메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 79, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 139-165

Tree-limit stress and disturbance a 25-year survey of geoecological change in the Scandes Mountains of Sweden

Author keywords

Climate variability; Defoliation; Monitoring; Periglacial activity; Tree limit regression; Wind deflation

Indexed keywords


EID: 0000835161     PISSN: 04353676     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-0459.00012     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (34)

References (150)
  • 3
    • 0029527069 scopus 로고
    • Recent cooling along the southern shore of Hudson Strait, Quebec, Canada, documented from permafrost temperature measurements
    • Allard, M., Wang, B. and Pilon, J.A., 1995: Recent cooling along the southern shore of Hudson Strait, Quebec, Canada, documented from permafrost temperature measurements. Arct. Alp. Res., 27: 157-166.
    • (1995) Arct. Alp. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 157-166
    • Allard, M.1    Wang, B.2    Pilon, J.A.3
  • 4
    • 0023529413 scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem disturbance in Iceland
    • Arnalds, A., 1987: Ecosystem disturbance in Iceland. Arct. Alp. Res., 19: 508-513.
    • (1987) Arct. Alp. Res. , vol.19 , pp. 508-513
    • Arnalds, A.1
  • 6
    • 0025574037 scopus 로고
    • A case study of forest decline in western Canada and the adjacent United States
    • Auclair, A.N.D., Martin, H.C. and Walker, S.L., 1990: A case study of forest decline in western Canada and the adjacent United States. Water, Air Soil Pollut., 53: 13-31.
    • (1990) Water, Air Soil Pollut. , vol.53 , pp. 13-31
    • Auclair, A.N.D.1    Martin, H.C.2    Walker, S.L.3
  • 7
    • 84987049333 scopus 로고
    • Landscape analysis of the forest-tundra ecotone in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado
    • Baker, W.L. and Weisberg, P.J., 1995: Landscape analysis of the forest-tundra ecotone in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Prof. Geogr., 47: 361-375.
    • (1995) Prof. Geogr. , vol.47 , pp. 361-375
    • Baker, W.L.1    Weisberg, P.J.2
  • 8
    • 0025955272 scopus 로고
    • Late Holocene erosion in upland Britain: Climatic deterioration or human influence?
    • Ballantyne, C.K., 1991: Late Holocene erosion in upland Britain: climatic deterioration or human influence? The Holocene, 1: 81-85.
    • (1991) The Holocene , vol.1 , pp. 81-85
    • Ballantyne, C.K.1
  • 9
    • 0028991382 scopus 로고
    • Predicting the effects of climate change on fire frequency in the southeastern Canadian boreal forest
    • Bergeron, Y. and Flannigan, M.D., 1995: Predicting the effects of climate change on fire frequency in the southeastern Canadian boreal forest. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 82: 437-444.
    • (1995) Water, Air, Soil Pollut. , vol.82 , pp. 437-444
    • Bergeron, Y.1    Flannigan, M.D.2
  • 10
    • 0039506821 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation on lava fields in the Hekla area, Iceland
    • Bjarnason, A.H., 1991: Vegetation on lava fields in the Hekla area, Iceland. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., 77: 1-110.
    • (1991) Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. , vol.77 , pp. 1-110
    • Bjarnason, A.H.1
  • 12
    • 0025197723 scopus 로고
    • Greenhouse impact in Fennoscandia
    • Boer, M.M., Koster, E.A. and Lundberg, H., 1990: Greenhouse impact in Fennoscandia. Ambio, 19: 2-10.
    • (1990) Ambio , vol.19 , pp. 2-10
    • Boer, M.M.1    Koster, E.A.2    Lundberg, H.3
  • 14
    • 0027333032 scopus 로고
    • "Little Ice Age" summer temperature variations: Their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends
    • Bradley, R.S. and Jones, P.D., 1993: "Little Ice Age" summer temperature variations: their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends. The Holocene, 3: 367-376.
    • (1993) The Holocene , vol.3 , pp. 367-376
    • Bradley, R.S.1    Jones, P.D.2
  • 15
    • 84986802402 scopus 로고
    • Tree species dynamics and disturbance in three Swedish boreal forest stands during the last two thousand years
    • Bradshaw, R., 1993: Tree species dynamics and disturbance in three Swedish boreal forest stands during the last two thousand years. J. Veg. Sci., 4:759-764.
    • (1993) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 759-764
    • Bradshaw, R.1
  • 18
    • 33847498770 scopus 로고
    • Has the north-east Atlantic become rougher?
    • Carter, D.J.T. and Draper, L., 1988: Has the north-east Atlantic become rougher? Nature, 332: 494.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.332 , pp. 494
    • Carter, D.J.T.1    Draper, L.2
  • 19
    • 0028012001 scopus 로고
    • Satellite greenhouse signal
    • Christy, J.R. and McNider, R.T., 1994: Satellite greenhouse signal. Nature, 367: 325.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.367 , pp. 325
    • Christy, J.R.1    McNider, R.T.2
  • 20
    • 0008611909 scopus 로고
    • White spruce above and beyond treeline in the Arrigetch Peaks Region, Brooks Range, Alaska
    • Cooper, D.J., 1986. White spruce above and beyond treeline in the Arrigetch Peaks Region, Brooks Range, Alaska. Arctic, 39: 247-252.
    • (1986) Arctic , vol.39 , pp. 247-252
    • Cooper, D.J.1
  • 21
    • 0345493936 scopus 로고
    • Stability of tundra ecosystems in Fennoscandia
    • Wielgolaski, F.E. (ed.): Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • Dahl, E., 1975: Stability of tundra ecosystems in Fennoscandia. In: Wielgolaski, F.E. (ed.): Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems 2. Springer-Verlag, Berlin: 231-236.
    • (1975) Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems 2 , pp. 231-236
    • Dahl, E.1
  • 22
    • 0027706653 scopus 로고
    • Tree-growth-climate relationships at the northern boreal forest tree line of North America: Evaluation of potential responses to increasing carbon dioxide
    • D'Arrigo, R.D. and Jacoby, G.C., 1993: Tree-growth-climate relationships at the northern boreal forest tree line of North America: evaluation of potential responses to increasing carbon dioxide. Glob. Biogeochem. Cyc., 7: 525-535.
