메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 80, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 1084-1113

Sex ratios in extant ungulates: Products of contemporary predation or past life histories?

Author keywords

Carnivores; Large mammals; Predation; Sex ratios; Sexual dimorphism; Sexual selection; Ungulates

Indexed keywords

BOVIDAE; CERVIDAE; MAMMALIA; UNGULATA;

EID: 0001077894     PISSN: 00222372     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1383162     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (62)

References (244)
  • 1
    • 0002166550 scopus 로고
    • Sexual dimorphisms and breeding systems in pinnipeds, ungulates, primates, and humans
    • (N. A. Chagnon and W. Irons, eds.). Duxbury Press, North Sciuate, Massachusetts
    • ALEXANDER, R. D., J. L. HOOGLAND, R. D. HOWARD, K. M. NOONAN, AND P. W. SHERMAN. 1979. Sexual dimorphisms and breeding systems in pinnipeds, ungulates, primates, and humans. Pp. 402-435, in Evolutionary biology and human social behavior (N. A. Chagnon and W. Irons, eds.). Duxbury Press, North Sciuate, Massachusetts.
    • (1979) Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior , pp. 402-435
    • Alexander, R.D.1    Hoogland, J.L.2    Howard, R.D.3    Noonan, K.M.4    Sherman, P.W.5
  • 3
    • 0000605757 scopus 로고
    • Coexistence of territoriality and harem defense in a rutting fallow deer population
    • ALVAREZ, F., F. BRAZA, AND C. SAN JOSE. 1990. Coexistence of territoriality and harem defense in a rutting fallow deer population. Journal of Mammalogy, 71:692-695.
    • (1990) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.71 , pp. 692-695
    • Alvarez, F.1    Braza, F.2    San Jose, C.3
  • 4
    • 84985341023 scopus 로고
    • Condition and related mortality of nyala Tragelaphus angasi in Zululand, South Africa
    • London
    • ANDERSON, J. L. 1985. Condition and related mortality of nyala Tragelaphus angasi in Zululand, South Africa. Journal of Zoology (London), 207:371-380.
    • (1985) Journal of Zoology , vol.207 , pp. 371-380
    • Anderson, J.L.1
  • 5
    • 0004134698 scopus 로고
    • Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey
    • ANDERSSON, M. 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
    • (1994) Sexual Selection
    • Andersson, M.1
  • 6
    • 0028993383 scopus 로고
    • Behavioural flexibility in small African antelope: Group size and composition in the Oribi (Ourebia ourebi)
    • ARCESE, P., G. JONGEJAN, AND A. R. E. SINCLAIR. 1995. Behavioural flexibility in small African antelope: group size and composition in the Oribi (Ourebia ourebi). Ethology, 99:1-23.
    • (1995) Ethology , vol.99 , pp. 1-23
    • Arcese, P.1    Jongejan, G.2    Sinclair, A.R.E.3
  • 8
    • 0026062739 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of moose in southcentral Alaska
    • BALLARD, W. B., J. S. WHITMAN, AND D. J. REED. 1991. Population dynamics of moose in southcentral Alaska. Wildlife Monographs, 114:1-49.
    • (1991) Wildlife Monographs , vol.114 , pp. 1-49
    • Ballard, W.B.1    Whitman, J.S.2    Reed, D.J.3
  • 10
    • 0013531032 scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of the behaviour of muntjacs in Wilpattu National Park
    • BARRETTE, C. 1977. Some aspects of the behaviour of muntjacs in Wilpattu National Park. Mammalia, 41: 1-34.
    • (1977) Mammalia , vol.41 , pp. 1-34
    • Barrette, C.1
  • 11
    • 0001214138 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in quality of white-tailed deer diets
    • BEIER, P. 1987. Sex differences in quality of white-tailed deer diets. Journal of Mammalogy, 68:323-329.
    • (1987) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.68 , pp. 323-329
    • Beier, P.1
  • 13
    • 0025956082 scopus 로고
    • Pregnancy incentives, predation constraints and habitat shifts: Experimental and field evidence for wild bighorn sheep
    • _. 1991. Pregnancy incentives, predation constraints and habitat shifts: experimental and field evidence for wild bighorn sheep. Animal Behaviour, 41:61-77.
    • (1991) Animal Behaviour , vol.41 , pp. 61-77
  • 14
    • 0028162096 scopus 로고
    • Science, conservation, and black rhinos
    • _. 1994. Science, conservation, and black rhinos. Journal of Mammalogy, 75:298-308.
    • (1994) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.75 , pp. 298-308
  • 16
    • 0028974327 scopus 로고
    • Predation, sensitivity, and sex: Why female black rhinoceroses outlive males
    • _. 1995. Predation, sensitivity, and sex: why female black rhinoceroses outlive males. Behavioral Ecology, 6:57-64.
    • (1995) Behavioral Ecology , vol.6 , pp. 57-64
  • 17
    • 0000912639 scopus 로고
    • Variability in size-weight relationships of Bison bison
    • BERGER, J., AND M. PEACOCK. 1988. Variability in size-weight relationships of Bison bison. Journal of Mammalogy, 69:618-624.
    • (1988) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.69 , pp. 618-624
    • Berger, J.1    Peacock, M.2
  • 18
    • 0002649489 scopus 로고
    • Rutting behaviour of Newfoundland caribou
    • (V. Geist and F. Walther, eds.). International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Morges, Switzerland
    • BERGERUD, A. T. 1974. Rutting behaviour of Newfoundland caribou. Pp. 395-435, in The behavior of ungulates and its relation to management (V. Geist and F. Walther, eds.). International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Morges, Switzerland.
    • (1974) The Behavior of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management , pp. 395-435
    • Bergerud, A.T.1
  • 19
    • 0027708727 scopus 로고
    • Female-biased mortality in a sexually dimorphic ungulate: Feral cattle of Amsterdam Island
    • BERTEAUX, D. 1993. Female-biased mortality in a sexually dimorphic ungulate: feral cattle of Amsterdam Island. Journal of Mammalogy, 74:732-737.
    • (1993) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.74 , pp. 732-737
    • Berteaux, D.1
  • 20
    • 0027078952 scopus 로고
    • Population studies and reproduction of the feral cattle (Bos taurus) of Amsterdam Island, Indian Ocean
    • London
    • BERTEAUX, D., AND T. MICOL. 1992. Population studies and reproduction of the feral cattle (Bos taurus) of Amsterdam Island, Indian Ocean. Journal of Zoology (London), 228:265-276.
    • (1992) Journal of Zoology , vol.228 , pp. 265-276
    • Berteaux, D.1    Micol, T.2
  • 21
    • 0003755313 scopus 로고
    • Ecology and social behavior of the collared peccary in Big Bend National Park, Texas
    • BISSIONETTE, J. A. 1982. Ecology and social behavior of the collared peccary in Big Bend National Park, Texas. National Park Service, Science Monographs Series, 16:1-85.
    • (1982) National Park Service, Science Monographs Series , vol.16 , pp. 1-85
    • Bissionette, J.A.1
  • 23
    • 0031471629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation in mountain sheep: Resources or predation?
    • BLEICH. V. C., R. T. BOWYER, AND J. D. WEHAUSEN. 1997. Sexual segregation in mountain sheep: resources or predation? Wildlife Monographs, 134:1-50.
    • (1997) Wildlife Monographs , vol.134 , pp. 1-50
    • Bleich, V.C.1    Bowyer, R.T.2    Wehausen, J.D.3
  • 24
    • 0028177615 scopus 로고
    • Mountain sheep Ovis canadensis and helicopter surveys: Ramifications for the conservation of large mammals
    • BLEICH, V. C., R. T. BOWYER, A. M. PAULI, M. C. NICHOLSON, AND R.W. ANTHES. 1994. Mountain sheep Ovis canadensis and helicopter surveys: ramifications for the conservation of large mammals. Biological Conservation, 70:1-7.
    • (1994) Biological Conservation , vol.70 , pp. 1-7
    • Bleich, V.C.1    Bowyer, R.T.2    Pauli, A.M.3    Nicholson, M.C.4    Anthes, R.W.5
  • 25
    • 0348004709 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive ecology of the warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and its significance for management in the eastern Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania
    • BOSCHE, J. I. 1981. Reproductive ecology of the warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and its significance for management in the eastern Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania. Biological Conservation, 20:37-44.
    • (1981) Biological Conservation , vol.20 , pp. 37-44
    • Bosche, J.I.1
  • 26
    • 0006086346 scopus 로고
    • Densities and biomass of some ungulate populations in Eastern Congo and Rwanda with notes on population structure and lion/ungulate ratios
    • BOURLIERE, F. 1965. Densities and biomass of some ungulate populations in Eastern Congo and Rwanda with notes on population structure and lion/ungulate ratios. Zoologica Africana, 1:199-207.
    • (1965) Zoologica Africana , vol.1 , pp. 199-207
    • Bourliere, F.1
  • 27
    • 0029475722 scopus 로고
    • Generalized mark-sight population size estimation applied to Colorado moose
    • BOWDEN, D. C., AND R. C. KUFELD. 1995. Generalized mark-sight population size estimation applied to Colorado moose. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 59:840-851.
