Molecular materials for electronic and optical applications

Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 209-215

  Roth, Siegmar ^a   Burghard, Marko ^a   Leising, Günther ^b  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR FESTKÖRPERFORSCHUNG   (Germany)

^b GRAZ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Austria)

Author keywords

OLED organic light emitting diode; PLED polymer light emitting diode

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000167518     PISSN: 13590286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1359-0286(98)80091-0     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Feynman RP. Engineering and Science. 1960;. The Caltech Alumni Magazine.
2. Aviram A, Ratner MA. Molecular rectifiers. Chem Phys Lett. 29:1974;277-283.
3. Nalwa HS. Nalwa HS. Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers. 1997;John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
4. Jortner J, Ratner M. Molecular Electronics. 1977;Blackwell Science, Oxford, This book provides a very useful overview including experimental and theorretical aspects of electrical charge transport, molecular self-assembly, nanoparticles and optical applications.
5. Joachim C, Roth S. Atomic and Molecular Wires. 1997;Kluwer, Dordrecht, Collection of articles dealing with the formation and STM investigation of atomic wires on single crystal surfaces, as well as experimental results and theoretical models of charge transport through molecules.
6. Aviram A, Joachim C, Pomerantz M. Evidence of switching and rectification by a single molecule effected with scanning tunnelling microscope. Chem Phys Lett. 146:1988;490-495.
7. Fischer CM, Burghard M, Roth S, von Klitzing K. Organic quantum wells: molecular rectification and single-electron tunnelling. Europhys Lett. 28:1994;129-134.
8. Roth S, Blumentritt M, Burghard M, Fischer CM, Philipp G, Mueller Schwanneke C. Charge transport in LB microsandwiches. Synth Met. 86:1997;2415-2418 This article presents current/voltage characteristics measured on different types of electrically contacted Langmuir - Blodgett films, the emphasis being on the observation of pronounced Coulomb blockade interaction.
9. Metzger RM. Unimolecular electrical rectification in hexadecylquinolinium tricyanoquinodimethan. J Am Chem Soc. 119:1997;10455-10466 Convincing macroscopic measurements and STM results on Langmuir - Blodgett layers of a donor/acceptor substituted molecule are presented together with a summary of the basic ideas behind the concept of the unimolecular rectifier.
10. Reed MA, Zhou C, Muller CJ, Burgin TP, Tour JM. Conductance of a molecular junction. Science. 278:1997;252-254 A benzene ring was attached via thiol groups to the ends of two gold electrodes in a mechanical break junction configuration. The current/voltage characteristics reproducibly displayed a gap which was tentatively attributed to Coulomb charging.
11. Zhou C, Deshpande MR, Reed MA, Jones L II, Tour JM. Nanoscale metal/self-assembled monolayer/metal heterostructures. Appl Phys Lett. 71:1997;611-613 The authors assume that one domain of a self-assembled monolayer on a thiol-substituted biphenyl derivative is electrically contacted through a nanoscale hole: asymmetric current/voltage characteristics are observed due to a structural asymmetry.
12. Porath D, Millo O. Single electron tunnelling and level spectroscopy of isolated C-60 molecules. J Appl Phys. 81:1997;2241-2244 Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS) was performed on C-60 molecules in different regimes emphasising Coulomb charging or spectroscopy of the HOMO/LUMO level.
13. Soldatov ES, Khanin VV, Trifanov AS, Gubin SP, Kolesov VV, Presnov DE, Iakovenko SA, Khomutov GB, Korotkov AN. Room temperature molecular single-electron transistor. JETP Lett. 64:1996;556-560.
14. Bumm LA, Arnold JJ, Cygan MT, Dunbar DT, Burgin TP, Jones L, Allara DL, Tour LM, Weiss PS. Are single molecular wires conducting? Science. 271:1996;1705-1707 STM approach to determine the conductivity of a π-conjugated molecule embedded in a self-assembled monolayer consisting of a σ-saturated thiol.
