Public research and industrial innovations in Germany

Research Policy

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 397-422

  Beise, Marian ^a,b   Stahl, Harald ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC RESEARCH ZEW   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KARLSRUHE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Academic research; Industrial innovation; Knowledge spillovers; O32; O38; Technology transfer

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000328124     PISSN: 00487333     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-7333(98)00126-7     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Abramson, H.N., Encarnação, J., Reid, P.P., Schmoch, U., 1997. Technology transfer systems in the United States and Germany: lessons and perspectives. National Academy, Washington, DC.
2. Acs, Z., Audretsch, D., 1990. Innovation and Small Firms. MIT, Cambridge, MA.
3. Acs Z., Audretsch D., Feldman M. Real effects of academic research: comment. American Economic Review. 82:1992;363-367.
4. Adams J.D. Fundamental stocks of knowledge and productivity growth. Journal of Political Economy. 98:1990;673-702.
5. Anselin L., Varga A., Acs Z. Local geographic spillovers between university research and high technology innovations. Journal of Urban Economics. 42:1997;422-448.
6. Arrow, K.J., 1962. Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. In: Nelson, R. (Ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors. Princeton Univ., Princeton, pp. 609-625.
7. Audretsch D., Stephan P. Company-scientist locational links: the case of biotechnology. American Economic Review. 86:1996;641-652.
8. Bania N., Eberts R., Fogarty M.S. Universities and startup of new companies: can we generalize from Route 128 and Silicon Valley? The Review of Economics and Statistics. 75:1993;761-766.
9. Beise, M., Spielkamp, A., 1996. Technologietransfer von Hochschulen: ein Insider-Outsider Effekt. ZEW-Discussion Paper No. 96-10, Mannheim.
10. Berman E.M. The economic impact of industry-funded university R&D. Research Policy. 19:1990;97-114.
11. Bloedon R.V., Stokes D.R. Making university/industry collaboration research succeed. Research Technology Management. 24:1994;373-386.
12. BMBF (German Ministry for Education, Science, Research and Technology), 1996. Bundesbericht Forschung 1996, Bonn.
13. BMBF (German Ministry for Education, Science, Research and Technology), 1998. Germany's Technological Performance: Updated and Expanded Report, Bonn.
14. Brooks H. The relationship between science and technology. Research Policy. 23:1994;477-486.
15. Brooks, H., 1996. The evolution of US science policy. In: Smith, B.L.R., Barfield, C.E. (Eds.), Technology, R&D, and the Economy. Brookings Institution, WA, pp. 15-40.
16. Cahan, D., 1989. An Institute for an Empire: the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, 1871-1918. Cambridge Univ., Cambridge.
17. Camagni, R. (Ed.), 1991. Innovation Networks: Spatial Perspectives. Belhaven, London.
18. Castells, M., Hall, P., 1994. Technopols of the World - The Making of Twenty-first century Industrial Complexes. Routledge, London.
19. Cohen W., Levinthal D. Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation. Administration Science Quarterly. 35:1990;128-152.
20. Dasgupta P., David P.A. Towards a new economics of science. Research Policy. 23(5):1994;487-521.
21. Foray, D., Mairesse, J., 1997. Sur le financement public de la recherche de base: la voix de l'économie de la recherche. Mimeo.
22. Fromhold-Eisebith, M., 1992. Meßbarkeit und Messung des regionalen Wissens- und Technologietransfers aus Hochschulen. In: NIW (Ed.), Erfolgskontrollen in der Technologiepolitik. NIW-Workshop 1992, Hannover, pp. 117-136.
23. Gemuenden, H.G., Walter, A., 1997. The relationship promoter-initiator, motivator and co-ordinator for interorganisations innovation co-operation. In: Gemuenden, H.G., Ritter, T., Walter, A. (Eds.), Relationships and Networks in International Markets. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 180-197.
24. Gibons M., Johnston R. The role of science in technological innovation. Research Policy. 3:1974;220-242.
25. Granovetter M. Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology. 91(3):1985;481-510.
26. Grotz R., Braun B. Territorial or trans-territorial networking: spatial aspects of technology-oriented cooperation within the German mechanical engineering industry. Regional Studies. 31:1997;545-557.
27. Harhoff D. Are there financing constraints for R&D and investment in German manufacturing firms? Annales d'Économie et de Statistique. 49-50:1998;421-456.
28. Harhoff, D. et al., 1996. Innovationsaktivitaeten kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen: ergebnisse des mannheimer innovationspanels. Schriftenreihe des ZEW, No. 8, Nomos, Baden-Baden.
29. Hauff, V., Scharf, F.W., 1975. Modernisierung der volkswirtschaft: technologiepolitik als strukturpolitik. Europaeische Verlagsanstalt, Frankfurt.
30. Hetmeier H.-W. Methodik der Berechnung der Ausgaben und des Personals der Hochschulen fuer Forschung und Experimentelle Entwicklung ab dem Berichtsjahr 1995. Wirtschaft und Statistik. 2:1998;153-163.
31. Hohn, H.-W., 1989. Forschungspolitik als Ordnungspolitik: das Modell Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft und seine Genese im Forschungssystem der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. MPIG Discussion Paper 89/8, Koeln.
32. Jaffe A. Real effects of academic research. American Economic Review. 79:1989;957-970.
33. Jaffe A., Trajtenberg M., Henderson R. Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 108:1993;577-598.
