Microphysical examination of excess cloud absorption in the tropical atmosphere

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 101, Issue D12, 1996, Pages 16961-16972

  Lubin, Dan ^a,b   Chen, Jen Ping ^a,c   Pilewskie, Peter ^d   Ramanathan, V ^a,b,d   Valero, Francisco P J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^d NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION; CIRRUS; CLOUD FORCING; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; CUMULONIMBUS; MODEL; RADIATIVE TRANSFER; TURRET;

EID: 0000556866     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/96JD01154     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Carrier, L. W., G. A. Cato, and K. J. von Essen, The backscattering and extinction of visible and infrared radiation by selected major cloud models, Appl Opt., 6, 1209-1216, 1967.
2. Cess, R. D., et al., Absorption of solar radiation by clouds: Observations versus models, Science, 267, 496-499, 1995.
3. Chen, J. P., and D. Lamb, Simulation of cloud microphysical and chemical processes using a multicomponent framework, I, Description of the microphysical model, J Atmos. Sci., 51, 2613-1630, 1994.
4. Frederick, J. E., and D. Lubin, The budget of biologically active ultraviolet radiation in the Earth-atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 3825-3832, 1988.
5. Hale, G. M., and M. R. Query, Optical constants of water in the 200-nm to 200-mm wavelength region, Appl. Opt., 12, 555-563, 1973.
6. Kiehl, J. T., and B. P. Briegleb, The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing, Science, 260, 311-314, 1993.
7. Knollenberg, R. G., K., Kelly, and J. C. Wilson, Measurements of high number densities of ice crystals in the tops of tropical cumulonimbus, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8639-8664, 1993.
8. Laing, A. G., and M. Fritsch, Mesoscale convective complexes over the Indian monsoon region, J. Clim., 6, 911-919, 1993.
9. Li, Z., H. W. Barker, and L. Moreau, The variable effect of clouds on atmospheric absorption of solar radiation, Nature, 376, 486-490, 1995.
10. Liou, K. N., Radiation and Cloud Processes in the Atmosphere, 487 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1992.
11. Lubin, D., The role of the tropical super greenhouse effect in heating the ocean surface, Science, 265, 224-227, 1994.
12. McFarquhar, G. M., and A. J. Heymsfield, Microphysical characteristics of three anvils sampled during the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment (CEPEX), J. Atmos. Sci., in press, 1996.
13. Nilsson, B., Meteorological influence on aerosol extinction in the 0.2-40-mm wavelength range, Appl. Opt., 18, 3457-3473, 1979.
14. Pilewskie, P., and F. P. J. Valero, Direct observation of excess solar absorption by clouds, Science, 267, 1626-1629, 1995.
15. Ramanathan, V., B. Subasilar, G. Zhang, W. Conant, R. D. Cess, J. Kiehl, H. Grassl, and L. Shi, Warm pool heat budget and shortwave cloud forcing: A missing physics?, Science, 267, 499-503, 1995.
16. Seinfeld, J. H., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution, 738 pp., John Wylie, New York, 1986.
17. Slingo, A., A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1419-1427, 1989.
18. Stamnes, K., S.-C. Tsay, W. Wiscombe, and K. Jayaweera, Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media, Appl. Opt., 27, 2502-2508, 1988.
19. Stephens, G. L., and S.-C. Tsay, On the cloud absorption anomaly, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 116, 671-704, 1990.
20. Warren, S. G., Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave, Appl. Opt., 23, 1206-1223, 1984.
21. Webster, P., and R. Lukas, TOGA COARE: The coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 1377-1416, 1992.
22. Whitby, K. T., The physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 12, 2663-2681, 1978.
23. Wiscombe, W. J., Improved Mie scattering algorithms, Appl. Opt., 19, 1505-1509, 1980.
24. Wiscombe, W. J., and J. W. Evans, Exponential sum fitting of radiative transmission functions, J. Comput. Phys., 24, 416-444, 1977.
25. Wiscombe, W. J., R. M. Welch, and W. D. Hall, The effects of very large drops on cloud absorption, I, Parcel models, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1336-1355, 1984.
26. Wisner, C., H. D. Orville, and C. Myers, A numerical model of a hail-bearing cloud, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1160-1180, 1972.