Effective photocatalytic system based on chelating π-conjugated poly(2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-diyl) and platinum for photoevolution of H2 from aqueous media and spectroscopic analysis of the catalyst

Journal of Physical Chemistry B

Volumn 101, Issue 19, 1997, Pages 3806-3810

  Maruyama, Tsukasa ^a   Yamamoto, Takakazu ^a  

^a TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000876358     PISSN: 15206106     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp963973n     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. For example: (a) Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. Nature 1972, 238, 37. (b) Bard, A. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 172. (c) Energy Resources Through Photochemistry and Catalysis; Grätzel, M., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1983. (d) Kalyanasundaram, K.; Grätzel, M. Photochem. Photobiol. 1984, 40. 807. (e) Yamase, T.; Takabayashi, N.; Kaji, M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1984, 793. (f) Domen, K.; Kudo, Á.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1986, 102, 92. (g) Kudo, A; Tanaka, A.; Domen, K.: Maruya. K.; Aika, K.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1988, 111, 67. (h) Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 49. (i) Linsebigler, A. L.; Lu, G.; Yates, J. T., Jr. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 735. (j) Sakai, K.; Kizaki, Y.; Tsubomura, T.; Matsumoto, K. J. Mol. Catal. 1993, 79, 141.
2. For example: (a) Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. Nature 1972, 238, 37. (b) Bard, A. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 172. (c) Energy Resources Through Photochemistry and Catalysis; Grätzel, M., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1983. (d) Kalyanasundaram, K.; Grätzel, M. Photochem. Photobiol. 1984, 40. 807. (e) Yamase, T.; Takabayashi, N.; Kaji, M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1984, 793. (f) Domen, K.; Kudo, Á.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1986, 102, 92. (g) Kudo, A; Tanaka, A.; Domen, K.: Maruya. K.; Aika, K.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1988, 111, 67. (h) Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 49. (i) Linsebigler, A. L.; Lu, G.; Yates, J. T., Jr. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 735. (j) Sakai, K.; Kizaki, Y.; Tsubomura, T.; Matsumoto, K. J. Mol. Catal. 1993, 79, 141.
3. For example: (a) Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. Nature 1972, 238, 37. (b) Bard, A. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 172. (c) Energy Resources Through Photochemistry and Catalysis; Grätzel, M., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1983. (d) Kalyanasundaram, K.; Grätzel, M. Photochem. Photobiol. 1984, 40. 807. (e) Yamase, T.; Takabayashi, N.; Kaji, M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1984, 793. (f) Domen, K.; Kudo, Á.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1986, 102, 92. (g) Kudo, A; Tanaka, A.; Domen, K.: Maruya. K.; Aika, K.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1988, 111, 67. (h) Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 49. (i) Linsebigler, A. L.; Lu, G.; Yates, J. T., Jr. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 735. (j) Sakai, K.; Kizaki, Y.; Tsubomura, T.; Matsumoto, K. J. Mol. Catal. 1993, 79, 141.
4. For example: (a) Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. Nature 1972, 238, 37. (b) Bard, A. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 172. (c) Energy Resources Through Photochemistry and Catalysis; Grätzel, M., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1983. (d) Kalyanasundaram, K.; Grätzel, M. Photochem. Photobiol. 1984, 40. 807. (e) Yamase, T.; Takabayashi, N.; Kaji, M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1984, 793. (f) Domen, K.; Kudo, Á.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1986, 102, 92. (g) Kudo, A; Tanaka, A.; Domen, K.: Maruya. K.; Aika, K.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1988, 111, 67. (h) Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 49. (i) Linsebigler, A. L.; Lu, G.; Yates, J. T., Jr. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 735. (j) Sakai, K.; Kizaki, Y.; Tsubomura, T.; Matsumoto, K. J. Mol. Catal. 1993, 79, 141.