    • (1995) The Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.59 , pp. 840-851
    • Bowden, D.C.1    Kufeld, R.C.2
  • 29
    • 0002527933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of moose in landscape processes: Effects of biogeography, population dynamics, and predation
    • (J. A. Bissionette, ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York
    • BOWYER, R. T., V. VAN BALLENBERGHE, AND J. G. KIE. 1997. The role of moose in landscape processes: effects of biogeography, population dynamics, and predation. Pp. 265-287, in Wildlife and land ecology: effects of pattern and scale (J. A. Bissionette, ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1997) Wildlife and Land Ecology: Effects of Pattern and Scale , pp. 265-287
    • Bowyer, R.T.1    Van Ballenberghe, V.2    Kie, J.G.3
  • 31
    • 0004059411 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive ecology of white-tailed and red brocket deer in Suriname
    • (C. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • BRANAN, W. V., AND R. L. MARCHINTON. 1987. Reproductive ecology of white-tailed and red brocket deer in Suriname. Pp. 265-287, in Biology and management of the Cervidae (C. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (1987) Biology and Management of the Cervidae , pp. 265-287
    • Branan, W.V.1    Marchinton, R.L.2
  • 33
    • 0026540194 scopus 로고
    • Movement and migration patterns of mule deer in southeastern Idaho
    • BROWN, C. G. 1992. Movement and migration patterns of mule deer in southeastern Idaho. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 56:246-253.
    • (1992) The Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.56 , pp. 246-253
    • Brown, C.G.1
  • 35
    • 0002495473 scopus 로고
    • Inference in social evolution theory: A case study
    • (M. Bekoff and D. M. Jamieson, eds.). Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado
    • BYERS, J. A., AND M. BEKOFF. 1990. Inference in social evolution theory: a case study. Pp. 84-97, in Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior (M. Bekoff and D. M. Jamieson, eds.). Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
    • (1990) Interpretation and Explanation in the Study of Animal Behavior , pp. 84-97
    • Byers, J.A.1    Bekoff, M.2
  • 36
    • 0028995646 scopus 로고
    • Environmental effects on prenatal growth in pronghorn and bighorn; further evidence for energy constraint on sex-biased maternal expenditure
    • BYERS, J. A., AND J. T. HOGG. 1995. Environmental effects on prenatal growth in pronghorn and bighorn; further evidence for energy constraint on sex-biased maternal expenditure. Behavioral Ecology, 6: 451-457.
    • (1995) Behavioral Ecology , vol.6 , pp. 451-457
    • Byers, J.A.1    Hogg, J.T.2
  • 37
    • 0025205889 scopus 로고
    • Sex-specific maternal investment in pronghorn and the question of a limit on differential provisioning in ungulates
    • BYERS, J. A., AND D. MOODIE. 1990. Sex-specific maternal investment in pronghorn and the question of a limit on differential provisioning in ungulates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 26:157-164.
    • (1990) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , vol.26 , pp. 157-164
    • Byers, J.A.1    Moodie, D.2
  • 38
    • 0347374348 scopus 로고
    • Ecology and management of wolves in Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba
    • CARBYN, L. N. 1980. Ecology and management of wolves in Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba. Canadian Wildlife Service for Parks, Studies Report, 10:1-184.
    • (1980) Canadian Wildlife Service for Parks, Studies Report , vol.10 , pp. 1-184
    • Carbyn, L.N.1
  • 40
    • 0002035717 scopus 로고
    • Large carnivores and their prey: The quick and the dead
    • (M. J. Crawley, ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, United Kingdom
    • CARO, T. M., AND C. D. FITZGIBBON. 1992. Large carnivores and their prey: the quick and the dead. Pp. 117-142, in Natural enemies; the population biology of predators, parasites, and diseases (M. J. Crawley, ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, United Kingdom.
    • (1992) Natural Enemies; the Population Biology of Predators, Parasites, and Diseases , pp. 117-142
    • Caro, T.M.1    Fitzgibbon, C.D.2
  • 41
    • 0028183538 scopus 로고
    • Home-range size in relation to age and sex in moose
    • CEDERLUND, G., AND H. SAND. 1994. Home-range size in relation to age and sex in moose. Journal of Mammalogy, 75:1005-1012.
    • (1994) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.75 , pp. 1005-1012
    • Cederlund, G.1    Sand, H.2
  • 42
    • 0027498519 scopus 로고
    • Sympatric populations of muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): A comparative analysis of their ranging behaviour, social organization, and activity
    • London
    • CHAPMAN, N. G., K. CLAYDON, M. CLAYDON, P. G. FORDE, AND S. HARRIS. 1993. Sympatric populations of muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): a comparative analysis of their ranging behaviour, social organization, and activity. Journal of Zoology (London), 229:623-640.
    • (1993) Journal of Zoology , vol.229 , pp. 623-640
    • Chapman, N.G.1    Claydon, K.2    Claydon, M.3    Forde, P.G.4    Harris, S.5
  • 43
    • 0003405424 scopus 로고
    • Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey
    • CHARNOV, E. L. 1982. The theory of sex allocation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
    • (1982) The Theory of Sex Allocation
    • Charnov, E.L.1
  • 45
    • 0347374347 scopus 로고
    • Some preliminary observations on reproduction of the warthog, Phacochoerus aethiopicus
    • CLOUGH, C. 1969. Some preliminary observations on reproduction of the warthog, Phacochoerus aethiopicus. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, supplement, 6:323-337.
    • (1969) Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Supplement , vol.6 , pp. 323-337
    • Clough, C.1
  • 46
    • 0002348594 scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection in the Cervidae
    • (C. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • CLUTTON-BROCK, T. H. 1987. Sexual selection in the Cervidae. Pp. 110-122, in Biology and management of the Cervidae (C. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (1987) Biology and Management of the Cervidae , pp. 110-122
    • Clutton-Brock, T.H.1
  • 47
    • 0004279971 scopus 로고
    • Princeton University of Press, Princeton, New Jersey
    • _. 1991. The evolution of parental care. Princeton University of Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
    • (1991) The Evolution of Parental Care
  • 50
    • 0021890391 scopus 로고
    • Parental investment and sex differences in juvenile mortality in birds and mammals
    • _. 1985. Parental investment and sex differences in juvenile mortality in birds and mammals. Nature, 313:133-133.
    • (1985) Nature , vol.313 , pp. 133-133
  • 51
    • 0000815348 scopus 로고
    • Antlers, body size, and breeding group size in the Cervidae
    • CLUTTON-BROCK, T. H., S. D. ALBON, AND P. H. HARVEY. 1980. Antlers, body size, and breeding group size in the Cervidae. Nature, 285: 565-56.
    • (1980) Nature , vol.285 , pp. 565-656
    • Clutton-Brock, T.H.1    Albon, S.D.2    Harvey, P.H.3
  • 53
    • 0000805068 scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding avoidance and male-biased natal dispersal in Antechinus spp. (Marsupiala: Dasyuridae)
    • COCKBURN, A., M. P. SCOTT, AND D. J. SCOTTS. 1985. Inbreeding avoidance and male-biased natal dispersal in Antechinus spp. (Marsupiala: Dasyuridae). Animal Behaviour, 33:908-915.
    • (1985) Animal Behaviour , vol.33 , pp. 908-915
    • Cockburn, A.1    Scott, M.P.2    Scotts, D.J.3
  • 54
    • 0001892981 scopus 로고
    • Limiting factors and population regulation
    • (O. C. Wallmo, ed.). University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln
    • CONNOLLY, G. E. 1981. Limiting factors and population regulation. Pp. 245-285, in Mule and black-tailed deer of North America (O. C. Wallmo, ed.). University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
    • (1981) Mule and Black-tailed Deer of North America , pp. 245-285
    • Connolly, G.E.1
  • 55
    • 85034151593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hunting
    • (A. W. Franzmann and C. C. Schwartz, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • CRICHTON, V. F. J. 1998. Hunting. Pp. 617-654, in Ecology and management of North American moose (A. W. Franzmann and C. C. Schwartz, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (1998) Ecology and Management of North American Moose , pp. 617-654
    • Crichton, V.F.J.1
  • 56
    • 0008401150 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial-DNA phylogeny of deer (Cervidae)
    • CRONIN, M. A. 1991. Mitochondrial-DNA phylogeny of deer (Cervidae). Journal of Mammalogy, 72:533-566.
    • (1991) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.72 , pp. 533-566
    • Cronin, M.A.1
  • 60
    • 0346743976 scopus 로고
    • Abundance and population structure of wild ungulates in some areas of southern Rhodesia
    • DASMANN, R., AND A. S. MOSSMAN. 1962. Abundance and population structure of wild ungulates in some areas of southern Rhodesia. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 26:262-268.
    • (1962) The Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.26 , pp. 262-268
    • Dasmann, R.1    Mossman, A.S.2
  • 61
    • 0008329843 scopus 로고
    • Observations on social organization of springbok, Antidorcas marsupialis, in the Bontebok National Park, Swellendam
    • DAVID, J. H. M. 1977. Observations on social organization of springbok, Antidorcas marsupialis, in the Bontebok National Park, Swellendam. Zoological Africana, 13:115-122.
    • (1977) Zoological Africana , vol.13 , pp. 115-122
    • David, J.H.M.1
  • 62
    • 0002831246 scopus 로고
    • Population biology of desert bighorn sheep in the San Gabriel Mountains of California
    • DEFORGE, J. R. 1980. Population biology of desert bighorn sheep in the San Gabriel Mountains of California. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions, 24:29-32.
