Does phenylethylamine act as an endogenous amphetamine in some patients?

International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 229-240

  Janssen, Paul A J ^a   Leysen, Josée E ^a   Megens, Anton A H P ^a   Awouters, Frans H L ^a  

^a JANSSEN RESEARCH FOUNDATION   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Amphetamine; Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase; Dopamine; Phenylethylamine; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000109770     PISSN: 14611457     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1461145799001522     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Aosaki T, Graybiel AM, Kimura M (1994). Effect of the nigrostriatal dopamine systems on acquired neural responses in the striatum of behaving monkeys. Science 265, 412-415.
2. Baker GB, Bomstein RA, Rouget AC, Ashton SE, Van Muyden JC, Coutts RT (1991). Phenylethylaminergic mechanisms in attention-deficit disorder. Biological Psychiatry 29, 15-22.
3. Barroso N, Rodriguez M (1996). Action of β-phenylethylamine and related amines on nigrostrial dopamine neurotransmission. European Journal of Pharmacology 297, 195-203.
4. Beckmann H, Lauer M (1997). The human striatum in schizophrenia. II. Increased number of striatal neurons in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 68, 99-109.
5. Berry MD, Juorio AV, Li X-M, Boulton AA (1996). Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase: a neglected and misunderstood enzyme. Neurochemistiy Research 21, 1075-1087.
6. Bleuler E (1950). Dementia praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. Leipzig: Frans Deuticke (original) [English translation].
7. Borison RL, Havdala HS, Diamond BI (1977). Chronic phenylethylamine stereotypy in rats: a new animal model of schizohrenia? Life Sciences 21, 117-122.
8. Borison RL, Mosnaim AD, Sabelli HC (1975). Brain 2-phenylethylamine as a major mediator for the central actions of amphetamine and methylphenidate. Life Sciences 17, 1331-1344.
9. Breier A, Su T-P, Saunders R, Carson RE, Kalochana BS, De Bartolomeis A., Weinberger DR, Weisenfield N, Malhotra AK, Eckelman WC, Pickar D (1997). Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations: evidence from a novel position emission tomography method. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94, 2569-2574.
10. Buckland PR, Marshall R, Watkins P, McGuffin P (1997). Does phenylethylamine have a role in schizophrenia? LSD and PCP up-regulate aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in RNA levels. Molecular Brain Research 49, 266-270.
11. Calabresi P, De Murtas M, Bernardi G (1997). The neostriatum beyond the motor function: experimental and clinical evidence. Neuroscience 78, 39-60.
12. Chuang L-W, Karoum F, Perlow MJ (1981). A study on the acute effects of amphetamine on the urinary excretion of biogenic amines and metabolites in monkeys. British Journal of Pharmacology 74, 571-577.
13. Clausing P, Gough B, Holson RR, Slikker W Jr, Bowyer JF (1995). Amphetamine levels in brain microdialysate, caudate/putamen, substantia nigra and plasma after dosage that produces either behavioral or neurotoxic effects. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 274, 614-621.
14. Connell PH (1958). Amphetamine Psychosis. Maudsley Monographs No. 5. London: Oxford University Press.
15. Crow TJ (1976). Specific monoamine systems as reward pathways: evidence for the hypothesis that activation of the ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neurones and noradrenergic neurones of the locus coeruleus complex will support self-stimulation responding. In: Wauquier A, Rolls ET (Eds.), Brain-Stimulation Reward (pp. 211-237). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. Co.
16. Dao-Castellana M-H, Paillère-Martinot M-L, Hantraye P, Attar-Lévy D, Rémy P, Crouzel C, Artiges E, Féline A, Syrota A, Martinot J-L (1997). Presynaptic dopaminergic function in the striatum of schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research 23, 167-174.
17. Davis BA, Boulton AA (1994). The trace amines and their acidic metabolites in depression - an overview. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 18, 17-45.
18. Davis BA, Shrikhande S, Paralikar VP, Hirsch SR, Durden DA, Boulton AA (1991). Phenylacetic acid in CSF and serum in Indian schizophrenic patients. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 15, 41-47.
19. Deller T, Sarter M (1998). Effects of repeated administration of amphetamine on behavioral vigilance: evidence for 'sensitized' attentional impairments. Psychopharmacology 137, 410-414.
20. Diamond A (1994). Phenylalanine levels of 6-10 mg/dl may not as benign as once thought. Acta Paediatrica Supplement 407, 89-91.
21. Durden DA, Boulton AA (1982). Identification and distribution of phenylacetic acid in brain of the rat. Journal of Neurochemistry 38, 1532-1536.