5. For example: (a) Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. Nature 1972, 238, 37. (b) Bard, A. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 172. (c) Energy Resources Through Photochemistry and Catalysis; Grätzel, M., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1983. (d) Kalyanasundaram, K.; Grätzel, M. Photochem. Photobiol. 1984, 40. 807. (e) Yamase, T.; Takabayashi, N.; Kaji, M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1984, 793. (f) Domen, K.; Kudo, Á.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1986, 102, 92. (g) Kudo, A; Tanaka, A.; Domen, K.: Maruya. K.; Aika, K.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1988, 111, 67. (h) Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 49. (i) Linsebigler, A. L.; Lu, G.; Yates, J. T., Jr. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 735. (j) Sakai, K.; Kizaki, Y.; Tsubomura, T.; Matsumoto, K. J. Mol. Catal. 1993, 79, 141.
6. For example: (a) Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. Nature 1972, 238, 37. (b) Bard, A. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 172. (c) Energy Resources Through Photochemistry and Catalysis; Grätzel, M., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1983. (d) Kalyanasundaram, K.; Grätzel, M. Photochem. Photobiol. 1984, 40. 807. (e) Yamase, T.; Takabayashi, N.; Kaji, M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1984, 793. (f) Domen, K.; Kudo, Á.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1986, 102, 92. (g) Kudo, A; Tanaka, A.; Domen, K.: Maruya. K.; Aika, K.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1988, 111, 67. (h) Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 49. (i) Linsebigler, A. L.; Lu, G.; Yates, J. T., Jr. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 735. (j) Sakai, K.; Kizaki, Y.; Tsubomura, T.; Matsumoto, K. J. Mol. Catal. 1993, 79, 141.
7. For example: (a) Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. Nature 1972, 238, 37. (b) Bard, A. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 172. (c) Energy Resources Through Photochemistry and Catalysis; Grätzel, M., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1983. (d) Kalyanasundaram, K.; Grätzel, M. Photochem. Photobiol. 1984, 40. 807. (e) Yamase, T.; Takabayashi, N.; Kaji, M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1984, 793. (f) Domen, K.; Kudo, Á.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1986, 102, 92. (g) Kudo, A; Tanaka, A.; Domen, K.: Maruya. K.; Aika, K.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1988, 111, 67. (h) Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 49. (i) Linsebigler, A. L.; Lu, G.; Yates, J. T., Jr. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 735. (j) Sakai, K.; Kizaki, Y.; Tsubomura, T.; Matsumoto, K. J. Mol. Catal. 1993, 79, 141.
8. For example: (a) Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. Nature 1972, 238, 37. (b) Bard, A. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 172. (c) Energy Resources Through Photochemistry and Catalysis; Grätzel, M., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1983. (d) Kalyanasundaram, K.; Grätzel, M. Photochem. Photobiol. 1984, 40. 807. (e) Yamase, T.; Takabayashi, N.; Kaji, M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1984, 793. (f) Domen, K.; Kudo, Á.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1986, 102, 92. (g) Kudo, A; Tanaka, A.; Domen, K.: Maruya. K.; Aika, K.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1988, 111, 67. (h) Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 49. (i) Linsebigler, A. L.; Lu, G.; Yates, J. T., Jr. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 735. (j) Sakai, K.; Kizaki, Y.; Tsubomura, T.; Matsumoto, K. J. Mol. Catal. 1993, 79, 141.
9. For example: (a) Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. Nature 1972, 238, 37. (b) Bard, A. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 172. (c) Energy Resources Through Photochemistry and Catalysis; Grätzel, M., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1983. (d) Kalyanasundaram, K.; Grätzel, M. Photochem. Photobiol. 1984, 40. 807. (e) Yamase, T.; Takabayashi, N.; Kaji, M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1984, 793. (f) Domen, K.; Kudo, Á.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1986, 102, 92. (g) Kudo, A; Tanaka, A.; Domen, K.: Maruya. K.; Aika, K.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1988, 111, 67. (h) Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 49. (i) Linsebigler, A. L.; Lu, G.; Yates, J. T., Jr. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 735. (j) Sakai, K.; Kizaki, Y.; Tsubomura, T.; Matsumoto, K. J. Mol. Catal. 1993, 79, 141.