    • (1993) Glob. Biogeochem. Cyc. , vol.7 , pp. 525-535
    • D'Arrigo, R.D.1    Jacoby, G.C.2
  • 24
    • 0005131936 scopus 로고
    • Klimatförändringen på norra halvklotets nordliga latituder
    • Mars, 1988
    • Eriksson, B., 1988: Klimatförändringen på norra halvklotets nordliga latituder. Väder och Vatten, Mars, 1988: 17-19.
    • (1988) Väder och Vatten , pp. 17-19
    • Eriksson, B.1
  • 26
    • 0005841494 scopus 로고
    • Colder than normal temperatures over north eastern Canada during the 1980s
    • Findlay, B.F. and Deptuch-Stapf, A., 1991: Colder than normal temperatures over north eastern Canada during the 1980s. Clim. Perspect, 13:9-12.
    • (1991) Clim. Perspect , vol.13 , pp. 9-12
    • Findlay, B.F.1    Deptuch-Stapf, A.2
  • 27
    • 0026301302 scopus 로고
    • The changing frequency of gales on the Swedish west coast and its possible relation to the increased damage to coniferous forest of southern Sweden
    • Franzén, L.G., 1991: The changing frequency of gales on the Swedish west coast and its possible relation to the increased damage to coniferous forest of southern Sweden. Int. J. Climatol., 11: 769-793.
    • (1991) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.11 , pp. 769-793
    • Franzén, L.G.1
  • 28
    • 84987387669 scopus 로고
    • Periglaciala aeoliska bildningar i västra och södra Jämtland?
    • Frödin, G., 1956: Periglaciala aeoliska bildningar i västra och södra Jämtland? Ymer, 76: 190-196.
    • (1956) Ymer , vol.76 , pp. 190-196
    • Frödin, G.1
  • 31
    • 0024221475 scopus 로고
    • The oligotrophic heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia and its zonation
    • Haapasaari, M., 1988: The oligotrophic heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia and its zonation. Acta Bot. Fennica, 135: 1-219.
    • (1988) Acta Bot. Fennica , vol.135 , pp. 1-219
    • Haapasaari, M.1
  • 32
    • 0021081553 scopus 로고
    • Influence of wind exposure on needle desiccation and mortality for timberline conifers in Wyoming, U.S.A.
    • Hadley, J.R., and Smith, W., 1983: Influence of wind exposure on needle desiccation and mortality for timberline conifers in Wyoming, U.S.A. Arct. Alp. Res., 15: 127-135.
    • (1983) Arct. Alp. Res. , vol.15 , pp. 127-135
    • Hadley, J.R.1    Smith, W.2
  • 33
    • 0022205990 scopus 로고
    • Composition, form, and distribution of the forest-alpine tundra ecotone, Indian Peaks
    • Hansen-Bristow, K.J. and Ives, J.D., 1985: Composition, form, and distribution of the forest-alpine tundra ecotone, Indian Peaks. Endkunde, 39: 286-295.
    • (1985) Endkunde , vol.39 , pp. 286-295
    • Hansen-Bristow, K.J.1    Ives, J.D.2
  • 34
    • 0027831915 scopus 로고
    • Structure and regeneration patterns in a virgin Picea abies forest in northern Sweden
    • Hofgaard, A., 1993a: Structure and regeneration patterns in a virgin Picea abies forest in northern Sweden. J. Veg. Sci, 4:601-608.
    • (1993) J. Veg. Sci , vol.4 , pp. 601-608
    • Hofgaard, A.1
  • 35
    • 84986734259 scopus 로고
    • 50 years of change in a Swedish boreal old-growth Picea abies forest
    • _ 1993b: 50 years of change in a Swedish boreal old-growth Picea abies forest. J. Veg. Sci., 4:773-782.
    • (1993) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 773-782
  • 36
    • 0026274123 scopus 로고
    • Response of old-growth montane Picea abies (L.) Karst. forest to climatic variability in northern Sweden
    • Hofgaard, A., Kullman, L. and Alexandersson, H., 1991: Response of old-growth montane Picea abies (L.) Karst. forest to climatic variability in northern Sweden. New Phytol., 119: 558-594.
    • (1991) New Phytol. , vol.119 , pp. 558-594
    • Hofgaard, A.1    Kullman, L.2    Alexandersson, H.3
  • 37
    • 0027708002 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration of Betula pendula and B. pubescens, coll. above and below the natural altitudinal distribution limit of B. pendula in south-east Norway
    • Holm, S.O., 1993: Regeneration of Betula pendula and B. pubescens, coll. above and below the natural altitudinal distribution limit of B. pendula in south-east Norway. Oecol.Mont., 2:1-6.
    • (1993) Oecol.Mont. , vol.2 , pp. 1-6
    • Holm, S.O.1
  • 38
    • 0030459879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summer air temperatures and tree line dynamics at Abisko
    • Holmgren, B. and Tjus, M., 1996: Summer air temperatures and tree line dynamics at Abisko. Ecol. Bull., 45: 159-169.
    • (1996) Ecol. Bull. , vol.45 , pp. 159-169
    • Holmgren, B.1    Tjus, M.2
  • 39
    • 0030411206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fifty years of mass balance and glacier front observations at the Tarfala Research Station
    • Holmlund, P., Karlén, W. and Grudd, H., 1996: Fifty years of mass balance and glacier front observations at the Tarfala Research Station. Geogr. Ann., 78A: 105-114.
    • (1996) Geogr. Ann. , vol.78 A , pp. 105-114
    • Holmlund, P.1    Karlén, W.2    Grudd, H.3
  • 40
    • 33750206066 scopus 로고
    • Climatic stress influencing the physiognomy of trees at the polar and mountain timberline
    • Holtmeier, F.-K., 1985: Climatic stress influencing the physiognomy of trees at the polar and mountain timberline. Eidg. Anst. Forstl. Versuchsves., Ber., 270: 31-40.
    • (1985) Eidg. Anst. Forstl. Versuchsves., Ber. , vol.270 , pp. 31-40
    • Holtmeier, F.-K.1
  • 41
    • 0003020736 scopus 로고
    • Ecological aspects of climatically-caused timberline fluctuations
    • Beniston, M. (ed.): Routledge. London
    • _ 1994: Ecological aspects of climatically-caused timberline fluctuations. In: Beniston, M. (ed.): Mountain environments in changing climates. Routledge. London. 220-223.