15. Mujica V, Kemp M, Roitberg A, Ratner M. Current-voltage characteristics of molecular wires: eigenvalue staircase, coulomb blockade, and rectification. J Chem Phys. 104:1996;7296-7305 This is a promising theoretical approach to the conductance of individual molecules on the basis of a Hubbard model. It will be particularly interesting to compare experimental results with the predictions of a consistent treatment.
16. Dekker C, Tans SJ, Oberndorff B, Meyer R, Venema LC. STM imaging and spectroscopy of single phthalocyanine molecules. Synth Met. 84:1997;853-854 This STS (scanning tunnelling spectroscopy) study revealed a pronounced peak in the differential current/voltage characteristics interpreted in terms of (resonant) tunnelling through the HOMO of the phthalocyanine molecule.
17. Tao NJ. Probing potential-tuned resonant tunnelling through redox molecules with scanning tunnelling microscopy. Phys Rev Lett. 76:1996;4066-4069 Important STS (scanning tunnelling spectroscopy) study demonstrating a correlation between tunnelling onset and the energetic position of the LUMO of a molecule, the latter being deduced from the molecular redox behaviour.
18. Mazur U, Hipps KW. Resonant tunnelling bands and electrochemical reduction potentials. J Phys Chem. 99:1995;6684-6688.
19. Crommie MF, Lutz CP, Eigler DM. Confinement of electrons to quantum corrals on a metal surface. Science. 262:1993;218-220.
20. Cuberes MT, Schlittler RR, Gymzewski JK. Room-temperature repositioning of individual C60 molecules at Cu steps: operation of a molecular counting device. Appl Phys Lett. 69:1996;3016-3018.
21. Beton PH, Dunn AW, Moriarty P. Room temperature manipulation of C-60 molecules on a Si surface. Surf Sci. 361/362:1996;878-881.
22. Curran S, Roth S, Kinlen P, Raman S, Carroll DL, Redlich P, Rühle M, Ajayan PM. Boron-doped nanotubes. Density of states from tunnelling spectroscopy. Fink J, Kuzmany H, Mehring M, Roth S. Molecular Nanostructures. 1997;423-426 World Scientific, Singapore.
23. Ebbesen TW. Carbon nanotubes. 1997;CRC Press, Boca Raton.
24. Endo M, Ijima S, Dresselhaus MS. Carbon Nanotubes. 1997;Pergamon Press, Oxford.
25. Ajayan PM, Ebbesen TW. Nanometer-size tubes of carbon. Rep Prog Phys. 60:1997;1025-1062 A detailed review of the structural, mechanical and electrical properties of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
26. Lambin Ph, Fonesca A, Vigneron JP, Nagy JB, Lucas AA. Structural and electronic properties of bent carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett. 245:1995;85-89.
27. Chico L, Benedict LX, Louie SG, Cohen ML. Quantum conductance of carbon nanotubes with defects. Phys Rev B. 54:1996;2600-2606.
28. Saito S. Carbon nanotubes for next generation electronic devices. Science. 278:1997;77-78.
29. Rivera W, Perez JM, Ruoff RS, Lorents DC, Malhorta R, Lim S, Rho YG, Jacobs EG, Pinizzotto RF. Scanning tunnelling microscopy current-voltage characteristics of carbon nanotubes. J Vac Sci Technol B. 13:1995;327-330.
30. Seshadri R, Aiyer HN, Govindaraj A, Rao CNR. Electron transport properties of carbon nanotubes. Solid State Commun. 91:1994;195-199.
31. Olk CH, Heremans JP. Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes. J Mater Res. 9:1994;259-262.
32. Carroll DL, Redlich P, Ajayan PM, Charlier JC, Blase X, De Vita A, Car R. Electronic structure and localized states at carbon nanotube tips. Phys Rev Lett. 78:1997;2811-2814 This is an important contribution to the investigation of the electronic structure at different positions of a carbon nanotube.
33. Carroll DL, Kinlen P, Raman S, Redlich Ph, Ruehle M, Blase X, Charlier J-C, Curran S, Roth S, Ajayan PM. Boron-doped nanotubes. Density of states from tunnelling spectroscopy. Fink J, Kuzmany H, Mehring M, Roth S. Molecular Nanostructures. 1997;477-481 World Scientific, Singapore, First STS (scanning tunnelling spectroscopy) study addressing the change in the electronic structure of carbon nanotubes upon doping.
