Equivalence relations between visual stimuli: The functional role of naming

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

Volumn 71, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 395-415

  Randell, Tom ^b   Remington, Bob ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Adult humans; Generalization; Match to sample; Naming; Nodal distance; Stimulus equivalence

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000853208     PISSN: 00225002     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1999.71-395     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Adams, B. J., Fields, L., & Verhave, T. (1993). Formation of generalized equivalence classes. The Psychological Record, 43, 553-566.
2. Annett, J. M., & Leslie, J. C. (1995). Stimulus equivalence classes involving olfactory stimuli. The Psychological Record, 45, 439-450.
3. Barnes, D., McCullagh, P. D., & Keenan, M. (1990). Equivalence class formation in non-hearing impaired and hearing impaired children. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 8, 19-30.
4. Bentall, R. P., Dickins, D. W., & Fox, S. R. A. (1993). Naming and equivalence: Response latencies for emergent relations. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46B, 187-214.
5. Bush, K. M., Sidman, M., & de Rose, T. (1989). Contextual control of emergent equivalence relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 29-45.
6. Devany, J. M., Hayes, S. C. & Nelson, R. O. (1986). Equivalence class formation in language-able and language-disabled children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 46, 243-257.
7. Dickins, D. W., Bentall, R. P., & Smith, A. B. (1993). The role of individual stimulus names in the emergence of equivalence relations: The effects of interpolated paired-associates training of discordant associations between names. The Psychological Record, 43, 713-724.
8. Dube, W. V., Green, G., & Serna, R. W. (1993). Auditory successive conditional discrimination and auditory stimulus equivalence classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 59, 103-114.
9. Dube, W. V., & Hiris, E. (1996). Match to sample program (version 10.18) [Computer software]. Waltham, MA: E. K. Shriver Center.
10. Dube, W. V., McIlvane, W. J., Mackay, H. A., & Stoddard, L. T. (1987). Stimulus class membership established via stimulus-reinforcer relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 47, 159-175.
11. Dube, W. V., McIlvane, W. J., Maguire, R. W., Mackay, H. A., & Stoddard, L. T. (1989). Stimulus class formation and stimulus-reinforcer relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 65-76.
12. Dugdale, N., & Lowe, C. F. (1990). Naming and stimulus equivalence. In D. E. Blackman & H. Lejeune (Eds.), Behaviour analysis in theory and practice: Contributions and controversies (pp. 115-138). Hove, England: Erlbaum.
13. Eikeseth, S., & Smith, T. (1992). The development of functional and equivalence classes in high-functioning autistic children: The role of naming. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 58, 123-133.
14. Fields, L., Adams, B. J., Buffington, D. M., Yang, W., & Verhave, T. (1996). Response transfer between stimuli in generalized equivalence classes: A model for the establishment of natural kind and fuzzy superordinate categories. The Psychological Record, 46, 665-684.
15. Fields, L., Adams, B. J., & Verhave, T. (1993). The effects of equivalence class structure on test performances. The Psychological Record, 43, 697-712.
16. Fields, L., Adams, B. J., Verhave, T., & Newman, S. (1990). The effects of nodality on the formation of equivalence classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 345-358.
17. Fields, L., Reeve, K. F., Adams, B. J., Brown, J. L., & Verhave, T. (1997). Predicting the extension of equivalence classes from primary generalization gradients: The merger of equivalence classes and perceptual classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 68, 67-91.
18. Fields, L., Reeve, K. F., Adams, B. J., & Verhave, T. (1991). Stimulus generalization and equivalence classes: A model for natural categories. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 55, 305-312.
19. Fields, L., & Verhave, T. (1987). The structure of equivalence classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 48, 317-322.
20. Goswami, U., & Bryant, P. (1990). Phonological skills and learning to read, Hove, England: Erlbaum.
21. Green, G. (1990). Differences in development of visual and auditory-visual equivalence relations. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95, 260-270.
22. Hall, G. A., & Chase, P. N. (1991). The relationship between stimulus equivalence and verbal behavior. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 9, 107-119.