22. Eisensmith RC, Martinez DR, Kuzmin AI, Goltsov AA, Brown A, Singh R, Elsas LJ, Woo SLC (1996). Molecular basis of phenylketonuria and a correlation between genotype and phenotype in a heterogeneous southeastern U.S. population. Pediatrics 97, 512-516.
23. Ellinwood EH, Sudilowsky A, Nelson LM (1973). Evolving behaviour in the clinical and experimental amphetamine (model) psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 130, 1088-1093.
24. Faull KF, King RJ, Barchas JD, Csernansky JG (1989). CSF phenylacetic acid and hostility in paranoid schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 30, 111-118.
25. Gattaz WF, Gasser T, Beckmann H (1985). Multidimensional analysis of the concentrations of 17 substances in the CSF of schizophrenics and controls. Biological Psychiatry 20, 360-366.
26. Gianutsos G, Chute S (1986). Pharmacological changes induced by repeated exposure to phenylethylamine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 25, 129-134.
27. Giros B, Jaber M, Jones SR, Wightman RM, Caron MG (1996). Hyper-locomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Nature 379, 606-612.
28. Grace AA (1995). The tonic/phasic model of dopamine system regulation: its relevance for understanding how stimulant abuse can alter basal ganglia function. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 37, 111-129.
29. Grenhoff J, Nisell M, Ferré S, Aston-Jones G, Svensson TH (1993). Noradrenergic modulation of midbrain dopamine cell firing elicited by stimulation of the locus cceruleus in the rat. Journal of Neural Transmission: General Section 93, 11-25.
30. Gresch PJ, Sved AF, Zigmond MJ, Finlay JM (1995). Local influence of endogenous norepinephrine on extracellular dopamine in rat medial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neurochemistry 65, 111-116.
31. Griffith JD, Cavanaugh J, Held J, Oates J (1972). Dextroamphetamine. Evaluation of psychomimetic properties in man. Archives of General Psychiatry 26, 97-100.
32. Guldberg P, Guttler F (1994). Mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene: methods for their characterization. Acta Paediatrica Supplement 407, 27-33.
33. Güttler F, Lou H (1986). Dietary problems of phenylketonuria: effect on CNS transmitters and their possible role in behaviour and neuropsychological function. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 9 (2), 169-177.
34. Hokama H, Shenton ME, Nestor PG, Kikinis R, Levitt JJ, Metcalf D, Wible CG, O'Donell BF, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW (1995). Caudate, putamen and globus pallidus volume in schizophrenia: a quantitative MRI study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 61, 209-229.
35. Horn AS (1973). Structure activity relations for the inhibition of catecholamine uptake in synaptosomes from noradrenaline and dopaminergic neurones in rat brain homogenates. British Journal of Pharmacology 47, 332-338.
36. Houk JC (1995). Information processing in modular circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. In: Houk JC, Davis JL, Beisre DG (Eds.), Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia (pp. 3-9). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
37. Jackson DM (1975). β-Phenylethylamine and locomotor activity in mice. Interaction with catecholaminergic neurones and receptors. Arzneimittel-Forschung 25, 622-626.
38. Janssen PAJ, Awouters FHL (1994). Is it possible to predict the clinical effects of neuroleptics from animal data? Part V. From haloperidol and pipamperone to risperidone. Arzneimittel-Forschung 44, 269-277.
39. Janssen PAJ, Niemegeers CJE, Schellekens KHL (1965). Is it possible to predict the clinical effects of neuroleptics (major tranquillizers) from animal data? Part I 'Neuroleptic activity spectra' for rats. Arzneimittel-Forschung 15, 104-117.
40. Jones RSG, Boulton AA (1980). Interactions between p-tyramine, m-tyramine, or β-phenylethylamine and dopamine on single neurones in the cortex and caudate nucleus of the rat. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 58, 222-227.
41. Karoum F, Linnoila M, Potter WZ, Chuang LW, Goodwin FK, Wyatt RJ (1982). Fluctuating high urinary phenylethylamine excretion rates in some bipolar affective disorder patients. Psychiatry Research 6, 215-222.
42. Kawagoe KT, Garris PA, Wiedemann DJ, Wightman RM (1992). Regulation of transient dopamine concentration gradients in the microenvironment surrounding nerve terminals in the rat striatum. Neuroscience 51, 55-64.
