Materialization and dematerialization: Measures and trends

Daedalus

Volumn 125, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 171-198

  Wernick, Iddo K ^a   Herman, Robert ^b   Govind, Shekhar ^c   Ausubel, Jesse H ^a  

^a ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000520823     PISSN: 00115266     EISSN: 15486192     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (34)

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2. Robert Herman, Siamak A. Ardekani, and Jesse H. Ausubel, "Dematerialization," in Jesse H. Ausubel and Hedy E. Sladovich, eds., Technology and Environment (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989), 50-69.
3. Robert A. Frosch, "Industrial Ecology: A Philosophical Introduction," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 89 (3) (1992): 800-803.
4. H. E. Goeller and A. M. Weinberg, "The Age of Substitutability: What Do We Do When the Mercury Runs Out?" Science 191 (1976): 683-689.
5. 3 is considerably smaller than their figure of 4.53 percent. We note that this disparity in results does not alter the conclusions drawn from the table, as it hardly affects the dominant position of the hydrocarbons, and the environmental effects of these two minerals are essentially equivalent and benign.
6. Nebojša Nakićenović, "Freeing Energy from Carbon," Dædalus 125 (3) (Summer 1996).
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8. D. G. Rogich et al., "Materials Use, Economic Growth, and the Environment," International Recycling Congress and REC'93 Trade Fair 1993). Ibid.
9. Iddo K. Wernick and Jesse H. Ausubel, "National Materials Flows and the Environment," Annual Review of Energy and Environment 20 (1995): 463-492.
10. See also M. Ross, E. D. Larson, and R. H. Williams, Energy Demand and Material Flows in the Economy, PUCEE Report No. 193 (New Jersey: Princeton University Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, 1985).
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12. Modern Plastics 37 (5) (1960); and personal communication from Joel Broyhill, data on the US production of plastics resin, statistics department, Society of the Plastics Industry, Washington, D.C., 20 August 1993.
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15. US Bureau of Mines, The New Materials Society: Volume I-III.
16. Iddo K. Wernick, "Dematerialization and Secondary Materials Recovery: A Long-Run Perspective," Journal of the Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society 46 (4) (1994): 39-42.
17. D. T. Allen and N. Behmanesh, "Wastes as Raw Materials," in Braden R. Allenby and Deanna J. Richards, eds., The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994), 69-89.
18. Robert A. Frosch and N. E. Gallopoulos, "Strategies for Manufacturing," Scientific American 260 (1989): 144-152.
19. See Lee Schipper, "Life-Styles and the Environment: The Case of Energy," Dædalus 125 (3) (Summer 1996).
20. Personal communication from George Bennett, statistics department, Household Goods Carriers Bureau, Alexandria, Va., 14 October 1993.
21. Personal communication from Lynn Dornblaser, statistics department, New Product News, Chicago, Ill., 8 June 1994.
22. US Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1975).
23. William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish (New York: Harper Collins, 1992);
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25. As discussed by Robert A. Frosch, "Toward the End of Waste: Reflections on a New Ecology of Industry," Dædalus 125 (3) (Summer 1996).
26. D. Jin, Optimal Strategies for Waste Management: The Ocean Option (Woods Hole, Mass.: Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1993).
27. D. T. Allen and R. K. Jain, eds., Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials 9 (1) (1992): 1-111 (a special issue on national hazardous-waste databases).
28. INFORM, Toxics Watch (New York: INFORM, 1995).
29. US Environmental Protection Agency, Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1992 Update, Final Report, EPA Report No. 530-R-92-019 (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1992);
30. and US Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1995, 115th ed. (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1995).
31. Bette K. Fishbein, Germany, Garbage, and the Green Dot (New York: INFORM, 1994).
32. O. Bernardini and R. Galli, "Dematerialization: Long-Term Trends in the Intensity of Use of Materials and Energy," Futures (May 1993): 431-448.
33. J. C. Fisher and R. H. Pry, "A Simple Model of Technological Change," Technological Forecasting and Social Change 3 (1971): 75-88.
34. L. J. Sousa, Towards a New Materials Paradigm (Washington, D.C.: US Bureau of Mines, 1992).