    • (1994) Mountain Environments in Changing Climates , pp. 220-223
  • 42
    • 0028882976 scopus 로고
    • Waldgrenzen und Klimaschwankungen. Ökologische Aspekte eines vieldiskutierten Phänomens
    • _ 1995: Waldgrenzen und Klimaschwankungen. Ökologische Aspekte eines vieldiskutierten Phänomens. Geoökodynamik, 16: 1-24.
    • (1995) Geoökodynamik , vol.16 , pp. 1-24
  • 43
    • 6244249366 scopus 로고
    • Die alpinen Pflanzenformationen des nördlichsten Finlands
    • Hult, R., 1887: Die alpinen Pflanzenformationen des nördlichsten Finlands. Medd. Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn., 14: 153-228.
    • (1887) Medd. Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn. , vol.14 , pp. 153-228
    • Hult, R.1
  • 44
    • 0026454780 scopus 로고
    • Rates of change in the European palynological record of the last 13000 years and their climatic interpretation
    • Huntley. B., 1992: Rates of change in the European palynological record of the last 13000 years and their climatic interpretation. Clim. Dynam., 6: 185-191.
    • (1992) Clim. Dynam. , vol.6 , pp. 185-191
    • Huntley, B.1
  • 45
    • 0000386456 scopus 로고
    • Tree-line and tree-growth studies during 50 years: Some subjective observations
    • Hustich, I., 1983: Tree-line and tree-growth studies during 50 years: some subjective observations. Nordicana, 47: 181-188.
    • (1983) Nordicana , vol.47 , pp. 181-188
    • Hustich, I.1
  • 46
    • 6244263062 scopus 로고
    • Vegetationsförändringar i renbetesfjäll. Metodstudier i södra fjällen med hjälp av IR-färgbilder
    • Ihse, M and Allard, A., 1995: Vegetationsförändringar i renbetesfjäll. Metodstudier i södra fjällen med hjälp av IR-färgbilder. Rapport från Världsnaturfonden, 95(2): 1-47.
    • (1995) Rapport Från Världsnaturfonden , vol.95 , Issue.2 , pp. 1-47
    • Ihse, M.1    Allard, A.2
  • 48
    • 6244275927 scopus 로고
    • Design of an intensive monitoring system for Swiss forests
    • Beniston, M. (ed.): Routledg. London.
    • _ 1994: Design of an intensive monitoring system for Swiss forests. In: Beniston, M. (ed.): Mountain environments in changing climates. Routledg. London. 281-298.
    • (1994) Mountain Environments in Changing Climates , pp. 281-298
  • 49
    • 0001497013 scopus 로고
    • Patterns and rates of vegetation change during the deglaciation of eastera North America
    • Ruddiman, W.F. and Wright, H.E. Jr (eds): Geological Society of America. Boulder, Colorado
    • Jacobson, G.L., Webb, T., III. and Grimm, E. C., 1987: Patterns and rates of vegetation change during the deglaciation of eastera North America. In: Ruddiman, W.F. and Wright, H.E. Jr (eds): North America and adjacent oceans during the last deglaciation. Geological Society of America. Boulder, Colorado 277-288
    • (1987) North America and Adjacent Oceans during the Last Deglaciation , pp. 277-288
    • Jacobson, G.L.1    Webb III, T.2    Grimm, E.C.3
  • 50
    • 0029472941 scopus 로고
    • Tree ring width and density evidence of climatic and potential forest change in Alaska
    • Jacoby, G.C. and D'Arrigo, R.D., 1995: Tree ring width and density evidence of climatic and potential forest change in Alaska. Global Biogeochem. Cyc., 9: 227-234.
    • (1995) Global Biogeochem. Cyc. , vol.9 , pp. 227-234
    • Jacoby, G.C.1    D'Arrigo, R.D.2
  • 53
    • 0000776150 scopus 로고
    • Climate and red spruce growth and decline in the northern Appalachians
    • Johnson, A.H., Cook, E.R. and Siccama, T.G., 1988: Climate and red spruce growth and decline in the northern Appalachians. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 85: 5369-5373.
    • (1988) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , vol.85 , pp. 5369-5373
    • Johnson, A.H.1    Cook, E.R.2    Siccama, T.G.3
  • 54
    • 0001170428 scopus 로고
    • Le climat des mille dernières années
    • Jones, P.D., 1990: Le climat des mille dernières années. La Recherche, 21: 304-312.
    • (1990) La Recherche , vol.21 , pp. 304-312
    • Jones, P.D.1
  • 55
    • 0027040324 scopus 로고
    • Global surface air temperature variations during the twentieth century. Part 1, spatial, temporal and seasonal details
    • Jones, P.D. and Briffa, K.R., 1992: Global surface air temperature variations during the twentieth century. Part 1, spatial, temporal and seasonal details. The Holocene, 2: 165-179.
    • (1992) The Holocene , vol.2 , pp. 165-179
    • Jones, P.D.1    Briffa, K.R.2
  • 56
    • 0025625334 scopus 로고
    • The geoecology of subalpine heaths in the Abisko Valley, Northern Sweden
    • Josefsson, M., 1990: The geoecology of subalpine heaths in the Abisko Valley, Northern Sweden. UNGI Rapport, 78: 1-180.
    • (1990) UNGI Rapport , vol.78 , pp. 1-180
    • Josefsson, M.1
  • 57
    • 0027341294 scopus 로고
    • Absence of evidence for greenhouse warming over the Arctic Ocean in the past 40 years
    • Kahl, J.D., Charlevoix, D.J., Zaitseva, N.A., Schell, R.C. and Serreze, M.C., 1993: Absence of evidence for greenhouse warming over the Arctic Ocean in the past 40 years. Nature, 361: 335-337.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.361 , pp. 335-337
    • Kahl, J.D.1    Charlevoix, D.J.2    Zaitseva, N.A.3    Schell, R.C.4    Serreze, M.C.5
  • 58
    • 0002964475 scopus 로고
    • Kärlväxternas övre gränser på fjäll i sydvästra Jämtland samt angränsande delar av Härjedalen
    • Kilander, S., 1955: Kärlväxternas övre gränser på fjäll i sydvästra Jämtland samt angränsande delar av Härjedalen. Acta Phytogeogr. Suecica, 35: 1-198.