43. Krause W, Halminski M, McDonald L, Dembure P, Salvo R, Freides D, Elsas L (1985). Biochemical and neuropsychological effects of elevated plasma phenylalanine in patients with treated phenylketonuria. Journal of Clinical Investigation 75, 40-48.
44. Kuczenski R, Melega WP, Cho AK, Segal DS (1997). Extracellular dopamine and amphetamine after systemic amphetamine administration: comparison to the behavioral response. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 282, 591-596.
45. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Van Dyck CH, Gil R, D'Souza CD, Erdos J, McCance E, Rosenblatt W, Fingado C, Zoghbi SS, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JB, Krystal JH, Charney DS, Innis RB (1996). Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93, 9235-9240.
46. Lenders JWM, Eisenhofer G, Abeling NGGM, Berger W, Murphy DL, Konings CH, Bleeker Wagemakers LM, Kopin IJ, Karoum F, Van Gennip AH, Brunner HG (1996). Specific genetic deficiencies of the A and B isoenzymes of monoamine oxidase are characterized by distinct neurochemical and clinical phenotypes. Journal of Clinical Investigation 97, 1010-1019.
47. Levitt P, Pintar JE, Breakefield XO (1982). Immunocytochemical demonstration of a monoamine oxidase B in brain astrocytes and serotonergic neurones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 79, 6385-6389.
48. Lidsky TI (1997). Neuropsychiatric implications of basal ganglia dysfunction. Biological Psychiatry 41, 383-385.
49. Marchand R, Poirier LJ (1983). Isthmic origin of neurons of the rat substantia nigra. Neuroscience 9, 373-381.
50. Marchand R, Poirier LJ, Parent A (1979). Cytohistochemical study of the primate basal ganglia and substantia nigra. In: Poirier LJ et al. (Eds.), Advances in Neurology (pp. 13-24). New York: Raven Press.
51. Mettler FA (1955). Perceptual capacity, functions of the corpus striatum and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Quarterly 29, 89-111.
52. Moises HW, Waldmeier P, Beckmann H (1986). Urinary phenylethylamine correlates positively with hypomania, and negatively with depression, paranoia, and social introversion on the MMPI. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurology Sciences 236, 83-87.
53. Nakamura M, Ishii A, Nakahara D (1998). Characterization of β-phenylethylamine-induced monoamine release in rat nucleus accumbens: a microdialysis study. European Journal of Pharmacology 349, 163-169.
54. Niemegeers CJE, Leysen JE (1982). The pharmacological and biochemical basis of neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad - Scientific Edition 4, 71-78.
55. O'Malley KL, Harmon S, Moffat M, Uhland-Smith A, Wong S (1995). The human aromatic L-aminoacid decarboxylase gene can be alternatively spliced to generate unique protein isoforms. Journal of Neurochemistry 65, 2409-2416.
56. O'Reilly RL, Davis BA (1994). Phenylethylamine and schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychophannacology and Biological Psychiatry 18, 63-75.
57. Ortmann R, Schaub M, Felner A, Lauber J, Christen P, Waldmeier PC (1984). Phenylethylamine-induced stereotypies in the rat: a behavioural test system for assessment of MAO-B inhibitors. Psychopharmacology 84, 22-27.
58. Paterson IA, Juorio AV, Berry MD, Zhu MY (1991). Inhibition of monoamine oxidase-B by (-)-deprenyl potentiates neuronal responses to dopamine agonists but does not inhibit dopamine catabolism in the rat striatum. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 258, 1019-1026.
59. Paterson IA, Juorio AV, Boulton AA (1990). 2-Phenylethylamine: a modulator of catecholamine transmission in the mammalian central nervous system? Journal of Neurochemistry 55, 1827-1837.
60. Potocnik U, Widhalm K (1994). Long-term follow-up of children with classical phenylketonuria after diet discontinuation: a review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 13, 232-236.
61. Randrup A, Munkvad I (1967). Stereotyped activities produced by amphetamine in several animal species and man. Psychopharmacologia 11, 300-310.
62. Rebec GV, Bashore TR (1984). Critical issues in assessing the behavioral effects of amphetamine. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 8, 153-159.
63. Reith J, Benkelfat C, Sherwin A, Yasuhara Y, Kuwabara H, Andermann F, Bachneff S, Cumming P, Diksic M, Dyve SE, Etienne P, Evans AC, Lal S, Shevell M, Savard G, Wong DE, Chouinard G, Gjedde A (1994). Elevated dopa decarboxylase activity in living brain of patients with psychosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91, 11651-11654.