    • (1980) Desert Bighorn Council Transactions , vol.24 , pp. 29-32
    • Deforge, J.R.1
  • 63
    • 0027069208 scopus 로고
    • Uganda kob prefer high visibility leks and territories
    • DEUTSCH, J. C., AND P. WEEKS. 1992. Uganda kob prefer high visibility leks and territories. Behavioral Ecology, 3:223-233.
    • (1992) Behavioral Ecology , vol.3 , pp. 223-233
    • Deutsch, J.C.1    Weeks, P.2
  • 64
    • 0002851408 scopus 로고
    • The behaviour and population structure of three species of the genus Kobus
    • DEVOS, A., AND R. J. DOWSETT. 1966. The behaviour and population structure of three species of the genus Kobus. Mammalia, 30:30-55.
    • (1966) Mammalia , vol.30 , pp. 30-55
    • Devos, A.1    Dowsett, R.J.2
  • 65
    • 0026312359 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of the hog deer in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal
    • DHUNGEL, S. K., AND B. W. O'GARA. 1991. Ecology of the hog deer in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Wildlife Monographs, 119:1-40.
    • (1991) Wildlife Monographs , vol.119 , pp. 1-40
    • Dhungel, S.K.1    O'Gara, B.W.2
  • 66
    • 0002894675 scopus 로고
    • An ecological survey of the Royal Karnali-Bardia Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Part III: Ungulate populations
    • DINERSTEIN, E. 1980. An ecological survey of the Royal Karnali-Bardia Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Part III: Ungulate populations. Biological Conservation, 18: 5-38.
    • (1980) Biological Conservation , vol.18 , pp. 5-38
    • Dinerstein, E.1
  • 67
    • 0026304204 scopus 로고
    • Demography and habitat use by greater one-horned rhinoceros in Nepal
    • DINERSTEIN, E., AND L. PRICE. 1991. Demography and habitat use by greater one-horned rhinoceros in Nepal. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 55:401-411.
    • (1991) The Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.55 , pp. 401-411
    • Dinerstein, E.1    Price, L.2
  • 68
    • 58149403755 scopus 로고
    • Competition for mates and predominant juvenile male dispersal in mammals
    • DOBSON, F. S. 1982. Competition for mates and predominant juvenile male dispersal in mammals. An-imal Behaviour, 30:1183-1192.
    • (1982) An-imal Behaviour , vol.30 , pp. 1183-1192
    • Dobson, F.S.1
  • 69
    • 0028793178 scopus 로고
    • Molecular evolution of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA in Ungulata (Mammalia)
    • DOUZERY, E., AND F. M. CATZEFLIS. 1995. Molecular evolution of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA in Ungulata (Mammalia). Journal of Molecular Evolution, 41:622-636.
    • (1995) Journal of Molecular Evolution , vol.41 , pp. 622-636
    • Douzery, E.1    Catzeflis, F.M.2
  • 70
    • 0030817871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mitochondrial control region of Cervidae: Evolutionary patterns and phylogenetic context
    • DOUZERY, E., AND E. RANDI. 1997. The mitochondrial control region of Cervidae: evolutionary patterns and phylogenetic context. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 14:1154-1166.
    • (1997) Molecular Biology and Evolution , vol.14 , pp. 1154-1166
    • Douzery, E.1    Randi, E.2
  • 71
    • 84990168613 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the social organization of common duiker in Ethiopia
    • DUNBAR, R. I. M., AND E. P. DUNBAR. 1979. Observations on the social organization of common duiker in Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology, 17:249-252.
    • (1979) African Journal of Ecology , vol.17 , pp. 249-252
    • Dunbar, R.I.M.1    Dunbar, E.P.2
  • 72
    • 0025673162 scopus 로고
    • Population characteristics and group composition of Capra aegagrus in Kirthar National Park, Pakistan
    • EDGE, W. D., AND S. L. OLSON-EDGE. 1990. Population characteristics and group composition of Capra aegagrus in Kirthar National Park, Pakistan. Journal of Mammalogy, 71:156-160.
    • (1990) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.71 , pp. 156-160
    • Edge, W.D.1    Olson-Edge, S.L.2
  • 73
    • 0142180554 scopus 로고
    • Social groupings and primate associations of the bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus)
    • ELDER, W. H., AND N. L. ELDER. 1970. Social groupings and primate associations of the bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus). Mammalia, 34:356-362.
    • (1970) Mammalia , vol.34 , pp. 356-362
    • Elder, W.H.1    Elder, N.L.2
  • 74
    • 0017407477 scopus 로고
    • Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems
    • EMLEN, S. T., AND L. W. ORING. 1977. Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science, 197:215-223.
    • (1977) Science , vol.197 , pp. 215-223
    • Emlen, S.T.1    Oring, L.W.2
  • 75
    • 0346743975 scopus 로고
    • Social bonds among adult barren-ground caribou
    • FANCY, S. G., R. F. FRNELL, AND L. F. PANK. 1990. Social bonds among adult barren-ground caribou. Journal of Mammalogy, 71:458-460.
    • (1990) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.71 , pp. 458-460
    • Fancy, S.G.1    Frnell, R.F.2    Pank, L.F.3
  • 76
    • 0027384840 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing the hunting success of an African wild dog pack
    • FANSHAW, J. H., AND C. D. FITZGIBBON. 1993. Factors influencing the hunting success of an African wild dog pack. Animal Behaviour, 45:479-490.
    • (1993) Animal Behaviour , vol.45 , pp. 479-490
    • Fanshaw, J.H.1    Fitzgibbon, C.D.2
  • 77
    • 0028161817 scopus 로고
    • Are family groups in equids a response to cooperative hunting by predators? The case of Mongolian kulans (Equus hemionus luteus)
    • FEH, C., T. BOLDSUKH, AND C. TOURENQ. 1994. Are family groups in equids a response to cooperative hunting by predators? The case of Mongolian kulans (Equus hemionus luteus). Review of Ecology, 49: 11-20.
    • (1994) Review of Ecology , vol.49 , pp. 11-20
    • Feh, C.1    Boldsukh, T.2    Tourenq, C.3
  • 78
    • 0022203256 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenies and the comparative method
    • FELSENSTEIN, J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. The American Naturalist, 125:1-15.
    • (1985) The American Naturalist , vol.125 , pp. 1-15
    • Felsenstein, J.1
  • 79
    • 0024921994 scopus 로고
    • Individual differences, parasites, and the costs of reproduction for bighorn ewes (Ovis canadensis)
    • FESTA-BIANCHET, M. 1989. Individual differences, parasites, and the costs of reproduction for bighorn ewes (Ovis canadensis). Journal of Animal Ecology, 58:785-795.
    • (1989) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.58 , pp. 785-795
    • Festa-Bianchet, M.1
  • 80
    • 0025955163 scopus 로고
    • The social system of bighorn sheep: Grouping patterns, kinship and female dominance rank
    • _. 1991. The social system of bighorn sheep: grouping patterns, kinship and female dominance rank. Animal Behaviour, 42:71-82.
    • (1991) Animal Behaviour , vol.42 , pp. 71-82
  • 81
    • 0030019554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Offspring sex ratio studies of mammals: Does publication depend upon the quality of the research or the direction of the results?
    • _. 1996. Offspring sex ratio studies of mammals: Does publication depend upon the quality of the research or the direction of the results? Ecoscience, 3: 42-44.
    • (1996) Ecoscience , vol.3 , pp. 42-44
  • 83
    • 0025675119 scopus 로고
    • Why do hunting cheetahs prefer male gazelles?
    • FITZGIBBON, C. D. 1990. Why do hunting cheetahs prefer male gazelles? Animal Behaviour, 40:837-845.
    • (1990) Animal Behaviour , vol.40 , pp. 837-845
    • Fitzgibbon, C.D.1
  • 84
    • 0002971681 scopus 로고
    • Antipredator behavior of Serengeti ungulates; individual differences and population consequences
    • (A. R. E. Sinclair and P. Arcese, eds.). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois
    • FITZGIBBON, C. D., AND J. LAZURUS. 1995. Antipredator behavior of Serengeti ungulates; individual differences and population consequences. Pp. 274-296, in, Serengeti II (A. R. E. Sinclair and P. Arcese, eds.). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
    • (1995) Serengeti II , pp. 274-296
    • Fitzgibbon, C.D.1    Lazurus, J.2
  • 85
    • 0002655871 scopus 로고
    • A study of sex differential in the survival of wapiti
    • FLOOK, D. R. 1970. A study of sex differential in the survival of wapiti. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series, 11:1-71.
    • (1970) Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series , vol.11 , pp. 1-71
    • Flook, D.R.1
  • 86
    • 0348004696 scopus 로고
    • Demographic and genetic status and management
    • (B. B. Beck and C. M. Wemmer, eds.). Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey
    • FOOSE, T. J., AND E. FOOSE. 1983. Demographic and genetic status and management. Pp. 133-186, in The biology and management of an extinct species; Pere David's deer (B. B. Beck and C. M. Wemmer, eds.). Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey.
    • (1983) The Biology and Management of an Extinct Species; Pere David's Deer , pp. 133-186
    • Foose, T.J.1    Foose, E.2
  • 88
    • 0346113376 scopus 로고
    • Tibetan argali (Ovis ammon hodgsoni) establish a new population
    • FOX, J. L., C. NURBU, AND R. S. CHUNDAWAT. 1991. Tibetan argali (Ovis ammon hodgsoni) establish a new population. Mammalia, 55:448-451.
    • (1991) Mammalia , vol.55 , pp. 448-451
    • Fox, J.L.1    Nurbu, C.2    Chundawat, R.S.3
  • 89
    • 0002975165 scopus 로고
    • Sustained harvesting of the Patagonia guanaco: Is it possible or too late?