    • (1955) Acta Phytogeogr. Suecica , vol.35 , pp. 1-198
    • Kilander, S.1
  • 59
    • 0013014733 scopus 로고
    • Alpine zonation in the southern part of the Swedish Scandes
    • _ 1965: Alpine zonation in the southern part of the Swedish Scandes. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., 50: 78-84.
    • (1965) Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. , vol.50 , pp. 78-84
  • 60
    • 0021554014 scopus 로고
    • Permafrost in Skandinavien. Untersuchungsergebnisse aus Lappland, Jotunheimen und Dovre/Rondane
    • King, L., 1984: Permafrost in Skandinavien. Untersuchungsergebnisse aus Lappland, Jotunheimen und Dovre/Rondane. Heidelb. Geogr. Arb., 76: 1-174.
    • (1984) Heidelb. Geogr. Arb. , vol.76 , pp. 1-174
    • King, L.1
  • 61
    • 0001886181 scopus 로고
    • Impact of atmospheric changes on alpine vegetation: The ecophysiological perspective
    • Guisan et al. (eds): Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève. Genève
    • Körner, C., 1995: Impact of atmospheric changes on alpine vegetation: the ecophysiological perspective. In: Guisan et al. (eds): Potential ecological impacts climate change in the Alps and Fennoscandian Mountains. Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève. Genève. 113-120.
    • (1995) Potential Ecological Impacts Climate Change in the Alps and Fennoscandian Mountains , pp. 113-120
    • Körner, C.1
  • 64
    • 0027833091 scopus 로고
    • Glacial start and global warming: What to watch
    • Kukla, G., 1993: Glacial start and global warming: what to watch. Glaciological Data Report, 25: 93-110.
    • (1993) Glaciological Data Report , vol.25 , pp. 93-110
    • Kukla, G.1
  • 65
    • 0000768517 scopus 로고
    • Change and stability in the altitude of the birch tree-limit in the southern Swedish Scandes 1915-1975
    • Kullman, L., 1979: Change and stability in the altitude of the birch tree-limit in the southern Swedish Scandes 1915-1975. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., 65: 1-121.
    • (1979) Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. , vol.65 , pp. 1-121
    • Kullman, L.1
  • 66
    • 0002249933 scopus 로고
    • Recent tree-limit dynamics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the southern Swedish Scandes
    • _ 1981: Recent tree-limit dynamics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the southern Swedish Scandes. Wahlenbergia, 8:1-67.
    • (1981) Wahlenbergia , vol.8 , pp. 1-67
  • 67
    • 0022848618 scopus 로고
    • Late Holocene reproductional patterns of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies at the forest limit in central Sweden
    • _ 1986a: Late Holocene reproductional patterns of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies at the forest limit in central Sweden. Can. J. Bot., 64: 1682-1690.
    • (1986) Can. J. Bot. , vol.64 , pp. 1682-1690
  • 68
    • 0022842304 scopus 로고
    • Recent tree-limit history of Picea abies in the southern Swedish Scandes
    • _ 1986b: Recent tree-limit history of Picea abies in the southern Swedish Scandes. Can. J. For. Res., 16: 761-771.
    • (1986) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.16 , pp. 761-771
  • 69
    • 0024220728 scopus 로고
    • Subalpine Picea abies decline in the Swedish Scandes
    • _ 1988: Subalpine Picea abies decline in the Swedish Scandes. Mount. Res. Develop., 8: 33-42.
    • (1988) Mount. Res. Develop. , vol.8 , pp. 33-42
  • 70
    • 0024894380 scopus 로고
    • Geoecological aspects of episodic permafrost expansion in North Sweden
    • _ 1989a: Geoecological aspects of episodic permafrost expansion in North Sweden. Geogr. Ann., 71A:255-262.
    • (1989) Geogr. Ann. , vol.71 A , pp. 255-262
  • 71
    • 0024484794 scopus 로고
    • Recent retrogression of the forest-alpine tundra ecotone (Betula pubescens Ehrh.. ssp. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Nyman) in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden
    • _ 1989b: Recent retrogression of the forest-alpine tundra ecotone (Betula pubescens Ehrh.. ssp. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Nyman) in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden. J. Biogeogr., 16:83-90.
    • (1989) J. Biogeogr. , vol.16 , pp. 83-90
  • 72
    • 0024898390 scopus 로고
    • Cold-induced dieback of montane spruce forests in the Swedish Scandes - A modern analogue of paleoenvironmental processes
    • _ 1989c: Cold-induced dieback of montane spruce forests in the Swedish Scandes - a modern analogue of paleoenvironmental processes. New Phytol., 113: 377-389.
    • (1989) New Phytol. , vol.113 , pp. 377-389
  • 73
    • 6244231931 scopus 로고
    • Renbeteseffekter på Sånfjället
    • _ 1989d: Renbeteseffekter på Sånfjället. Naturvårdsverket Rapport, 3574: 1-23.
    • (1989) Naturvårdsverket Rapport , vol.3574 , pp. 1-23
  • 74
    • 0025664938 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of altitudinal tree-limits in Sweden: A review
    • _ 1990: Dynamics of altitudinal tree-limits in Sweden: a review. Norsk Geogr. Tidsskr., 44: 103-116.
    • (1990) Norsk Geogr. Tidsskr. , vol.44 , pp. 103-116
  • 75
    • 0026381298 scopus 로고
    • Ground frost restriction of subarctic Picea abies forest in northern Sweden. A dendroecological analysis
    • _ 1991a: Ground frost restriction of subarctic Picea abies forest in northern Sweden. A dendroecological analysis. Geogr. Ann., 73A: 167-178.
    • (1991) Geogr. Ann. , vol.73 A , pp. 167-178
  • 76
    • 0026288111 scopus 로고
    • Pattern and process of present tree-limits in the Tärna region, southern Swedish Lapland
    • _ 1991b: Pattern and process of present tree-limits in the Tärna region, southern Swedish Lapland. Fennia, 169: 25-38.
    • (1991) Fennia , vol.169 , pp. 25-38
  • 77
    • 0025956559 scopus 로고
    • Cataclysmic response to recent cooling of a natural boreal pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest in northern Sweden
    • _ 1991c: Cataclysmic response to recent cooling of a natural boreal pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest in northern Sweden. New Phytol., 117:351-360.
    • (1991) New Phytol. , vol.117 , pp. 351-360
  • 78
    • 0025956970 scopus 로고
    • Structural change in a subalpine birch woodland in North Sweden during the past century
    • _ 1991d: Structural change in a subalpine birch woodland in North Sweden during the past century. J. Biogeogr., 18: 53-62.