64. Riederer P, Youdim MBH (1986). Monoamine oxidase activity and monoamine metabolism in brains of parkinsonian patients treated with L-Deprenyl. Journal of Neurochemistry 46, 1359-1365.
65. Saavedra JM (1989). β-Phenylethylamine, phenylethanolamine, tyramine and octopamine. In: Trendelenburg U, Weiner N (Eds), Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 90/II (pp. 181-210). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
66. Sabelli H, Fink P, Fawcett J, Tom C (1996). Sustained antidepressant effect of PEA replacement. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 8, 168-171.
67. Sandler M, Reynolds GP (1976). Does phenylethylamine cause schizophrenia? Lancet 1, 70-71.
68. Sandler M, Ruthven CRJ, Goodwin BL, King GS, Pettit BR, Reynolds GP, Tyrer SP, Weller MP, Hirsch SR (1978). Raised cerebrospinal fluid phenylacetic acid concentration: preliminary support for the phenylethylamine hypothesis of schizophrenia? Communications in Psychopharmacology 2, 199-202.
69. Schneider JS (1984). Basal ganglia role in behavior: importance of sensory gating and its relevance to psychiatry. Biological Psychiatry 19, 1693-1710.
70. Scriver CR (1994). Science, medicine and phenylketonuria. Acta Paediatrica Supplement 407, 11-18.
71. Scriver CR, Kaufman S, Eisensmith RC, Woo SLC (1995). The hyperphenyl-alaninemias. In Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D (Eds.), The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 7th edn (pp. 1015-1075). New York: McGraw Hill.
72. Segal DS, Kuczenski R (1987). Individual differences in responsiveness to single and repeated amphetamine administration: behavioral characteristics and neurochemical correlates. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 242, 917-926.
73. Seiden LS, Sabol KE, Ricaurte GA (1993). Amphetamine: effects on catecholamine systems and behavior. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 32, 639-677.
74. Shapiro RM (1993). Review article. Regional neuropathology in schizophrenia. Where are we? Where are we going? Schizophrenia Research 10, 187-239.
75. Sharma RP, Faull K, Javaid JI, Davis JM (1995). Cerebrospinal fluid levels of phenylacetic acid in mental illness: behavioral associations and response to neuroleptic treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 91, 293-298.
76. Sharp T, Zetterstrom T, Ljungberg T, Ungerstedt U (1987). A direct comparison of amphetamine-induced behaviours and regional brain dopamine release in the rat using intracerebral dialysis. Brain Research 401, 322-330.
77. Smith I (1994). Treatment of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. Acta Paediatrica Supplement 407, 60-65.
78. Sumi-Ichinose C, Ichinose H, Takahashi E, Hori T, Nagatsu T (1992). Molecular cloning of genomic DNA and chromosomal assignment of the gene for human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, the enzyme for catecholamine and serotonin biosynthesis. Biochemistry 31, 2229-2238.
79. Tanda G, Pontieri FE, Frau R, Di Chiara G (1997). Contribution of blockade of the noradrenaline carrier to the increase of extracellular dopamine in the rat prefrontal cortex by amphetamine and cocaine. European Journal of Neuroscience 9, 2077-2085.
80. Tassin J-P (1994). Interrelations entre les neuromédiateurs impliqués dans la dépression et les antidépresseurs. L'Encéphale 20, 623-628.
81. Thomas SA, Palmiter RD (1997). Impaired maternal behavior in mice lacking norepinephrine and epinephrine. Cell 91. 583-592.
82. Tyfield LA (1997). Phenylketonuria in Britain: genetic analysis gives a historical perspective of the disorder but will it predict the future for affected individuals? Journal of Clinical Pathology and Molecular Pathology 50, 169-174.
83. West MO, Peoples LL, Michael LJ, Chapin JK, Woodward DJ (1997). Low-dose amphetamine elevates movement-related firing of rat striatal neurons. Brain Research 745, 331-335.
84. Wolf M-E, Mosnaim A-D (1983). Phenylethylamine in neuropsychiatric disorders. General Pharmacology 14, 385-390.
85. Yoshimoto S, Kaku H, Shimogawa S, Watanabe A, Nakagarawa M, Takahashi R (1987). Urinary trace amine excretion and platelet monoamine oxidase activity in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 21, 229-236.
86. 14C)-deprenyl. Journal of Neural Transmission 43, 199-208.
87. Zametkin AJ, Brown GL, Karoum F, Rapoport JL, Langer DH, Chuang LW, Wyatt RJ (1984). Urinary phenylethylamine response to d-amphetamine in 12 boys with attention deficit disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 131, 1055-1058.