23. Haring, T. G., Breen, C. G., & Laitinen, R. E. (1989). Stimulus class formation and concept learning: Establishment of within- and between-set generalization and transitive relationships via conditional discrimination procedures. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 52, 13-25.
24. Hayes, L. J., Thompson, S., & Hayes, S. C. (1989). Stimulus equivalence and rule following. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 52, 275-291.
25. Hayes, L.J., Tilley, K.J., & Hayes, S. C. (1988). Extending equivalence class membership to gustatory stimuli. The Psychological Record, 38, 473-482.
26. Hayes, S. C., & Hayes, L. J. (1992). Verbal relations and the evolution of behavior analysis. American Psychologist, 47, 1383-1395.
27. Horne, P. J., & Lowe, C. F. (1993). Determinants of human performance on concurrent schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 59, 29-60.
28. Horne, P. J., & Lowe, C. F. (1996). On the origins of naming and other symbolic behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 65, 185-241.
29. Horne, P. J., & Lowe, C. F. (1997). Toward a theory of verbal behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 68, 271-296.
30. Kennedy, C. H. (1991). Equivalence class formation influenced by the number of nodes separating stimuli. Behavioral Processes, 24, 219-245.
31. Kennedy, C. H., Itkonen, T., & Lindquist, K. (1994). Nodality effects during equivalence class formation: An extension to sight-word reading and concept development. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 673-683.
32. Lazar, R., Davis-Lang, D., & Sanchez, L. (1984). The formation of visual stimulus equivalences in children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 41, 251-266.
33. Leader, G., & Barnes, D. (1996). Establishing equivalence relations using a respondent-type training procedure. The Psychological Record, 46, 685-706.
34. Lipkens, R., Hayes, S. C., & Hayes, L. J. (1993). Longitudinal study of the development of derived relations in an infant. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 56, 201-239.
35. Lowe, C. F. (1983). Radical behaviorism and human psychology. In G. Davey (Ed.), Animal models of human behavior: Conceptual, evolutionary, and neurobiological perspectives (pp. 159-192). New York: Wiley.
36. Lowe, C. F., & Beasty, A. (1987). Language and the emergence of equivalence relations: A developmental study. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 40, A49.
37. Mandell, C., & Sheen, V. (1994). Equivalence class formation as a function of the pronounceability of the sample stimulus. Behavioral Processes, 32, 29-46.
38. Markham, M. R., & Dougher, M. J. (1993). Compound stimuli in emergent stimulus relations: Extending the scope of stimulus equivalence. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60, 529-542.
39. McIntire, K. D., Cleary, J., & Thompson, T. (1987). Conditional relations by monkeys: Reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 47, 279-285.
40. O'Leary, C. A., & Bush, K. M. (1996). Stimulus equivalence in the tactile modality. The Psychological Record, 46, 509-517.
41. Perone, M. (1988). Laboratory lore and research practices in the experimental analysis of human behavior: Use and abuse of subjects' verbal reports. The Behavior Analyst, 11, 71-75.
42. Pilgrim, C., Chambers, L., & Galizio, M. (1995). Reversal of baseline relations and stimulus equivalence: II. Children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 63, 239-254.
43. Remington, B. (1996). The evolution of naming - just so! [commentary]. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 65, 243-245.
44. Roche, B., & Barnes, D. (1997). A transformation of respondently conditioned stimulus function in accordance with arbitrarily applicable relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 67, 275-301.
45. Roche, B., Barnes, D., & Smeets, P. M. (1997). Incongruous stimulus pairing and conditional discrimination training: Effects on relational responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 68, 143-160.
46. Rosenfarb, I. S., Newland, M. C., Brannon, S. E., & Howey, D. S. (1992). Effects of self-generated rules on the development of schedule-controlled behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 58, 107-121.
47. Saunders, K. J., Saunders, R. R., Williams, D. C., & Spradlin, J. E. (1993). An interaction of instructions and training design on stimulus class formation: Extending the analysis of equivalence. The Psychological Record, 43, 725-744.