    • (1991) J. Biogeogr. , vol.18 , pp. 53-62
  • 79
    • 0027090945 scopus 로고
    • High-latitude environments and environmental change
    • _ 1992: High-latitude environments and environmental change. Progr. Phys. Geogr., 16: 478-488.
    • (1992) Progr. Phys. Geogr. , vol.16 , pp. 478-488
  • 80
    • 0002379890 scopus 로고
    • Dynamism of the altitudinal margin of the boreal forest in Sweden
    • _ 1993a: Dynamism of the altitudinal margin of the boreal forest in Sweden. Palaeoclim. Res., 9:41-55.
    • (1993) Palaeoclim. Res. , vol.9 , pp. 41-55
  • 81
    • 0027805323 scopus 로고
    • Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) tree-limit surveillance during recent decades, Central Sweden
    • _ 1993b: Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) tree-limit surveillance during recent decades, Central Sweden. Arct. Alp. Res., 25: 24-31.
    • (1993) Arct. Alp. Res. , vol.25 , pp. 24-31
  • 82
    • 84986815075 scopus 로고
    • Tree-limit dynamics of Betulapubescens ssp. tortuosa in relation to climate variability: Evidence from central Sweden
    • _ 1993c: Tree-limit dynamics of Betulapubescens ssp. tortuosa in relation to climate variability: evidence from central Sweden. J. Veg. Sci., 4: 765-772.
    • (1993) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 765-772
  • 83
    • 84970297052 scopus 로고
    • Climate and environmental change at high northern latitudes
    • _ 1994a: Climate and environmental change at high northern latitudes. Progr. Phys. Geogr., 18:124-135.
    • (1994) Progr. Phys. Geogr. , vol.18 , pp. 124-135
  • 84
    • 0028608301 scopus 로고
    • Palaeoecology of pine (Pinus sylvestris) in the Swedish Scandes and a review of the analysis of subfossil wood
    • _ 1994b: Palaeoecology of pine (Pinus sylvestris) in the Swedish Scandes and a review of the analysis of subfossil wood. Geogr. Ann., 75A: 247-259.
    • (1994) Geogr. Ann. , vol.75 A , pp. 247-259
  • 85
    • 0028975540 scopus 로고
    • New and firm evidence for Mid-Holocene appearance of Picea abies in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden
    • _ 1995a: New and firm evidence for Mid-Holocene appearance of Picea abies in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden. J. Ecol., 83: 439-447.
    • (1995) J. Ecol. , vol.83 , pp. 439-447
  • 86
    • 0028995974 scopus 로고
    • Holocene tree-limit and climate history from the Scandes Mountains, Sweden
    • _ 1995b. Holocene tree-limit and climate history from the Scandes Mountains, Sweden. Ecology, 76: 2490-2502.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 2490-2502
  • 87
    • 0029768409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Norway spruce present in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden at 8000 BP: New light on Holocene tree spread
    • _ 1996a: Norway spruce present in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden at 8000 BP: new light on Holocene tree spread. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. Lett., 5: 94-101.
    • (1996) Global Ecol. Biogeogr. Lett. , vol.5 , pp. 94-101
  • 88
    • 0030302214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent cooling and recession of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in the forest-alpine tundra ecotone of the Swedish Scandes
    • _ 1996b: Recent cooling and recession of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in the forest-alpine tundra ecotone of the Swedish Scandes. J. Biogeogr., 23: 843-854.
    • (1996) J. Biogeogr. , vol.23 , pp. 843-854
  • 89
    • 0030425007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rise and demise of cold-climate Picea abies (L.) Karst. forest in Sweden
    • _ 1996c: Rise and demise of cold-climate Picea abies (L.) Karst. forest in Sweden. New Phytol., 134: 243-256.
    • (1996) New Phytol. , vol.134 , pp. 243-256
  • 90
    • 0008023450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural population dynamics of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) during the past 500 years close to the tree-limit in northern Sweden
    • _ 1996d: Structural population dynamics of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) during the past 500 years close to the tree-limit in northern Sweden. Palaeoclimate Research, 20: 75-82.
    • (1996) Palaeoclimate Research , vol.20 , pp. 75-82
  • 91
    • 0024926913 scopus 로고
    • Rapid natural decline of upper montane forests in the Swedish Scandes
    • Kullman, L. and Högberg, N., 1989: Rapid natural decline of upper montane forests in the Swedish Scandes. Arctic, 42: 217-226.
    • (1989) Arctic , vol.42 , pp. 217-226
    • Kullman, L.1    Högberg, N.2
  • 92
    • 0030754306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neoglacial climate control of subarctic Picea abies stand dynamics and range limit in northern Sweden
    • in press
    • Kullman L. and Engelmark, O., in press: Neoglacial climate control of subarctic Picea abies stand dynamics and range limit in northern Sweden. Arct. Alp. Res., 29.
    • Arct. Alp. Res. , pp. 29
    • Kullman, L.1    Engelmark, O.2
  • 93
    • 0027331264 scopus 로고
    • Postfire vegetation recovery and tree establishment at the Arctic treeline: Climate-change-vegetation-response hypotheses
    • Landhäusser, S.M. and Wein, R. W., 1993: Postfire vegetation recovery and tree establishment at the Arctic treeline: climate-change-vegetation-response hypotheses. J. Ecol., 81: 665-672..
    • (1993) J. Ecol. , vol.81 , pp. 665-672
    • Landhäusser, S.M.1    Wein, R.W.2
  • 95
    • 0028995495 scopus 로고
    • Recent advances of the arctic tree-line along the eastern coast of Hudson Bay
    • Lescop-Sinclair, K. and Payette, S., 1995: Recent advances of the arctic tree-line along the eastern coast of Hudson Bay. J. Ecol., 83: 929-936.