    • (J. G. Robinson and K. H. Redford, eds.). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois
    • FRANKLIN, W. L., AND M. A. FRITZ. 1991. Sustained harvesting of the Patagonia guanaco: Is it possible or too late? Pp. 317-336, in Neotropical wildlife use and conservation (J. G. Robinson and K. H. Redford, eds.). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
    • (1991) Neotropical Wildlife use and Conservation , pp. 317-336
    • Franklin, W.L.1    Fritz, M.A.2
  • 90
    • 0031107091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vigilance by female Dall's sheep: Interactions between predation risk factors
    • FRID, A. 1997. Vigilance by female Dall's sheep: interactions between predation risk factors. Animal Behaviour, 53:799-808.
    • (1997) Animal Behaviour , vol.53 , pp. 799-808
    • Frid, A.1
  • 91
    • 0021433335 scopus 로고
    • Body fat, puberty, and fertility
    • FRISCH, R. E. 1984. Body fat, puberty, and fertility. Biological Review, 59:161-188.
    • (1984) Biological Review , vol.59 , pp. 161-188
    • Frisch, R.E.1
  • 92
    • 0025956995 scopus 로고
    • Effect of snow depth on wolf activity and prey selection in north central Minnesota
    • FULLER, T. K. 1989. Effect of snow depth on wolf activity and prey selection in north central Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69:283-287.
    • (1989) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.69 , pp. 283-287
    • Fuller, T.K.1
  • 96
    • 0026521633 scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny of the Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia), based on mitochondrial DNA sequences
    • GATESY, J., D. YELON, R. DESALLE, AND E. S. VRBA. 1992. Phylogeny of the Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia), based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 9:433-446.
    • (1992) Molecular Biology and Evolution , vol.9 , pp. 433-446
    • Gatesy, J.1    Yelon, D.2    Desalle, R.3    Vrba, E.S.4
  • 97
    • 0022227819 scopus 로고
    • Population characteristics of the Burwash caribou herd in the southwestern Yukon estimated by capture-recapture analysis
    • GAUTHIER, D. A., AND J. B. THEBERGE. 1984. Population characteristics of the Burwash caribou herd in the southwestern Yukon estimated by capture-recapture analysis. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63:516-523.
    • (1984) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.63 , pp. 516-523
    • Gauthier, D.A.1    Theberge, J.B.2
  • 98
    • 0021573099 scopus 로고
    • Population characteristics, spatial organization, and natural mortality in the Columbian white-tailed deer
    • GAVIN, T. H., L. H. SURING, P. A. VOHS, JR., AND E. C. MESLOW. 1984. Population characteristics, spatial organization, and natural mortality in the Columbian white-tailed deer. Wildlife Monographs, 91:1-41.
    • (1984) Wildlife Monographs , vol.91 , pp. 1-41
    • Gavin, T.H.1    Suring, L.H.2    Vohs P.A., Jr.3    Meslow, E.C.4
  • 102
    • 0028179789 scopus 로고
    • Sex-biased harvesting and population dynamics in ungulates: Implications for conservation and sustainable use
    • GINSBERG, J. R., AND E. J. MILNER-GULLAND. 1994. Sex-biased harvesting and population dynamics in ungulates: implications for conservation and sustainable use. Conservation Biology, 8:57-166.
    • (1994) Conservation Biology , vol.8 , pp. 57-166
    • Ginsberg, J.R.1    Milner-Gulland, E.J.2
  • 103
    • 0000014073 scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny, evolutionary models and comparative methods: A simulation study
    • (P. Eggleton and R. I. Vance-Wright, eds.). Linnean Society of London, United Kingdom
    • GITTLEMAN, J. L., AND H.-K. LUH. 1994. Phylogeny, evolutionary models and comparative methods: a simulation study. Pp, 103-122 in Phylogenetics and Ecology (P. Eggleton and R. I. Vance-Wright, eds.). Linnean Society of London, United Kingdom.
    • (1994) Phylogenetics and Ecology , pp. 103-122
    • Gittleman, J.L.1    Luh, H.-K.2
  • 104
    • 0026313872 scopus 로고
    • Home range scaling: Intraspecific and comparative patterns
    • GOMPPER, M. E., AND J. L. GITTLEMAN. 1991. Home range scaling: intraspecific and comparative patterns. Oecologia, 87:343-348.
    • (1991) Oecologia , vol.87 , pp. 343-348
    • Gompper, M.E.1    Gittleman, J.L.2
  • 105
    • 0002291467 scopus 로고
    • The social behavior of Coke's hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei
    • (V. Geist and F. Walther, eds.). International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Morges, Switzerland
    • GOSLING, L. M. 1974. The social behavior of Coke's hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei. Pp. 488-51, in Behavior of ungulates and its relation to management (V. Geist and F. Walther, eds.). International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Morges, Switzerland.
    • (1974) Behavior of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management , pp. 488-551
    • Gosling, L.M.1
  • 106
    • 0348004692 scopus 로고
    • Some ecological aspects of a Himalayan population of musk deer
    • (C. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • GREEN, M. J. B. 1987. Some ecological aspects of a Himalayan population of musk deer. Pp. 307-319, in Biology and management of the Cervidae (C. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (1987) Biology and Management of the Cervidae , pp. 307-319
    • Green, M.J.B.1
  • 107
    • 0002800318 scopus 로고
    • Relationships of living deer
    • (C. W. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • GROVES, C. P., AND P. GRUBB. 1987. Relationships of living deer. Pp. 21-59, in Biology and management of the Cervidae (C. W. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (1987) Biology and Management of the Cervidae , pp. 21-59
    • Groves, C.P.1    Grubb, P.2
  • 108
    • 0030162680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetics of the Caprinae based on Cytochrome b sequence
    • GROVES, P., AND G. F. SHIELDS. 1996. Phylogenetics of the Caprinae based on Cytochrome b sequence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 5:467-476.
    • (1996) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , vol.5 , pp. 467-476
    • Groves, P.1    Shields, G.F.2
  • 109
    • 0002998968 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of Soay sheep
    • (P. A. Jewell, C. Milner, and J. M. Boyd, eds.). Atholone Press, London, United Kingdom
    • GRUBB, P. 1974. Population dynamics of Soay sheep. Pp. 242-273, in Island survivors: the ecology of the Soay sheep of St. Kilda (P. A. Jewell, C. Milner, and J. M. Boyd, eds.). Atholone Press, London, United Kingdom.
    • (1974) Island Survivors: The Ecology of the Soay Sheep of St. Kilda , pp. 242-273
    • Grubb, P.1
  • 110
    • 0024944531 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for and possible causes of increased mortality of bull muskoxen during severe winters
    • GUNN, A., F. L. MILLER, AND B. MCLEAN. 1989. Evidence for and possible causes of increased mortality of bull muskoxen during severe winters. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67:1106-1111.
    • (1989) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.67 , pp. 1106-1111
    • Gunn, A.1    Miller, F.L.2    Mclean, B.3
  • 111
    • 0030619365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group dynamics of the Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) in the Tuwayiq Canyons, Saudi Arabia
    • London
    • HABIBI, K. 1997. Group dynamics of the Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) in the Tuwayiq Canyons, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Zoology (London), 241:791-801.
    • (1997) Journal of Zoology , vol.241 , pp. 791-801
    • Habibi, K.1
  • 112
    • 0027525770 scopus 로고
    • Foraging pressure of the nubian ibex Capra ibex nubiana and its effect on the indigenous vegetation of the en Gedi Nature Reserve, Israel
    • HAKHAM, E., AND U. RITTE. 1993. Foraging pressure of the nubian ibex Capra ibex nubiana and its effect on the indigenous vegetation of the En Gedi Nature Reserve, Israel. Biological Conservation, 63:9-12.
    • (1993) Biological Conservation , vol.63 , pp. 9-12
    • Hakham, E.1    Ritte, U.2
  • 113
    • 0014219333 scopus 로고
    • Extraordinary sex ratios
    • HAMILTON, W. D. 1967. Extraordinary sex ratios. Science, 156:477-488.
    • (1967) Science , vol.156 , pp. 477-488
    • Hamilton, W.D.1
  • 114
    • 0003206825 scopus 로고
    • Intersexual dominance and differential mortality of Gemsbok Oryx gazella at Namib Desert waterholes
    • HAMILTON, W. J., III, R. BUSKIRK, AND W. H. BUSKIRK, 1977. Intersexual dominance and differential mortality of Gemsbok Oryx gazella at Namib Desert waterholes. Madoqua, 19:5-19.
    • (1977) Madoqua , vol.19 , pp. 5-19
    • Hamilton W.J. III1    Buskirk, R.2    Buskirk, W.H.3
  • 115
    • 84943469965 scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of the ecology and behaviour of the Defassa Waterbuck (Kobus defassa) in Zambia
    • HANKS, J., M. S. PRICE, AND R. W. WRANGHAM. 1969. Some aspects of the ecology and behaviour of the Defassa Waterbuck (Kobus defassa) in Zambia. Mammalia, 33:471-494.
    • (1969) Mammalia , vol.33 , pp. 471-494
    • Hanks, J.1    Price, M.S.2    Wrangham, R.W.3
  • 118
    • 0027383166 scopus 로고
    • Population viability and management recommendations for wild water buffalo (Bubalus bubalus) in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal
    • HEINEN, J. T. 1993. Population viability and management recommendations for wild water buffalo (Bubalus bubalus) in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Biological Conservation, 65:29-34.