34. Jensen, R., Thursby, M., 1998. Proofs and prototypes for sale: the tale of university licensing. NBER Working Paper No. 6698, Washington, DC.
35. Johnson, J.A., 1990. The Kaiser's chemists: science and modernization in imperial Germany. Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
36. Jones, Ch.I., Williams, J.C., 1997. Measuring the social return to R&D. Stanford University Working paper, forthcoming in Quarterly Journal of Economics.
37. Katz J.S. Geographical proximity and scientific collaboration. Scientometrics. 31(1):1994;31-43.
38. Kealey T. Why science is endogenous: a debate with Paul David (and Ben Martin, Paul Romer, Chris Freeman, Luc Soete and Keith Pavitt). Research Policy. 26(7-8):1998;897-923.
39. Keck O. West German science policy science the early 1960s: trends and objectives. Research Policy. 5:1976;116-157.
40. Keck O. Government policy and technical choice in the German reactor program. Research Policy. 9:1980;302-356.
41. Keck, O., 1993. The national system for technical innovations in Germany. In: Nelson, R., (Ed.), National Innovation Systems. Oxford Univ., Oxford, pp. 115-157.
42. Kline, S.J., Rosenberg, N., 1986. An overview of innovation. In: Landau, R., Rosenberg, N. (Eds.), The Positive Sum Strategy. National Academy, WA, pp. 275-305.
43. Koenig H., Licht G. Patents, R&D and innovation. Ifo Studien. 41:1995;521-543.
44. Leyden D.P., Link A.N. Why are governmental R&D and private R&D complements? Applied Economics. 23:1991;1673-1681.
45. Leyden, D.P., Link, A.N., 1991b. Government's Role in Innovation. Kluwer. Dordrecht et al.
46. Licht G., Nerlinger E. New technology-based firms in Germany: a survey of recent evidence. Research Policy. 26(9):1998;1005-1022.
47. Lundvall, B.-A., 1988. Innovation as an interactive process: from user-producer interaction to the national system of innovation. In: Dosi, G. et al. (Eds.), Technical Change and Economic Theory. Pinter, London, pp. 349-369.
48. Mansfield E. Academic research and industrial innovation. Research Policy. 20:1991;1-12.
49. Mansfield E. Academic research underlying industrial innovations: sources, characteristics, and financing. Review of Economics and Statistics. 77:1995;55-65.
50. Mansfield E., Lee J.-Y. The modern university: contributor to industrial innovation and recipient of industrial R&D support. Research Policy. 25:1996;1047-1058.
51. Martin, B., Salter, A., 1996. The relationship between publicly funded basic research and economic performance, a Spru review. Report prepared for HM Treasury, University of Sussex, Brighton.
52. Mayntz, R., 1991. Scientific research and political intervention: the structural development of publicly financed research in the Federal Republic of Germany. In: Orsi Battaglini, A., Roversi Monanco, F. (Eds.), The University Within the Research System - An International Comparison. Nomos, Baden-Baden, pp. 45-60.
53. McDonough E., Kahn K.B. Using 'hard' and 'soft' technologies for global new product development. R&D Management. 26(3):1996;241-253.
54. Meyer-Krahmer F. Innovation behaviour and regional indigenous potential. Regional Studies. 19(6):1985;523-534.
55. Nadiri, M.I., 1993. Innovations and technological spillovers. NBER Working Paper No. 4423, Cambridge, MA.
56. Narin F., Hamilton K.S., Olivastro D. The increasing linkages between US technology and public science. Research Policy. 26:1997;317-330.
57. Nelson R. Institutions supporting technical advance in industry. American Economic Review. 76:1986;186-189.
58. Nohria, N., Eccles, R.G., 1992. Face-to-face: making network organization work. In: Nohria, N., Eccles, R.G. (Eds.), Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action. Harvard Univ., Boston, MA, pp. 288-308.
59. OECD, 1996. Proposed guidelines for collecting and interpreting technological innovation data: Oslo-Manual, 1. Rev., Paris.
60. OECD, 1997. Main Science and Technology Indicators. Paris.
61. Ritter, G.A., 1992. Großforschung und Staat in Deutschland: Ein historischer Ueberblick. C.H. Beck, Muenchen.
62. Rosenberg N., Nelson R. American universities and technical advance in industry. Research Policy. 23:1994;323-348.
63. Saxenian, A., 1994. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA.
64. Schimank U. Technology policy and technology transfer from state financed research institutions to the economy: some German experiences. Science and Public Policy. 17(4):1990;219-228.
65. Shapley, D., Roy, R., 1985. Lost at the Frontier: US Science and Technology Policy Adrift. ISI, Philadelphia.
66. Stephan P. The economics of science. Journal of Economic Literature. 34:1996;1199-1235.
67. Sternberg R. Regionale Spezialisierung und raeumliche Konzentration FuE-intensiver Wirtschaftszweige in den Kreisen Westdeutschlands - Indizien fuer Industriedistrikte? Berichte zur deutschen Landeskunde. 70:1996;133-155.
68. Sternberg, R., 1997. Intraregional versus interregional linkages between R&D institutions and innovative SMEs - empirical results from recent surveys in German regions. Paper presented to the European Network on 'Networks, Collective Learning and RTD in Regionally Clustered High-Technology SMEs', Munich, February 28th-March 1st.
69. Stokes, D.E., 1997. Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation. Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.
70. Trischler, H., 1990. Planungseuphorie und Forschungssteuerung in den 1960er Jahren in der Luft- und Raumfahrtforschung. pp. 117-139.
71. Wiegand, J., 1990. Die Gruendung der GMD - Mathematik oder Datenverarbeitung? In: Szoelloesi-Janze, M., Trischler, H. (Eds.), 1990. Großforschung in Deutschland: Beitraege zur Geschichte eines Forschungstyps. Campus, Frankfurt, New York. pp. 78-96.
72. Wissenschaftsrat, 1993. Drittmittel der Hochschulen 1970 bis 1990. Koeln.