    • (1995) J. Ecol. , vol.83 , pp. 929-936
    • Lescop-Sinclair, K.1    Payette, S.2
  • 97
    • 0027387747 scopus 로고
    • Rapid response of treeline vegetation and lakes to past climate warming
    • MacDonald, G., Edwards, T., Moser, K., Pienitz, R. and Smol, J.P., 1993: Rapid response of treeline vegetation and lakes to past climate warming. Nature, 361: 243-246.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.361 , pp. 243-246
    • MacDonald, G.1    Edwards, T.2    Moser, K.3    Pienitz, R.4    Smol, J.P.5
  • 98
    • 6244264885 scopus 로고
    • Recent tree line dip in eastern Newfoundland
    • McIver, D., Street, R.B. and Auclair, A.N. (eds): Forestry Canada. Ottawa
    • Meades, W.J., 1989: Recent tree line dip in eastern Newfoundland. In: McIver, D., Street, R.B. and Auclair, A.N. (eds): Climate applications in forest renewal and forest production. Forestry Canada. Ottawa. 264-267.
    • (1989) Climate Applications in Forest Renewal and Forest Production , pp. 264-267
    • Meades, W.J.1
  • 99
    • 1342279974 scopus 로고
    • Multi-taper spectral analysis of the Stockholm air temperature record
    • Moberg, A., 1995: Multi-taper spectral analysis of the Stockholm air temperature record. J. Coast. Res. Spec. Iss., 17: 39-44.
    • (1995) J. Coast. Res. Spec. Iss. , vol.17 , pp. 39-44
    • Moberg, A.1
  • 100
    • 6244231930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homogenization of Swedish temperature data. Part II
    • Moberg, A. (ed.): Temperature variations in Sweden since the 18th century
    • Moberg, A. and Alexandersson, H., 1996: Homogenization of Swedish temperature data. Part II. In: Moberg, A. (ed.): Temperature variations in Sweden since the 18th century. Dept. Physical Geogr., Stockholm Univ., Diss. Series, 5: 1-98.
    • (1996) Dept. Physical Geogr., Stockholm Univ., Diss. Series , vol.5 , pp. 1-98
    • Moberg, A.1    Alexandersson, H.2
  • 101
    • 0022842303 scopus 로고
    • La dynamique récente des combes à neige du golfe de Richmond (Québec nordique): Une analyse dendrochronologique
    • Morin, H. and Fayette, S., 1986: La dynamique récente des combes à neige du golfe de Richmond (Québec nordique): une analyse dendrochronologique. Can. J. Bot., 64 2113-2119.
    • (1986) Can. J. Bot. , vol.64 , pp. 2113-2119
    • Morin, H.1    Fayette, S.2
  • 102
    • 0029528353 scopus 로고
    • Briksdalsbreen, western Norway: Climatic effects on the terminal response of a temperate glacier between AD 1901 and 1994
    • Nesje, A., Johannessen, T. and Birks, HJ.B., 1995: Briksdalsbreen, western Norway: climatic effects on the terminal response of a temperate glacier between AD 1901 and 1994. The Holocene, 5: 343-347.
    • (1995) The Holocene , vol.5 , pp. 343-347
    • Nesje, A.1    Johannessen, T.2    Birks, H.J.B.3
  • 103
    • 0027849053 scopus 로고
    • A model of the responses of ecotones to climate change
    • Noble, I.R., 1993: A model of the responses of ecotones to climate change. Ecol. Appl, 3: 396-403.
    • (1993) Ecol. Appl , vol.3 , pp. 396-403
    • Noble, I.R.1
  • 105
    • 6244307795 scopus 로고
    • The effect of altitude on stand and site characteristics and crown snow-load damages in Kuusamo in northern Finland
    • Norokorpi, Y. and Kärkkäinen, S., 1985: The effect of altitude on stand and site characteristics and crown snow-load damages in Kuusamo in northern Finland. Folia Forest., 632: 1-26.
    • (1985) Folia Forest. , vol.632 , pp. 1-26
    • Norokorpi, Y.1    Kärkkäinen, S.2
  • 106
    • 0025585692 scopus 로고
    • Geomorphic features as indicators of climatic fluctuations in a periglacial environment, northern Sweden
    • Nyberg, R. and Lindh, L., 1990: Geomorphic features as indicators of climatic fluctuations in a periglacial environment, northern Sweden. Geogr. Ann., 72A: 203-210.
    • (1990) Geogr. Ann. , vol.72 A , pp. 203-210
    • Nyberg, R.1    Lindh, L.2
  • 107
    • 6244239297 scopus 로고
    • Afforestation experiments reflecting the treeline conditions in Southwest Greenland
    • Ødum, S., 1990: Afforestation experiments reflecting the treeline conditions in Southwest Greenland. Meddel. Grønl. Biosci., 33: 43-61.
    • (1990) Meddel. Grønl. Biosci. , vol.33 , pp. 43-61
    • Ødum, S.1
  • 109
    • 0025228142 scopus 로고
    • Climate-induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation
    • Overpeck, J.T., Rind, D. and Goldberg, R., 1990: Climate-induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation. Nature, 343: 51-53.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.343 , pp. 51-53
    • Overpeck, J.T.1    Rind, D.2    Goldberg, R.3
  • 110
    • 0028119118 scopus 로고
    • The arctic tree line as record of past and recent climatic changes
    • Payette, S. and Lavoie, C., 1994: The arctic tree line as record of past and recent climatic changes. Environ. Rev., 2: 78-90.
    • (1994) Environ. Rev. , vol.2 , pp. 78-90
    • Payette, S.1    Lavoie, C.2
  • 111
    • 0022214340 scopus 로고
    • Secular climate change in old-growth tree-line vegetation of northern Quebec
    • Payette, S., Filion, L., Gautier, L. and Boutin, Y., 1985: Secular climate change in old-growth tree-line vegetation of northern Quebec. Nature, 315: 135-138.
    • (1985) Nature , vol.315 , pp. 135-138
    • Payette, S.1    Filion, L.2    Gautier, L.3    Boutin, Y.4
  • 112
    • 0024252464 scopus 로고
    • Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedling survival above the tree-line in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland
    • Pears, N.V., 1988: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedling survival above the tree-line in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. Forestry, 61: 61-71.
    • (1988) Forestry , vol.61 , pp. 61-71
    • Pears, N.V.1
  • 113
    • 0003292095 scopus 로고
    • Desiccation or freezing? Mechanisms of winter injury to red spruce foliage
    • Perkins, T.D., Adams, G.T. and Klein, R.M., 1991: Desiccation or freezing? Mechanisms of winter injury to red spruce foliage. Am. J. Bot., 78: 1207-1217.