    • (1993) Biological Conservation , vol.65 , pp. 29-34
    • Heinen, J.T.1
  • 119
    • 0002279725 scopus 로고
    • Observation of group size and composition of wild forest reindeer, Rangifer tarandus fennicus Lonn., during the calving and summer periods in eastern Finland
    • HELLE, T. 1979. Observation of group size and composition of wild forest reindeer, Rangifer tarandus fennicus Lonn., during the calving and summer periods in eastern Finland. Aquilo Serie Zoologica, 19: 5-11.
    • (1979) Aquilo Serie Zoologica , vol.19 , pp. 5-11
    • Helle, T.1
  • 120
    • 0016538663 scopus 로고
    • Changes in a population of Dikdik, Madoqua (Rhynchotragus) kirki
    • HENDRICHS, H. 1975a. Changes in a population of Dikdik, Madoqua (Rhynchotragus) kirki. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 38:55-69.
    • (1975) Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie , vol.38 , pp. 55-69
    • Hendrichs, H.1
  • 121
    • 0016536773 scopus 로고
    • Observations on a population of Bohor Reedbuck, Redunca redunca
    • _. 1975b. Observations on a population of Bohor Reedbuck, Redunca redunca. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 38:44-54.
    • (1975) Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie , vol.38 , pp. 44-54
  • 122
    • 0024221514 scopus 로고
    • Home range and movement of the common eland (Tauratragus oryx) in Kenya
    • HILLMAN, J. C. 1988. Home range and movement of the common eland (Tauratragus oryx) in Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 26:135-148.
    • (1988) African Journal of Ecology , vol.26 , pp. 135-148
    • Hillman, J.C.1
  • 123
    • 0023582351 scopus 로고
    • Group size and association patterns of the common eland (Taurotragus oryx)
    • London
    • HILLMAN, J., AND S. ANDELMAN. 1987. Group size and association patterns of the common eland (Taurotragus oryx). Journal of Zoology (London), 213:641-663.
    • (1987) Journal of Zoology , vol.213 , pp. 641-663
    • Hillman, J.1    Andelman, S.2
  • 124
    • 0028163030 scopus 로고
    • Dominance rank, copulatory behaviour and estimated reproductive success in male reindeer
    • HIROTANI, A. 1994. Dominance rank, copulatory behaviour and estimated reproductive success in male reindeer. Animal Behaviour, 49:929-936.
    • (1994) Animal Behaviour , vol.49 , pp. 929-936
    • Hirotani, A.1
  • 125
    • 0346113367 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics and horn growth characteristics of Dall sheep (Ovis dalli) and their relevance to management
    • (R. Olson, R. Hastings, and F. Geddes, eds.). University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
    • HOEFS, M. 1984. Population dynamics and horn growth characteristics of Dall sheep (Ovis dalli) and their relevance to management. Pp. 99-115, in Northern ecology and resource management: memorial essays honoring Don Gill (R. Olson, R. Hastings, and F. Geddes, eds.). University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
    • (1984) Northern Ecology and Resource Management: Memorial Essays Honoring Don Gill , pp. 99-115
    • Hoefs, M.1
  • 127
    • 0001951305 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of mountain lion predation upon mule deer and elk in the Idaho Primitive Area
    • HORNOCKER, M. 1970. An analysis of mountain lion predation upon mule deer and elk in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildlife Monographs, 21:1-39.
    • (1970) Wildlife Monographs , vol.21 , pp. 1-39
    • Hornocker, M.1
  • 129
    • 84867803276 scopus 로고
    • Demography
    • (D. B. Houston, E. G. Schreiner, and B. B. Moorhead, eds.). United States National Park Service Scientific Monograph, Denver, Colorado
    • HOUSTON, D. B., V. STEVENS, AND B. B. MOORHEAD. 1994. Demography. Pp. 71-83, in Mountain goats in Olympic National Park (D. B. Houston, E. G. Schreiner, and B. B. Moorhead, eds.). United States National Park Service Scientific Monograph, Denver, Colorado.
    • (1994) Mountain Goats in Olympic National Park , pp. 71-83
    • Houston, D.B.1    Stevens, V.2    Moorhead, B.B.3
  • 130
    • 0027505231 scopus 로고
    • Prey selectivity of wolves in Banff National Park. II. Age, sex, and condition of elk
    • HUGGARD, D. J. 1992. Prey selectivity of wolves in Banff National Park. II. Age, sex, and condition of elk. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71:140-147.
    • (1992) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.71 , pp. 140-147
    • Huggard, D.J.1
  • 131
  • 132
    • 0028994532 scopus 로고
    • Spatial use and group dynamics of sympatric collared peccaries and feral hogs in Southern Texas
    • ILSE, L. M., AND E. C. HELLGREN. 1995. Spatial use and group dynamics of sympatric collared peccaries and feral hogs in Southern Texas. Journal of Mammalogy, 76:993-1002.
    • (1995) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.76 , pp. 993-1002
    • Ilse, L.M.1    Hellgren, E.C.2
  • 133
    • 0030208309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial gene sequences and the molecular systematics of the artiodactyl subfamily Bovinae
    • JANECEK, L. L., R. L. HONEYCUTT, R. M. ADKINS, AND S. K. DAVIS. 1996. Mitochondrial gene sequences and the molecular systematics of the artiodactyl subfamily Bovinae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 6:107-119.
    • (1996) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , vol.6 , pp. 107-119
    • Janecek, L.L.1    Honeycutt, R.L.2    Adkins, R.M.3    Davis, S.K.4
  • 134
    • 0028250094 scopus 로고
    • Variation in gastrointestinal characteristics of male and female white-tailed deer: Implications for resource partitioning
    • JENKS, J. A., D. M. LESLIE, JR., R.L. LOCHMILLER, AND M. A. MELCHIORS. 1994. Variation in gastrointestinal characteristics of male and female white-tailed deer: implications for resource partitioning. Journal of Mammalogy, 75:1045-1053.
    • (1994) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.75 , pp. 1045-1053
    • Jenks, J.A.1    Leslie D.M., Jr.2    Lochmiller, R.L.3    Melchiors, M.A.4
  • 136
    • 0344325709 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the habitat preferences and population dynamics of the black-faced impala Aepfceros petersi in south west Africa
    • JOUBERT, E. 1971. Observations on the habitat preferences and population dynamics of the black-faced impala Aepfceros petersi in south west Africa. Madoqua, 3:55-65.
    • (1971) Madoqua , vol.3 , pp. 55-65
    • Joubert, E.1
  • 137
    • 0028975758 scopus 로고
    • Prey selection by tiger, leopard, and dhole in tropical forests
    • KARANTH, K. U., AND M. E. SUNQUIST. 1995. Prey selection by tiger, leopard, and dhole in tropical forests. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 64:439-450.
    • (1995) The Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 439-450
    • Karanth, K.U.1    Sunquist, M.E.2
  • 138
    • 0000938261 scopus 로고
    • Group size and group composition of chital (Axis axis) in Gir, Gujarat, India
    • KHAN, J. A., AND U. VOHRA. 1992. Group size and group composition of chital (Axis axis) in Gir, Gujarat, India. Mammalia, 56:662-665.
    • (1992) Mammalia , vol.56 , pp. 662-665
    • Khan, J.A.1    Vohra, U.2
  • 139
    • 0030251210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Territoriality and monogamous pairs in a solitary ungulate, the Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus
    • KISHIMOTO, R., AND T. KAWAMICHI. 1996. Territoriality and monogamous pairs in a solitary ungulate, the Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus. Animal Behaviour, 52:673-682.
    • (1996) Animal Behaviour , vol.52 , pp. 673-682
    • Kishimoto, R.1    Kawamichi, T.2
  • 140
    • 0001206513 scopus 로고
    • Wolf predation on wintering deer in east-central Ontario
    • KOLENOSKY, G. B. 1972. Wolf predation on wintering deer in east-central Ontario. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 36:357-369.
    • (1972) The Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.36 , pp. 357-369
    • Kolenosky, G.B.1
  • 141
    • 0001516337 scopus 로고
    • Rapid cladogenesis among the pecoran ruminants: Evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences
    • KRAUS, F., AND M. M. MIYAMOTO. 1991. Rapid cladogenesis among the pecoran ruminants: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Systematic Zoology, 40:117-130.
    • (1991) Systematic Zoology , vol.40 , pp. 117-130
    • Kraus, F.1    Miyamoto, M.M.2
  • 146
    • 0001287503 scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroid levels and male mortality in Antechinus stewardii
    • (B. Stonehouse and D. Gilmore, eds.). University Park Press, Baltimore, Maryland
    • LEE, A. K., A. J. BRADLEY, AND R. W. BRAINWAITE. 1976. Corticosteroid levels and male mortality in Antechinus stewardii. Pp. 209-220, in The biology of marsupials (B. Stonehouse and D. Gilmore, eds.). University Park Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
    • (1976) The Biology of Marsupials , pp. 209-220
    • Lee, A.K.1    Bradley, A.J.2    Brainwaite, R.W.3
  • 147
    • 0024915270 scopus 로고
    • Introduction of muskoxen in northern Quebec: The demographic explosion of a colonizing herbivore
    • LE HENAFF, D., AND M. CRETE. 1989. Introduction of muskoxen in northern Quebec: the demographic explosion of a colonizing herbivore. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67:1102-1105.