48. Saunders, K. J., & Spradlin, J. E. (1993). Conditional discrimination in mentally retarded subjects: Programming acquisition and learning set. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60, 571-585.
49. Saunders, R. R., & Green, G. (1996). Naming is not (necessary for) stimulus equivalence [commentary]. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 65, 312-314.
50. Saunders, R. R., Wachter, J., & Spradlin, J. E. (1988). Establishing auditory stimulus control over an eight-member equivalence class via conditional discrimination procedures. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 49, 95-115.
51. Schusterman, R. J., & Kastak, D. (1993). A California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) is capable of forming equivalence relations. The Psychological Record, 43, 823-839.
52. Shimoff, E. (1984). Post-session questionnaires. Experimental Analysis of Human Behavior Bulletin, 2, 1.
53. Shimoff, E. (1986). Post-session verbal reports and the experimental analysis of behavior. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 4, 19-22.
54. Sidman, M. (1971). Reading and auditory-visual equivalences. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 14, 5-13.
55. Sidman, M. (1990). Equivalence relations: Where do they come from? In D. E. Blackman & H. Lejeune (Eds.), Behaviour analysis in theory and practice: Contributions and controversies (pp. 93-114). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
56. Sidman, M. (1994). Equivalence relations and behavior: A research story. Boston: Authors Cooperative.
57. Sidman, M. (1997). Equivalence: A theoretical or a descriptive model? Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis, 23, 125-145.
58. Sidman, M., & Cresson, O. (1973). Reading and the cross-modal transfer of stimulus equivalences in severe retardation. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 77, 515-523.
59. Sidman, M., Cresson, O., & Willson-Morris, M. (1974). Acquisition of matching-to-sample via mediated-transfer. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 22, 261-273.
60. Sidman, M., & Tailby, W. (1982). Conditional discrimination vs. matching-to-sample: An extension of the testing paradigm. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37, 5-22.
61. Sidman, M., Willson-Morris, M., & Kirk, B. (1986). Matching-to-sample procedures and the development of equivalence relations: The role of naming. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 6, 1-19.
62. Sigurdardottir, Z. G., Green, G., & Saunders, R. R. (1990). Equivalence classes generated by sequence training. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 47-63.
63. Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
64. Smith, A. B., Dickins, D. W., & Bentall, R. P. (1996). The role of interfering stimulus names in the emergence of equivalence relations II: The effects of interfering tasks prior to and after tests for equivalence relations. The Psychological Record, 46, 109-130.
65. Snodgrass, J. G., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning and Memory, 6, 174-215.
66. Spradlin, J. E., Cotter, V. W., & Baxley, N. (1973). Establishing a conditional discrimination without direct training: A study of transfer with retarded adolescents. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 77, 556-566.
67. Stromer, R., & Mackay, H. A. (1996). Naming and the formation of stimulus classes. In T. R. Zentall & P. M. Smeets (Eds.), Advances in psychology: 117. Stimulus class formation in humans and animals (pp. 221-252). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
68. Stromer, R., & Osborne, J. G. (1982). Control of adolescents' arbitrary matching-to-sample by positive and negative stimulus relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37, 329-348.
69. Stromer, R., & Stromer, J. B. (1990). The formation of arbitrary stimulus classes in matching to complex samples. The Psychological Record, 40, 51-66.
70. Tierney, K.J., De Largy, P., & Bracken, M. (1995). Formation of an equivalence class incorporating haptic stimuli. The Psychological Record, 45, 431-437.
71. Vaughan, W., Jr. (1988). Formation of equivalence sets in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 14, 36-42.
72. Wulfert, E., Dougher, M. J., & Greenway, D. E. (1991). Protocol analysis of the correspondence of verbal behavior and equivalence class formation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 56, 489-504.
73. Wulfert, E., & Hayes, S. C. (1988). Transfer of a conditional ordering response through conditional equivalence classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 125-144.