    • (1991) Am. J. Bot. , vol.78 , pp. 1207-1217
    • Perkins, T.D.1    Adams, G.T.2    Klein, R.M.3
  • 114
    • 0001262961 scopus 로고
    • Recent changes in the growth and establishment of subalpine conifers in western North America
    • Beniston, M. (ed.): Routledge. London
    • Peterson, D.L., 1994: Recent changes in the growth and establishment of subalpine conifers in western North America. In: Beniston, M. (ed.): Mountain environments in changing climates. Routledge. London. 234-243.
    • (1994) Mountain Environments in Changing Climates , pp. 234-243
    • Peterson, D.L.1
  • 115
    • 0027084931 scopus 로고
    • Cooling and freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean since the 1960s
    • Read, J.F. and Gould, W.J., 1992: Cooling and freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean since the 1960s. Nature, 360:55-57.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.360 , pp. 55-57
    • Read, J.F.1    Gould, W.J.2
  • 116
    • 0343888690 scopus 로고
    • Effects of wind on boreal forests
    • Alden, J. et al. (eds.): Plenurn Press. New York
    • Robertson, A., 1993: Effects of wind on boreal forests. In: Alden, J. et al. (eds.): Forest development in cold climates. Plenurn Press. New York. 205-225.
    • (1993) Forest Development in Cold Climates , pp. 205-225
    • Robertson, A.1
  • 117
    • 0028163230 scopus 로고
    • Changes in sub-alpine tree-distribution in western North America: A review of climatic and other causal factors
    • Rochefort, R.M., Little, R.L., Woodward, A. and Peterson, D.I., 1994: Changes in sub-alpine tree-distribution in western North America: a review of climatic and other causal factors. The Holocene, 4: 89-100.
    • (1994) The Holocene , vol.4 , pp. 89-100
    • Rochefort, R.M.1    Little, R.L.2    Woodward, A.3    Peterson, D.I.4
  • 118
    • 0028991426 scopus 로고
    • Ecology and climate: Research strategies and implications
    • Root, T.-L. and Schneider, S.H., 1995: Ecology and climate: research strategies and implications. Science, 269: 334-341.
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 334-341
    • Root, T.-L.1    Schneider, S.H.2
  • 119
    • 1642382690 scopus 로고
    • Wind erosion-preparation of maps showing the direction of eroding winds
    • Rudberg, S., 1968: Wind erosion-preparation of maps showing the direction of eroding winds. Biul. Peryglac., 17:181-193.
    • (1968) Biul. Peryglac. , vol.17 , pp. 181-193
    • Rudberg, S.1
  • 121
    • 0022896511 scopus 로고
    • The origin of palsas
    • Seppälä, M., 1986: The origin of palsas. Geogr. Ann., 68A: 141-147.
    • (1986) Geogr. Ann. , vol.68 A , pp. 141-147
    • Seppälä, M.1
  • 122
    • 0025665334 scopus 로고
    • Depth of snow and frost on a palsa mire, Finnish Lapland
    • _ 1990: Depth of snow and frost on a palsa mire, Finnish Lapland. Geogr. Ann., 72A: 191-201.
    • (1990) Geogr. Ann. , vol.72 A , pp. 191-201
  • 123
    • 0004726780 scopus 로고
    • Flytjord i svenska fjälltrakter
    • Sernander, R., 1905: Flytjord i svenska fjälltrakter. GFF, 232: 42-84.
    • (1905) GFF , vol.232 , pp. 42-84
    • Sernander, R.1
  • 125
    • 2642613331 scopus 로고
    • Consequences of possible climatic temperature changes for plant production and growth in alpine and sub-alpine areas in Fennoscandia
    • Holten, J. (ed.): Effects of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems
    • Skre, O., 1990: Consequences of possible climatic temperature changes for plant production and growth in alpine and sub-alpine areas in Fennoscandia. In: Holten, J. (ed.): Effects of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. NINA Notat, 4:1-82.
    • (1990) NINA Notat , vol.4 , pp. 1-82
    • Skre, O.1
  • 126
    • 6244279676 scopus 로고
    • En botanisk undersökning av Neans dalgång
    • Smith, H., 1957: En botanisk undersökning av Neans dalgång. K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Avh. Naturskydd., 16: 1-21.
    • (1957) K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Avh. Naturskydd. , vol.16 , pp. 1-21
    • Smith, H.1
  • 127
    • 0023511081 scopus 로고
    • Long-term regeneration dynamics and successional trends in a northern Swedish coniferous forest stand
    • Steijlen, I. and Zackrisson, O., 1987: Long-term regeneration dynamics and successional trends in a northern Swedish coniferous forest stand. Can. J. Bot., 65: 839-848.
    • (1987) Can. J. Bot. , vol.65 , pp. 839-848
    • Steijlen, I.1    Zackrisson, O.2
  • 128
    • 0344764952 scopus 로고
    • Using biotic interaction to forecast the consequences of global climate change
    • Sugden, A.M., 1992: Using biotic interaction to forecast the consequences of global climate change. Trends Ecol. Evol., 7: 35-36.
    • (1992) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.7 , pp. 35-36
    • Sugden, A.M.1
  • 129
    • 0000103387 scopus 로고
    • Arctic tree line in a changing climate
    • Academic Press. San Diego
    • Sveinbjörnsson, B., 1992: Arctic tree line in a changing climate. In: Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press. San Diego. 239-256.
    • (1992) Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate , pp. 239-256
    • Sveinbjörnsson, B.1
  • 130
    • 0028982563 scopus 로고
    • Recent white spruce dynamics at the subarctic treeline of north-western Canada
    • Szeicz, J.M. and MacDonald, G.M., 1995: Recent white spruce dynamics at the subarctic treeline of north-western Canada. J. Ecol., 83: 873-885.
    • (1995) J. Ecol. , vol.83 , pp. 873-885
    • Szeicz, J.M.1    MacDonald, G.M.2
  • 132
    • 0028981804 scopus 로고
    • Forest expansion and climate change in the Mountain Hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) zone. Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, U.S.A
    • Taylor, A.H., 1995: Forest expansion and climate change in the Mountain Hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) zone. Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, U.S.A. Arct. Alp. Res., 27: 207-216.
    • (1995) Arct. Alp. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 207-216
    • Taylor, A.H.1
  • 133
    • 0028862527 scopus 로고
    • Complex demodulation and the estimation of the changing continentality of Europe's climate
    • Thompson, R., 1995: Complex demodulation and the estimation of the changing continentality of Europe's climate. J. Climatol., 15: 175-185.