    • (1989) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.67 , pp. 1102-1105
    • Le Henaff, D.1    Crete, M.2
  • 148
    • 0001483805 scopus 로고
    • Social structure and reproductive strategy in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana)
    • LENARZ, M. S. 1979. Social structure and reproductive strategy in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana). Journal of Mammalogy, 60:671-678.
    • (1979) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.60 , pp. 671-678
    • Lenarz, M.S.1
  • 149
    • 0026278023 scopus 로고
    • Maternal-infant behaviour in muskoxen
    • LENT, P. C. 1991. Maternal-infant behaviour in muskoxen. Mammalia, 55:3-21.
    • (1991) Mammalia , vol.55 , pp. 3-21
    • Lent, P.C.1
  • 150
    • 0005871122 scopus 로고
    • A survey of California deer herds, their range, and management problems
    • LONGHURST, W. M., A. S. LEOPOLD, AND R. F. DASMANN. 1952. A survey of California deer herds, their range, and management problems. California Fish and Game, 6:1-36.
    • (1952) California Fish and Game , vol.6 , pp. 1-36
    • Longhurst, W.M.1    Leopold, A.S.2    Dasmann, R.F.3
  • 151
    • 0026312435 scopus 로고
    • Activity budgets and mating system of male pronghorn antelope at Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada
    • MAHER, C. R. 1991. Activity budgets and mating system of male pronghorn antelope at Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada. Journal of Mammalogy, 72:739-744.
    • (1991) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.72 , pp. 739-744
    • Maher, C.R.1
  • 152
    • 0002475029 scopus 로고
    • Effect of social structure on genetic structure of free-ranging white-tailed deer in the Adirondack Mountains
    • MATHEWS, N. E., AND W. F. PORTER. 1993. Effect of social structure on genetic structure of free-ranging white-tailed deer in the Adirondack Mountains. Journal of Mammalogy, 74:33-43.
    • (1993) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.74 , pp. 33-43
    • Mathews, N.E.1    Porter, W.F.2
  • 153
    • 0001859335 scopus 로고
    • Identity, distribution, and natural history of the peccaries, Tayassuidae
    • Pp. 347-384, (M. A. Mares and H. H. Genoways, eds.). University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
    • MAYER, J. J., AND P. N. BRANDT. 1982. Identity, distribution, and natural history of the peccaries, Tayassuidae. Pp. 347-384, in Mammalian biology in South America (M. A. Mares and H. H. Genoways, eds.). University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 6:1-531.
    • (1982) Mammalian Biology in South America , vol.6 , pp. 1-531
    • Mayer, J.J.1    Brandt, P.N.2
  • 154
    • 0027881426 scopus 로고
    • Variation in black-tailed deer herd composition counts
    • MCCULLOUGH, D. R. 1993. Variation in black-tailed deer herd composition counts. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 57:890-897.
    • (1993) The Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.57 , pp. 890-897
    • Mccullough, D.R.1
  • 156
  • 157
    • 0000135024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of prey selection by wolves in Denali National Park, Alaska
    • (L. N. Carbyn, S. H. Fritts, and D. R. Seip, eds.). Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, Alberta
    • MECH, L. D., T. J. MEIER, J. W. BURCH, AND L. G. ADAMS. 1996. Patterns of prey selection by wolves in Denali National Park, Alaska. Pp. 231-243, in Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world (L. N. Carbyn, S. H. Fritts, and D. R. Seip, eds.). Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, Alberta.
    • (1996) Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World , pp. 231-243
    • Mech, L.D.1    Meier, T.J.2    Burch, J.W.3    Adams, L.G.4
  • 158
    • 0023504254 scopus 로고
    • Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsipyrmnus) population dynamics: The testing of an hypothesis
    • MELTON, D. A. 1987. Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsipyrmnus) population dynamics: the testing of an hypothesis. African Journal of Ecology, 25:133-145.
    • (1987) African Journal of Ecology , vol.25 , pp. 133-145
    • Melton, D.A.1
  • 159
    • 84955829568 scopus 로고
    • Estimates of natural biomasses of large herbivores in the Umfolozi Game Reserve Area
    • MENTIS, M. T. 1970. Estimates of natural biomasses of large herbivores in the Umfolozi Game Reserve Area. Mammalia, 34:363-393.
    • (1970) Mammalia , vol.34 , pp. 363-393
    • Mentis, M.T.1
  • 160
    • 0020898974 scopus 로고
    • Sex differential mortality by income level in urban Canada
    • MILLAR, W. J. 1983. Sex differential mortality by income level in urban Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 74:329-334.
    • (1983) Canadian Journal of Public Health , vol.74 , pp. 329-334
    • Millar, W.J.1
  • 162
    • 0000022718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food habits of Amur tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik and the Russian Far East, and implications for conservation
    • MIQUELLE, D. G., E. N. SMIRNOV, H. G. QUIGLEY, I. G. NIKOLAEV, E. N. MATYUSHKIN. 1999. Food habits of Amur tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik and the Russian Far East, and implications for conservation. Journal of Wildlife Research, 1:138-147
    • (1999) Journal of Wildlife Research , vol.1 , pp. 138-147
    • Miquelle, D.G.1    Smirnov, E.N.2    Quigley, H.G.3    Nikolaev, I.G.4    Matyushkin, E.N.5
  • 163
    • 0001651450 scopus 로고
    • Predation on large mammals in Kafue National Park, Zambia
    • MITCHELL, B. L., J. B. SKENTON, AND J. C. M. UYS. 1965. Predation on large mammals in Kafue National Park, Zambia. Zoologica Africana, 1:297-318.
    • (1965) Zoologica Africana , vol.1 , pp. 297-318
    • Mitchell, B.L.1    Skenton, J.B.2    Uys, J.C.M.3
  • 164
    • 0001092929 scopus 로고
    • Social behavior of the Axis Deer during the dry season in Guindy Sanctuary, Madras
    • MIURA, S. 1981. Social behavior of the Axis Deer during the dry season in Guindy Sanctuary, Madras. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 78: 125-138.
    • (1981) Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society , vol.78 , pp. 125-138
    • Miura, S.1
  • 165
    • 0343774517 scopus 로고
    • Grouping behavior of male Sika Deer in Nara Park, Japan
    • _. 1983. Grouping behavior of male Sika Deer in Nara Park, Japan. Journal of Mammal Society of Japan, 9:279-284.
    • (1983) Journal of Mammal Society of Japan , vol.9 , pp. 279-284
  • 166
    • 0030619081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival of radio collared adult moose in lower Susitna River Valley, Southcentral Alaska
    • MODAFFERI, R. D., AND E. F. BECKER. 1997. Survival of radio collared adult moose in lower Susitna River Valley, Southcentral Alaska. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 61:540-549.
    • (1997) The Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.61 , pp. 540-549
    • Modafferi, R.D.1    Becker, E.F.2
  • 167
    • 0029969579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary histories of highly repeated DNA families among the Artiodactyla (Mammalia)
    • MODI, W. S., D. S. GALLAGHER, AND J. E. WOMACK. 1996. Evolutionary histories of highly repeated DNA families among the Artiodactyla (Mammalia). Journal of Molecular Evolution, 42:337-349.
    • (1996) Journal of Molecular Evolution , vol.42 , pp. 337-349
    • Modi, W.S.1    Gallagher, D.S.2    Womack, J.E.3
  • 168
    • 0030969833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S rRNA mitochondrial sequences
    • MONTEGELARD, C., F. M. CATZEFLIS, AND E. DOUZERY. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S rRNA mitochondrial sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 14:550-559.
    • (1997) Molecular Biology and Evolution , vol.14 , pp. 550-559
    • Montegelard, C.1    Catzeflis, F.M.2    Douzery, E.3
  • 171
    • 0022853519 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between snow depth and gray wolf predation on white-tailed deer
    • NELSON, M. E., AND L. D. MECH. 1986. Relationship between snow depth and gray wolf predation on white-tailed deer. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 50:471-474.
    • (1986) The Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.50 , pp. 471-474
    • Nelson, M.E.1    Mech, L.D.2
  • 172
    • 84986772991 scopus 로고
    • Mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula growth and age determination using dentition
    • London
    • NORTON, P. M., AND N. FAIRALL. 1991. Mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula growth and age determination using dentition. Journal of Zoology (London), 225:293-307.
    • (1991) Journal of Zoology , vol.225 , pp. 293-307
    • Norton, P.M.1    Fairall, N.2
  • 173
    • 0028183536 scopus 로고
    • Snow leopards and blue sheep in Nepal: Densities and predatonprey ratio
    • OLI, M. K. 1994. Snow leopards and blue sheep in Nepal: densities and predatonprey ratio. Journal of Mammalogy, 75:998-1004.
    • (1994) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.75 , pp. 998-1004
    • Oli, M.K.1
  • 174
    • 0030301515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal pattern in group size and population composition of blue sheep in Manang, Nepal
    • OLI, M., AND M. E. ROGERS. 1996. Seasonal pattern in group size and population composition of blue sheep in Manang, Nepal. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 60:797-801.
    • (1996) The Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.60 , pp. 797-801
    • Oli, M.1    Rogers, M.E.2
  • 175
    • 0018659828 scopus 로고
    • Interspecies relationships among some biological parameters in cetaceans and estimation of natural mortality coefficients of the southern hemisphere minke whale
    • OSHUMI, S. 1979. Interspecies relationships among some biological parameters in cetaceans and estimation of natural mortality coefficients of the southern hemisphere minke whale. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 29:397-406.
