Tera and G. J. Wasserburg, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 5, 1571 (1974); D. A. Papanastassiou and G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 6, 1467 (1975); G. J. Wasserburg, D. A. Papanastassiou, F. Tera, J. C. Huneke, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 285, 7 (1977); E. C. Alexander, M. R. Coscio, J. C. Dragon, K. Saito, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 11, 1663 (1980); L E. Nyquist and C.-Y. Shih, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 2213 (1992); C. Alibert, M. D. Norman, M. T. McCulloch, ibid. 58, 2921 (1994).
    • (1992) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.56 , pp. 2213
    • Nyquist, L.E.1    Shih, C.-Y.2
  • 51
    • 0028584592 scopus 로고
    • G. J. Wasserburg and D. A. Papanastassiou, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 13, 97 (1971); F. Tera, D. A. Papanastassiou, G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 22, 1 (1974); F. Tera and G. J. Wasserburg, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 5, 1571 (1974); D. A. Papanastassiou and G. J. Wasserburg, ibid. 6, 1467 (1975); G. J. Wasserburg, D. A. Papanastassiou, F. Tera, J. C. Huneke, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 285, 7 (1977); E. C. Alexander, M. R. Coscio, J. C. Dragon, K. Saito, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 11, 1663 (1980); L E. Nyquist and C.-Y. Shih, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 2213 (1992); C. Alibert, M. D. Norman, M. T. McCulloch, ibid. 58, 2921 (1994).
    • (1994) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.58 , pp. 2921
    • Alibert, C.1    Norman, M.D.2    McCulloch, M.T.3
  • 57
    • 1842331701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 184W cannot be calculated.
  • 62
    • 1842301289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We thank the Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials, NASA curatorial staff, and J. Gooding for supplying the Apollo lunar samples; H. Kojima, curator of the National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, for providing the lunar meteorite; and M. Garcia and C. Langmuir for supplying the terrestrial samples for this study. We thank J. N. Christensen, C. M. Hall, J. Jones, H. Palme, T. Pettke, M. Rehkämper, S. R. Taylor, and P. van Keken for comments; M. Johnson and Cetac Technologies for invaluable technical assistance; and R. M. Canup for a preprint. We acknowledge discussions with C. J. Allègre, A. G. W. Cameron, R. M. Canup, M. J. Drake, A. W. Hofmann, J. Jones, D. McKenzie, H. J. Melosh, R. K. O'Nions, D. A. Papanastassiou, D. Turcotte, G. J. Wasserburg, and B. J. Wood. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, NASA, NSF, and the University of Michigan.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.