34. Tans SJ, Devoret MH, Dai H, Thess A, Smalley RE, Geerlings LJ, Dekker C. Individual single-wall carbon nanotubes as quantum wires. Nature. 386:1997;474-477 This is the first study of electrical transport through an individual single-wall carbon nanotube. Experimental evidence is provided that the tube is characterised by an electronic state extending over about 150 nm, which is the electrode distance.
35. Bockrath M, Cobden DH, McEuen PL, Chopra NG, Zettl A, Thess A, Smalley RE. Single-electron transport in ropes of carbon nanotubes. Science. 275:1997;1922-1925 Another important study on the electrical properties of single wall carbon nanotubes. This study reveals the importance of Coulomb charging effects, which are observable due to the relatively large resistance of the electrode/tube contact.
36. de Heer WA, Chatelain A, Ugate D. A carbon nanotube field-emission electron source. Science. 270:1995;1179-1180.
37. Rinzler AG, Hafner JH, Nikolaev P, Lou L, Kim SG, Tomanek D, Nordlander P, Colbert DT, Smalley RE. Unraveling nanotubes: field emission from atomic wire. Science. 269:1995;1550-1553.
38. Tang CW, VanSlyke SA. Organic electroluminescent diodes. Appl Phys Lett. 51:1987;913-915.
39. Adachi C, Tokito S, Tsutsui T, Saito S. Electroluminescence in organic films with three-layer structure. Jpn J Appl Phys. 27:1988;L269-L271.
40. Burroughes JH, Bradley DDC, Brown AR, Marks RN, Mackay K, Friend RH, Burns PL, Holmes B. Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers. Nature. 347:1990;539-541.
41. Braun D, Heeger AJ. Visible light emission from semiconducting polymer diodes. Appl Phys Lett. 58:1991;1982-1984.
42. Grem G, Leditzky G, Ullrich B, Leising G. Realization of a blue-light emitting device using poly(p-phenylene). Adv Mater. 4:1992;36-37.
43. Berggren M, Granström M, Inganäs O, Andersson M. Ultraviolet electroluminescence from an organic light-emitting diode. Adv Mater. 7:1995;900-903.
44. Leising G. Large-area light-emitting diodes made of polymers? Phys Bl. 49:1993;510-512.
45. Leising G, Tasch S, Graupner W. Skotheim TA, Elsenbaumer RL, Reynolds JR. 2nd Edn Handbook of Conducting Polymers. 1997;Marcel Dekker, New York.
46. Tasch S, Brandstätter C, Meghdadi F, Leising G, Froyer G, Athouel L. Red-green-blue light emission from a thin-film electroluminescence device based on paraheaxaphenyl. Adv Mater. 9:1997;33-36.
47. Matsura M, Tokailin H, Eida M, Hosokawa C, Hironaka Y, Kusumoto T. Proc Asia Display '95. 1995;269.
48. Kido J, Kaimura M, Nagai K. Multilayer white light-emitting organic electroluminescent device. Science. 267:1995;1332-1334.
49. Jordan RH, Dodabalapur A, Strukelj M, Miller TM. White organic electroluminescent devices. Appl Phys Lett. 68:1996;1192-1194.
50. Berggren M, Iganas O, Gustafsson G, Rasmusson J, Andersson MR, Hjertberg T, Wennerstrom O. Light-emitting diodes with variable colors from polymer blends. Nature. 372:1994;444-446.
51. Tasch S, List EJW, Ekström O, Graupner W, Leising G, Schlichting P, Rohr U, Geerts Y, Scherf U, Müllen K. Efficient white light-emitting diodes realized with new processable blends of conjugated polymers. Appl Phys Lett. 71:1997;2883-2885 A new promising technique towards efficient white organic LEDs in a blend of conjugated polymers is presented.
52. Tessler N, Denton GJ, Friend RH. Lasing from conjugated-polymer microcavities. Nature. 382:1996;695-697.
53. Gelinck GH, Warman JW, Remmers M, Neher D. Narrow-band emissions from conjugated-polymer films. Chem Phys Lett. 265:1997;320-326.
54. Hide F, Diaz-Garcia MA, Schwartz BJ, Andersson MR, Pei Q, Heeger AJ. Semiconducting polymers: a new class of solid-state laser materials. Science. 273:1996;1833-1836 This demonstration of gain narrowing in optically pumped thin films provides access to organic lasers with small active areas and low duty cycles.
55. Zenz C, Graupner W, Tasch S, Leising G, Müllen K, Scherf U. Blue green stimulated emission from a high gain conjugated polymer. Appl Phys Lett. 71:1997;2566-2568.
56. Brouwer HJ, Krasnikov VV, Hilberer A, Hadziioannou G. Blue superradiance from neat semiconducting alternating polymer films. Adv Mater. 8:1996;935-937.
57. Hide F, Schwartz BJ, Diaz-Garcia MA, Heeger AJ. Laser emission from solutions and films containing semiconducting polymer and titanium dioxide nanocrystals. Chem Phys Lett. 256:1996;424-430.