    • (1979) Report of the International Whaling Commission , vol.29 , pp. 397-406
    • Oshumi, S.1
  • 177
    • 0002056188 scopus 로고
    • On territoriality in ungulates and an evolutionary model
    • OWEN-SMITH, N. N. 1977. On territoriality in ungulates and an evolutionary model. Quarterly Review of Biology, 52:1-38.
    • (1977) Quarterly Review of Biology , vol.52 , pp. 1-38
    • Owen-Smith, N.N.1
  • 179
    • 0027385289 scopus 로고
    • Comparative mortality rates of male and female kudus: The costs of sexual size dimorphism
    • _. 1993. Comparative mortality rates of male and female kudus: the costs of sexual size dimorphism. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 62:428-440.
    • (1993) The Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 428-440
  • 180
    • 8244241090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social structure of feral horses in the llanos of Venezuela
    • PACHECO, M. A., AND E. A. HERRERA. 1997. Social structure of feral horses in the llanos of Venezuela. Journal of Mammalogy, 78:15-22.
    • (1997) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.78 , pp. 15-22
    • Pacheco, M.A.1    Herrera, E.A.2
  • 182
    • 0027089495 scopus 로고
    • Prey use strategies of sympatric wolves and coyotes in Riding Mountain National Park
    • PAQUET, P. C. 1992. Prey use strategies of sympatric wolves and coyotes in Riding Mountain National Park. Manitoba. Journal of Mammalogy, 72:337-343.
    • (1992) Manitoba. Journal of Mammalogy , vol.72 , pp. 337-343
    • Paquet, P.C.1
  • 183
    • 0006923386 scopus 로고
    • Physical and reproductive characteristics of an expanding woodland caribou pop-ulation (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in northern Labrador
    • PARKER, G. R. 1981. Physical and reproductive characteristics of an expanding woodland caribou pop-ulation (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in northern Labrador. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59:1929-1940.
    • (1981) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.59 , pp. 1929-1940
    • Parker, G.R.1
  • 184
    • 0348004683 scopus 로고
    • Musk ox density and calf numbers on Devon Island's north coast
    • PATTIE, D. L. 1986. Musk ox density and calf numbers on Devon Island's north coast. Journal of Mammalogy, 67:190-191.
    • (1986) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.67 , pp. 190-191
    • Pattie, D.L.1
  • 185
    • 0347374312 scopus 로고
    • Sex and age composition and dimensions of the springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) population in the Mountain Zebra National Park
    • PENZHORN, B. L. 1974. Sex and age composition and dimensions of the springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) population in the Mountain Zebra National Park. Journal of South African Wildlife Management Association, 4:64-65.
    • (1974) Journal of South African Wildlife Management Association , vol.4 , pp. 64-65
    • Penzhorn, B.L.1
  • 186
    • 0000307455 scopus 로고
    • Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park
    • PIENAAR, U. DE V. 1969. Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park. Koedoe, 12:108-176.
    • (1969) Koedoe , vol.12 , pp. 108-176
    • De Pienaar, U.V.1
  • 188
    • 0029668860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marsh deer Blastoceras dichotomus population estimate in the Parana River, Brazil
    • PINDER, L. 1996. Marsh deer Blastoceras dichotomus population estimate in the Parana River, Brazil. Biological Conservation, 75:87-91.
    • (1996) Biological Conservation , vol.75 , pp. 87-91
    • Pinder, L.1
  • 189
    • 0030691172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Bovini (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): alternative placement of the Anoa
    • PITRA, C., R. FÜRBASS, AND H.-M. SEYFERT. 1997. Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Bovini (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): alternative placement of the Anoa. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10:589-600.
    • (1997) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.10 , pp. 589-600
    • Pitra, C.1    Fürbass, R.2    Seyfert, H.-M.3
  • 190
    • 0028993339 scopus 로고
    • Aerial counting experiments to estimate pronghorn density and herd structure
    • POJAR, T. M., D. C. BOWDEN, AND R. B. GILL. 1995. Aerial counting experiments to estimate pronghorn density and herd structure. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 59:117-128.
    • (1995) The Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.59 , pp. 117-128
    • Pojar, T.M.1    Bowden, D.C.2    Gill, R.B.3
  • 191
    • 0024912751 scopus 로고
    • Dangerous lions and nonchalant buffalo
    • PRINS, H. H. T., AND G. R. IASON. 1989. Dangerous lions and nonchalant buffalo. Behaviour, 108:262-296.
    • (1989) Behaviour , vol.108 , pp. 262-296
    • Prins, H.H.T.1    Iason, G.R.2
  • 192
    • 0027063741 scopus 로고
    • Costs of sexual selection in natural populations of mammals
    • PROMISLOW, D. E. L. 1992. Costs of sexual selection in natural populations of mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society London (B), 247:203-210.
    • (1992) Proceedings of the Royal Society London (B) , vol.247 , pp. 203-210
    • Promislow, D.E.L.1
  • 194
    • 0029007587 scopus 로고
    • Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): An Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data
    • PURVIS, A., AND RAMBAUT, A. 1995. Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data. Computer Applied Biosciences, 11:247-251.
    • (1995) Computer Applied Biosciences , vol.11 , pp. 247-251
    • Purvis, A.1    Rambaut, A.2
  • 195
    • 0025243193 scopus 로고
    • Distribution, density, group size and conservation of the Indian gazelle or chinkara Gazella bennetti in Rajasthan, India
    • RAHMANI, A. R. 1990. Distribution, density, group size and conservation of the Indian gazelle or chinkara Gazella bennetti in Rajasthan, India. Biological Conservation, 51:177-189.
    • (1990) Biological Conservation , vol.51 , pp. 177-189
    • Rahmani, A.R.1
  • 196
    • 0016965836 scopus 로고
    • Mammals in which females are larger than males
    • RALLS, K. 1976. Mammals in which females are larger than males. Quarterly Review of Biology, 51:245-276.
    • (1976) Quarterly Review of Biology , vol.51 , pp. 245-276
    • Ralls, K.1
  • 197
    • 0001598215 scopus 로고
    • Differential mortality by sex and age in mammals, with specific reference to the sperm whale
    • RALLS, K., R. L. BROWNELL, JR., AND J. BALLOU. 1980. Differential mortality by sex and age in mammals, with specific reference to the sperm whale. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue), 2:233-243.
    • (1980) Report of the International Whaling Commission , vol.2 , Issue.SPEC. ISSUE , pp. 233-243
    • Ralls, K.1    Brownell R.L., Jr.2    Ballou, J.3
  • 198
    • 0006884493 scopus 로고
    • The pampas deer (Ozotocerus bezoarticus) in central Brazil
    • (C. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • REDFORD, K. 1987. The pampas deer (Ozotocerus bezoarticus) in central Brazil. Pp. 410-414, in Biology and management of the Cervidae (C. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (1987) Biology and Management of the Cervidae , pp. 410-414
    • Redford, K.1
  • 199
    • 0028183534 scopus 로고
    • Activity of desert mule deer during the breeding season
    • RELYEA, R. A., AND S. DEMARAIS. 1994. Activity of desert mule deer during the breeding season. Journal of Mammalogy, 75:940-949.
    • (1994) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.75 , pp. 940-949
    • Relyea, R.A.1    Demarais, A.S.2
  • 200
    • 0002765321 scopus 로고
    • Population characteristics
    • (R. M. Lee, ed.). Arizona Department of Fish and Game, Phoenix
    • REMINGTON, R. 1989. Population characteristics. Pp. 82-108, in The desert bighorn sheep in Arizona (R. M. Lee, ed.). Arizona Department of Fish and Game, Phoenix.
    • (1989) The Desert Bighorn Sheep in Arizona , pp. 82-108
    • Remington, R.1
  • 201
    • 0030616705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cougar predation on bighorn sheep in southwestern Alberta during winter
    • ROSS, P. I., M. G. JALKOTZY, AND M. FESTA-BIANCHET. 1997. Cougar predation on bighorn sheep in southwestern Alberta during winter. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74:771-775.
    • (1997) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.74 , pp. 771-775
    • Ross, P.I.1    Jalkotzy, M.G.2    Festa-Bianchet, M.3
  • 207
    • 0004133825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois
    • _. 1998. Wildlife of the Tibetan steppe. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
    • (1998) Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppe
  • 209
    • 0005126742 scopus 로고
    • Effects of a snowstorm on tibetan antelope
    • SCHALLER, G. B., AND R. JURANG. 1988. Effects of a snowstorm on tibetan antelope. Journal of Mammalogy, 69:631-634.
    • (1988) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.69 , pp. 631-634
    • Schaller, G.B.1    Jurang, R.2
  • 210
    • 0000028998 scopus 로고
    • Sexual size dimorphism and survival of male and female blackbirds (Icteridae)
    • SEARCY, W. A., AND K. YASUKAWA, 1981. Sexual size dimorphism and survival of male and female blackbirds (Icteridae). The Auk, 98:457-465.
    • (1981) The Auk , vol.98 , pp. 457-465
    • Searcy, W.A.1    Yasukawa, K.2
  • 215
    • 0024857147 scopus 로고
    • Is greater female longevity a general finding among animals?
    • SMITH, D. W. E. 1989. Is greater female longevity a general finding among animals? Biological Review, 64:1-12.