    • (1995) J. Climatol. , vol.15 , pp. 175-185
    • Thompson, R.1
  • 136
    • 0040030726 scopus 로고
    • Solifluction activity in the North Atlantic Arctic and Subarctic: The microstratigraphic record of changing climate during the second half of the Holocene
    • van Vliet-Lanoe, B., 1993: Solifluction activity in the North Atlantic Arctic and Subarctic: the microstratigraphic record of changing climate during the second half of the Holocene. Palaeoclimatic Research, 11: 279-294.
    • (1993) Palaeoclimatic Research , vol.11 , pp. 279-294
    • Van Vliet-Lanoe, B.1
  • 137
    • 0025585309 scopus 로고
    • Frequency of rare weather events during periods of extreme climate
    • Vedin, H., 1990: Frequency of rare weather events during periods of extreme climate. Geogr. Ann., 72A: 151-155.
    • (1990) Geogr. Ann. , vol.72 A , pp. 151-155
    • Vedin, H.1
  • 138
    • 0022836784 scopus 로고
    • Impact of present century climate fluctuations in the northern hemisphere
    • Wallén, C.C., 1986: Impact of present century climate fluctuations in the northern hemisphere. Geogr. Ann., 68A: 245-278.
    • (1986) Geogr. Ann. , vol.68 A , pp. 245-278
    • Wallén, C.C.1
  • 139
    • 0000839199 scopus 로고
    • Short-term variability of the Arctic
    • Walsh, J.E. and Chapman, W.L., 1990: Short-term variability of the Arctic. J. Climatol., 3: 237-250.
    • (1990) J. Climatol. , vol.3 , pp. 237-250
    • Walsh, J.E.1    Chapman, W.L.2
  • 140
    • 0002794480 scopus 로고
    • Causes of alpine timberline: A review of the hypotheses
    • Alden, J. et al. (eds): Plenum Press. New York
    • Wardle, P., 1993: Causes of alpine timberline: a review of the hypotheses. In: Alden, J. et al. (eds): Forest development in cold climates. Plenum Press. New York. 89-103.
    • (1993) Forest Development in Cold Climates , pp. 89-103
    • Wardle, P.1
  • 141
    • 4243052012 scopus 로고
    • An alternative explanation for widespread tree mortality in Europe and North America
    • Watt, K.E.F., 1987: An alternative explanation for widespread tree mortality in Europe and North America. Newslett. Internal. Union Soc. Forest., 25: 8-9.
    • (1987) Newslett. Internal. Union Soc. Forest. , vol.25 , pp. 8-9
    • Watt, K.E.F.1
  • 142
    • 0000456836 scopus 로고
    • Driving the ocean conveyor
    • Weaver, A.J., 1995: Driving the ocean conveyor. Nature, 378: 135-136.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.378 , pp. 135-136
    • Weaver, A.J.1
  • 143
    • 0028980506 scopus 로고
    • Spatial variation in tree seedling and Krummholz growth in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A
    • Weisberg, P.J. and Baker, W.L., 1995a: Spatial variation in tree seedling and Krummholz growth in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A. Arct. Alp. Res., 27: 116-129.
    • (1995) Arct. Alp. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 116-129
    • Weisberg, P.J.1    Baker, W.L.2
  • 144
    • 0028980346 scopus 로고
    • Spatial variation in tree regeneration in the forest-tundra ecotone, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado
    • Weisberg, G.L. and Baker, W.L., 1995b: Spatial variation in tree regeneration in the forest-tundra ecotone, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Can. J. For. Res., 25:1326-1339.
    • (1995) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.25 , pp. 1326-1339
    • Weisberg, G.L.1    Baker, W.L.2
  • 146
    • 4243065566 scopus 로고
    • Kronutglesning och andra förändringar i grankronan. Morfologisk beskrivning
    • Westman, L. and Lesinski, J.A., 1986: Kronutglesning och andra förändringar i grankronan. Morfologisk beskrivning. Naturvårdsverket Rapport, 3262: 1-96.
    • (1986) Naturvårdsverket Rapport , vol.3262 , pp. 1-96
    • Westman, L.1    Lesinski, J.A.2
  • 147
    • 0025672113 scopus 로고
    • Effects of winter injury on basal area and height growth of 30-year-old red spruce from 12 provenances growing in northern New Hampshire
    • Wilkinson, R.C., 1990: Effects of winter injury on basal area and height growth of 30-year-old red spruce from 12 provenances growing in northern New Hampshire. Can. J. For. Res., 20:1616-1622.
    • (1990) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 1616-1622
    • Wilkinson, R.C.1
  • 148
    • 0028981808 scopus 로고
    • Climate, geography, and tree establishment in subalpine meadows of the Olympic Mountains, Washington, U.S.A
    • Woodward, A., Schreiner, E.G. and Silsbee, D.G., 1995: Climate, geography, and tree establishment in subalpine meadows of the Olympic Mountains, Washington, U.S.A. Arct. Alp. Res., 27: 217-225.
    • (1995) Arct. Alp. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 217-225
    • Woodward, A.1    Schreiner, E.G.2    Silsbee, D.G.3
  • 149
    • 0028975268 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration pulses and climate-vegetation interactions in nonpyrogenic boreal Scots pine stands
    • Zackrisson, O., Nilsson, M.C., Steijlen, I. and Hörnberg, G., 1995: Regeneration pulses and climate-vegetation interactions in nonpyrogenic boreal Scots pine stands. J. Ecol., 83: 469-483.
    • (1995) J. Ecol. , vol.83 , pp. 469-483
    • Zackrisson, O.1    Nilsson, M.C.2    Steijlen, I.3    Hörnberg, G.4
  • 150
    • 0028591556 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of climatic variability and prehistoric human activities between 165 B.C. and A.D. 1400 derived from subfossil Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) found in a lake in Utsjoki, northernmost Finland
    • Zetterberg, P., Eronen, M. and Briffa, K.R., 1994: Evidence of climatic variability and prehistoric human activities between 165 B.C. and A.D. 1400 derived from subfossil Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) found in a lake in Utsjoki, northernmost Finland. Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland, 66:107-124.
    • (1994) Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland , vol.66 , pp. 107-124
    • Zetterberg, P.1    Eronen, M.2    Briffa, K.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.