10. For example: (a) Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. Nature 1972, 238, 37. (b) Bard, A. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 172. (c) Energy Resources Through Photochemistry and Catalysis; Grätzel, M., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1983. (d) Kalyanasundaram, K.; Grätzel, M. Photochem. Photobiol. 1984, 40. 807. (e) Yamase, T.; Takabayashi, N.; Kaji, M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1984, 793. (f) Domen, K.; Kudo, Á.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1986, 102, 92. (g) Kudo, A; Tanaka, A.; Domen, K.: Maruya. K.; Aika, K.; Onishi, T. J. Catal. 1988, 111, 67. (h) Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 49. (i) Linsebigler, A. L.; Lu, G.; Yates, J. T., Jr. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 735. (j) Sakai, K.; Kizaki, Y.; Tsubomura, T.; Matsumoto, K. J. Mol. Catal. 1993, 79, 141.
11. (a) Yanagida, S.; Kabumoto, A.; Mizumoto, K.; Pac, C.; Yoshino, K. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun, 1985, 474.
12. (b) Shibata, T.; Kabumoto, A.; Shiragami, T.; Ishitani, O.; Pac, C.; Yanagida, S. J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 2068.
13. (c) Matsuoka, S.; Kohzuki, T.; Nakamura, A.; Pac, C.; Yanagida, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1991, 580.
14. (d) Matsuoka, S.; Kohzuki, T.; Kuwana, Y.; Nakamura, A.; Yanagida, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1992, 6 79.
15. (e) Maruo, K.; Wada, Y.: Yanagida, S. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1992, 65, 3439.
16. (f) Maruo, K.; Yamada, K.; Wada, Y.; Yanagida, S. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1993, 66, 1053.
17. (g) Maruo, K.; Yasuda, N.; Wada, Y.; Yanagida, S. Chem. Lett. 1992, 1951.
18. Yamamoto, T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1992, 17, 1153; J. Synth. Org. Chem. Jpn. 1995, 53, 999; J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1996, 34. 997.
19. Yamamoto, T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1992, 17, 1153; J. Synth. Org. Chem. Jpn. 1995, 53, 999; J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1996, 34. 997.
20. Yamamoto, T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1992, 17, 1153; J. Synth. Org. Chem. Jpn. 1995, 53, 999; J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem. 1996, 34. 997.
21. Matsuoka. S.; Fujii, H.; Yamada, T.; Pac, C.; Ishida. A.; Takamuku, S.; Kusaba, M,; Nakashima, N.; Yanagida, S.; Hashimoto. K.; Sakata, T. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 5802.
22. .+ is converted to ethanol and diethylamine in the photoreaction.
23. (a) Yamamoto, T.; Yoneda, Y.; Maruyama, T. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1652.
24. (b) Yamamoto, T.; Maruyama, T.; Zhou, Z.-H.; Ito, T.; Fukuda, T.; Yoneda, Y.; Begum, F.; Ikeda, T.; Sasaki, S.; Takezoe, H.; Fukuda, A.; Kubota, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4832.
25. (c) Yamamoto, T.; Zhou, Z.-K; Maruyama, T.; Kanbara, T. Chem. Lett. 1990, 223.
26. 1OPy*. Formation of a similar trinplet state by photoactivation and electron transfer from the triplet state to an electron acceptor (reverse type electron transfer) have also been report A for poly(alkylthiophenes) and oligothiophenes [(a) Xu. B.; Holdcroft, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8447. (b) Xu, B.; Holdcroft, S. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 325. (c) Evans, C. H.; Scaiano, J. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 112, 2694. (d) Wintgens, V.; Valat, P.; Garrier, F. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 228.].
27. 1OPy*. Formation of a similar trinplet state by photoactivation and electron transfer from the triplet state to an electron acceptor (reverse type electron transfer) have also been report A for poly(alkylthiophenes) and oligothiophenes [(a) Xu. B.; Holdcroft, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8447. (b) Xu, B.; Holdcroft, S. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 325. (c) Evans, C. H.; Scaiano, J. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 112, 2694. (d) Wintgens, V.; Valat, P.; Garrier, F. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 228.].