    • (1989) Biological Review , vol.64 , pp. 1-12
    • Smith, D.W.E.1
  • 216
    • 0013440852 scopus 로고
    • Population characteristics of Bruchell's zebra (Equus burchelli antiquoroum, H. Smith, 1841)
    • SMUTS, G. L. 1976. Population characteristics of Bruchell's zebra (Equus burchelli antiquoroum, H. Smith, 1841) in Kruger National Park. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 6:99-112.
    • (1976) Kruger National Park. South African Journal of Wildlife Research , vol.6 , pp. 99-112
    • Smuts, G.L.1
  • 218
    • 0004236331 scopus 로고
    • University of Arizona Press, Tucson
    • SOWLS, L. K. 1984. The peccaries. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
    • (1984) The Peccaries
    • Sowls, L.K.1
  • 219
    • 0003255809 scopus 로고
    • Territoriality and population regulation in the Uganda Defassa waterbuck
    • (V. Geist and F. Walther, eds.). International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Morges, Switzerland
    • SPINAGE, C. A. 1974. Territoriality and population regulation in the Uganda Defassa waterbuck. Pp. 635-643, in The behavior of ungulates and its relation to management (V. Geist and F. Walther, eds.). International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Morges, Switzerland.
    • (1974) The Behavior of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management , pp. 635-643
    • Spinage, C.A.1
  • 220
    • 0039770959 scopus 로고
    • A molecular perspective of the phylogeny of placental mammals based on mitochondrial 12S rDNA sequences, with special reference to the problem of the Paenungulata
    • SPRINGER, M. S., AND J. A. W. KIRSCH. 1993. A molecular perspective of the phylogeny of placental mammals based on mitochondrial 12S rDNA sequences, with special reference to the problem of the Paenungulata. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 1: 149-166.
    • (1993) Journal of Molecular Evolution , vol.1 , pp. 149-166
    • Springer, M.S.1    Kirsch, J.A.W.2
  • 223
    • 0028980509 scopus 로고
    • Male and female association and mating system in the Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis)
    • SUN, L., AND N. DAI. 1995. Male and female association and mating system in the Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis). Mammalia, 59:171-178.
    • (1995) Mammalia , vol.59 , pp. 171-178
    • Sun, L.1    Dai, N.2
  • 224
    • 0001893852 scopus 로고
    • The social organization of tigers in Royal Chitwan National Park
    • SUNQUIST, M. E. 1981. The social organization of tigers in Royal Chitwan National Park. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 336:1-98.
    • (1981) Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology , vol.336 , pp. 1-98
    • Sunquist, M.E.1
  • 225
    • 0031471568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Near-extinction of porcupines by mountain lions and consequences of ecosystem change in the Great Basin Desert
    • SWEITZER, R. A., S. H. JENKINS, AND J. BERGER. 1997. Near-extinction of porcupines by mountain lions and consequences of ecosystem change in the Great Basin Desert. Conservation Biology, 11:1407-1418.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , pp. 1407-1418
    • Sweitzer, R.A.1    Jenkins, S.H.2    Berger, J.3
  • 226
    • 0003853446 scopus 로고
    • Agropromizdat Printers, Moscow (Translation Publishing Program, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
    • SYROECHKOVSKII, E. E. 1986. Wild reindeer. Agropromizdat Printers, Moscow (Translation Publishing Program, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).
    • (1986) Wild Reindeer
    • Syroechkovskii, E.E.1
  • 227
    • 0023490780 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of muskoxen in Jameson Land, northeast Greenland
    • THING. H., D. R. KLEIN, K. JINGFORS, AND S. HOLT. 1987. Ecology of muskoxen in Jameson Land, northeast Greenland. Holarctic Ecology, 10:95-103.
    • (1987) Holarctic Ecology , vol.10 , pp. 95-103
    • Thing, H.1    Klein, D.R.2    Jingfors, K.3    Holt, S.4
  • 228
    • 85068409711 scopus 로고
    • Parental investment and sexual selection
    • (B. Campbell, ed.). Aldine, Chicago, Illinois
    • TRIVERS, R. L. 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection. Pp. 136-179, in Sexual selection and the descent of man (B. Campbell, ed.). Aldine, Chicago, Illinois.
    • (1972) Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man , pp. 136-179
    • Trivers, R.L.1
  • 229
    • 0015914379 scopus 로고
    • Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring
    • TRIVERS, R. L., AND D. E. WILLARD. 1973. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science, 179:90-92.
    • (1973) Science , vol.179 , pp. 90-92
    • Trivers, R.L.1    Willard, D.E.2
  • 230
    • 0026046683 scopus 로고
    • Short-term behavioural responses of Svalbard reindeer Rangifer tarandus platyhynchus to direct provocation by a snowmobile
    • TYLER, N. J. C. 1991. Short-term behavioural responses of Svalbard reindeer Rangifer tarandus platyhynchus to direct provocation by a snowmobile. Biological Conservation, 56:179-194.
    • (1991) Biological Conservation , vol.56 , pp. 179-194
    • Tyler, N.J.C.1
  • 231
    • 0001112817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation of habitat by the alpine ibex in the French Alps
    • VILLARET, J. C., R. BON, AND A. RIVET. 1997. Sexual segregation of habitat by the alpine ibex in the French Alps. Journal of Mammalogy, 78:1273-1281.
    • (1997) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.78 , pp. 1273-1281
    • Villaret, J.C.1    Bon, R.2    Rivet, A.3
  • 233
    • 0000579417 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily bovinae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) based on ribosomal DNA
    • WALL, D. A., S. K. DAVIS, AND B.M. READ. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily bovinae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) based on ribosomal DNA. Journal of Mammalogy, 73:262-275.
    • (1992) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.73 , pp. 262-275
    • Wall, D.A.1    Davis, S.K.2    Read, B.M.3
  • 234
    • 0001743602 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral observations on oryx antelope (Oryx beisa) invading Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
    • WALTHER, F. R. 1978. Behavioral observations on oryx antelope (Oryx beisa) invading Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Journal of Mammalogy, 59:243-260.
    • (1978) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.59 , pp. 243-260
    • Walther, F.R.1
  • 235
    • 0016467789 scopus 로고
    • Spatial associations and social interactions in a "solitary" ungulate: The bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus
    • WASER, P. M. 1975. Spatial associations and social interactions in a "solitary" ungulate: the bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 37:24-36.
    • (1975) Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie , vol.37 , pp. 24-36
    • Waser, P.M.1
  • 236
    • 0002817395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual size dimorphism: Influence of mass and mating systems in the most dimorphic mammals
    • WECKERLY, F. W. 1998. Sexual size dimorphism: influence of mass and mating systems in the most dimorphic mammals. Journal of Mammalogy, 79:33-52.
    • (1998) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.79 , pp. 33-52
    • Weckerly, F.W.1
  • 237
    • 0348004669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status of the Heptner's markhor (Capra falconeri heptneri) in Turkmenistan
    • WEINBERG, P. I., R. VALDEZ, AND A. K. FEDOSENKO. 1997. Status of the Heptner's markhor (Capra falconeri heptneri) in Turkmenistan. Journal of Mammalogy, 78:826-829.
    • (1997) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.78 , pp. 826-829
    • Weinberg, P.I.1    Valdez, R.2    Fedosenko, A.K.3
  • 238
  • 239
    • 0018664632 scopus 로고
    • The question of adaptive sex ratio in out-crossed vertebrates
    • WILLIAMS, G. C. 1979. The question of adaptive sex ratio in out-crossed vertebrates. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 205:567-580.
    • (1979) Proceedings of the Royal Society , vol.205 , pp. 567-580
    • Williams, G.C.1
  • 240
    • 0004771221 scopus 로고
    • Ecology and habitat utilization of Blue Sheep Pseudois nayaur in Nepal
    • WILSON, P. 1981. Ecology and habitat utilization of Blue Sheep Pseudois nayaur in Nepal. Biological Conservation, 21:55-74.
    • (1981) Biological Conservation , vol.21 , pp. 55-74
    • Wilson, P.1
  • 241
    • 84857729252 scopus 로고
    • Puma predation on guanacos in Torres del Paine National Park, Chile
    • _. 1984. Puma predation on guanacos in Torres del Paine National Park, Chile. Mammalia, 48:515-522.
    • (1984) Mammalia , vol.48 , pp. 515-522
  • 242
    • 0000609155 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences and seasonal variation in habitat choice in a high density population of waterbuck, Kobus ellipsiprymnus
    • WIRTZ, P., AND P. KAISER. 1988. Sex differences and seasonal variation in habitat choice in a high density population of waterbuck, Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Zeitshrift Saugetierkunde, 53:162-169.
    • (1988) Zeitshrift Saugetierkunde , vol.53 , pp. 162-169
    • Wirtz, P.1    Kaiser, P.2
  • 243
    • 0030617625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative precision and sources of bias in pronghorn sex and age composition surveys
    • WOOLLEY, T. P., AND E G. LINDZEY. 1997. Relative precision and sources of bias in pronghorn sex and age composition surveys. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 61:57-63.
    • (1997) The Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.61 , pp. 57-63
    • Woolley, T.P.1    Lindzey, E.G.2
  • 244
    • 0029861381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the donkey and mtDNA comparisons among four closely related mammalian species-pairs
    • XU, X., A. GULLBERG, AND U. ARNASON. 1996. The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the donkey and mtDNA comparisons among four closely related mammalian species-pairs. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 43:438-446.
    • (1996) Journal of Molecular Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 438-446
    • Xu, X.1    Gullberg, A.2    Arnason, U.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.