28. 1OPy*. Formation of a similar trinplet state by photoactivation and electron transfer from the triplet state to an electron acceptor (reverse type electron transfer) have also been report A for poly(alkylthiophenes) and oligothiophenes [(a) Xu. B.; Holdcroft, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8447. (b) Xu, B.; Holdcroft, S. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 325. (c) Evans, C. H.; Scaiano, J. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 112, 2694. (d) Wintgens, V.; Valat, P.; Garrier, F. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 228.].
29. 1OPy*. Formation of a similar trinplet state by photoactivation and electron transfer from the triplet state to an electron acceptor (reverse type electron transfer) have also been report A for poly(alkylthiophenes) and oligothiophenes [(a) Xu. B.; Holdcroft, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8447. (b) Xu, B.; Holdcroft, S. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 325. (c) Evans, C. H.; Scaiano, J. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 112, 2694. (d) Wintgens, V.; Valat, P.; Garrier, F. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 228.].
30. 1OPy*. Formation of a similar trinplet state by photoactivation and electron transfer from the triplet state to an electron acceptor (reverse type electron transfer) have also been report A for poly(alkylthiophenes) and oligothiophenes [(a) Xu. B.; Holdcroft, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8447. (b) Xu, B.; Holdcroft, S. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 325. (c) Evans, C. H.; Scaiano, J. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 112, 2694. (d) Wintgens, V.; Valat, P.; Garrier, F. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 228.].
31. (a) Kiwi, J.; Borgarello, E.; Pelizzetti, E.; Visca, M.; Grätzel, M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl 1980, 19, 646.
32. (b) Kawai, T.; Sakata, T. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1980, 694.
33. (c) Lehn, J. M.; Sauvage, J. P.; Ziessel, R. Nouv. J. Chim. 1981, 5, 291.
34. (d) Sakata, T.; Hashimoto, K.; Kawai, T. J. Phys. Chem. 1984, 88, 5214.
35. (e) Palmans, R.; Frank, A. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 9438.
36. (f) Dürr, H.; Bossmann, S.; Beuerlein, A. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A. 1993, 73, 233.
37. (g) Toshima, N.; Kuriyama, M.; Yamada, Y.; Hirai, H. Chem. Lett. 1981, 793.
38. (h) Toshima, N.; Yonezawa, T. Makromol. Chem.. Macromol. Symp. 1992, 59, 281.
39. Yamamoto, T.; Morita, A.; Miyazaki, Y.; Maruyama, T.; Wakayama, H.; Zhou, Z.-H.; Nakamura, Y.; Kanbara, T.; Sasaki, S.; Kubota, K. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 1214.
40. Morgan, G. T.; Burstall, F. H. J. Chem. Soc. 1934, 965.
41. 4 reaching a saturated absorbance, from which the amount of bpy was determined.
42. Miyaura, T.; Yoshimura, D.; Ishii, H.; Ouchi, Y.; Seki, K.; Miyazaki, T.; Koike, T.; Yamamoto, T. J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 103, 2738.
43. Froyer, G.; Goblot, J. Y.; Guilbert, J. L.; Maurice, F.; Pelous, Y. J. Phys. Colloq. 1983, 745.
44. Aeiyach, S.; Soubiran, P.; Lacaze, P. C.; Froyer, G.; Pelous, Y. Synth. Met. 1989, 32, 103.
45. (a) Schiavon, G.; Zotti, G.: Bontempelli, G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1984, 161, 323.
46. (b) Yamamoto, T.; Wakayama, H.; Fukuda, T.; Kanbara, T. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 8677.
47. 2) at pH = 10 is estimated to be 3.78 eV.
48. 2) at pH = 10 is estimated to be 3.78 eV.
49. 2) at pH = 10 is estimated to be 3.78 eV.
50. 2) at pH = 10 is estimated to be 3.78 eV.
51. +) value of 4.5 eV.
52. 6b is 117.0°. The θ value of PPP is larger than those of polypropylene and polyethylene (θ = 94-95°).
53. Kraeutler, B.; Bard, A. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 4317.