Explanation and evidence in informal argument

Cognitive Science

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 573-604

  Brem, Sarah K ^a   Rips, Lance J ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000007578     PISSN: 03640213     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15516709cog2404_2     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Adelman L. The influence of formal, substantive and contextual task properties on the relative effectiveness of different forms of feedback in multiple cue probability learning tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 27:1981;423-442.
2. Ahn W., Bailenson J. Causal attribution as a search for underlying mechanisms An explanation of the conjunction fallacy and the discounting principle . Cognitive Psychology. 31:1996;82-123.
3. Ahn W., Kalish C., Medin D., Gelman S. The role of covariation versus mechanism information in causal attribution. Cognition. 54:1995;299-352.
4. Anderson C.A. Implicit personality theories and empirical data Biased assimilation, belief perseverance and change, and covariation detection sensitivity . Social Cognition. 13:1995;25-48.
5. Anderson C.A., Lepper M.R., Ross L. Perseverance of social theories The role of explanation in the persistence of discredited information . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 39:1980;1037-1049.
6. Bailenson, J., & Rips, L. J. (1996). Informal reasoning and burden of proof. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, S3-S16.
7. Bassok, M., & Holyoak, K. J. (1989). Interdomain transfer between isomorphic topics in algebra and physics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15, 253-66.
8. Bransford J.D., Johnson M.K. Contextual prerequisites for understanding Some investigations of comprehension and recall . Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior. 11:1972;717-726.
9. Brem, S. (1997). Explanation as evidence: Strategies and heuristics in informal argument. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Northwestern University.
10. Brem, S., & Rips, L. J. (1995). Explanation and evidence in informal reasoning. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Chapman L.J., Chapman J.P. Genesis of popular but erroneous psychodiagnostic observations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 72:1967;193-204.
12. Chapman L.J., Chapman J.P. Illusory correlation as an obstacle to the valid use of psychodiagnostic signs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 74:1969;271-280.
13. Chi M.T., Bassok M., Lewis M.W., Reimann P., Glaser R. Self-explanations How students study and use examples in learning to solve problems . Cognitive Science. 13:1989;145-182.
14. Chi M.T.H., deLeeuw N., Chiu M., LaVancher C. Eliciting self-explanations improves understanding. Cognitive Science. 18:1994;439-477.
15. Clement C.A. Effect of structural embedding on analogical transfer Manifest vs. latent analogs . American Journal of Psychology. 107:1994;1-38.
16. Gettys, C. F., Mehle, T., & Fisher, S. (1986). Plausibility assessment in hypothesis generation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37, 14-33.
17. Gick M.L., Holyoak K.J. Schema induction and analogical transfer. Cognitive Psychology. 15:1983;1-38.
18. Holt R., Watts D. Salience of logical relationships among beliefs as a factor in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 11:1969;193-203.
19. Jennings, D. L., Amabile, T., & Ross, L. (1982). The intuitive scientist's assessment of covariation: Data-based vs. theory-based judgments. In A. Tversky, D. Kahneman, & P. Slovic (Eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. New York: Cambridge University Press.
20. Koehler D. Explanation, imagination, and confidence in judgment. Psychological Bulletin. 110:1991;499-519.
21. Koehler, D. (1994). Hypothesis generation and confidence in judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 20, 461-9.
22. Koriat A., Lichtenstein S., Fischoff B. Reasons for confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Memory and Learning. 6:1980;107-118.
23. Kuhn D. Children and adults as intuitive scientists. Psychological Review. 96:1989;674-689.
24. Kuhn, D. (1991). The skills of argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25. Kuhn D., Flaton R., Weinstock M. How well do jurors reason? Competence dimensions of individual variation in a juror reasoning task. Psychological Science. 5:1994;289-296.
26. Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
27. Latour, B. (1986). Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
28. Levi A.S., Pryor J.B. Use of the availability heuristic in probability estimates of future events The effects of imagining outcomes versus imagining reasons . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 40:1987;219-234.
29. Lord C.G., Lepper M.R., Preston E. Considering the opposite A corrective strategy for social judgment . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 47:1984;1231-1243.
30. Lord C.G., Ross L., Lepper M.R. Biased assimilation and attitude polarization The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 37:1979;2098-2109.
31. McNamara D.S., Kintsch E., Songer N.B., Kintsch W. Are good texts always better? Interactions of text coherence, background knowledge, and levels of understanding in learning from text. Cognition & Instruction. 14:1996;1-43.
32. Murchinsky P.M., Dudycha A.L. The influence of a supressor variable and labeled stimuli on a multiple cue probability learning task. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 12:1974;429-444.
33. Pennington N., Hastie R. Evidence evaluation in complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51:1986;242-258.
34. Pennington N., Hastie R. Explaining the evidence Tests of the Story Model for juror decision making . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 62:1988;189-206.
35. Pennington, N., & Hastie, R. (1992). Explanation-based decision making: Effects of memory structure on judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 14, 521-33.
36. Petty R.E., Cacioppo J.T. The effects of involvement on responses to argument quantity and quality Central and peripheral routes to persuasion . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 46:1984;69-81.
37. Ranney, M., Schank, P., Hoadley, C., & Neff, J. (1994). I know one when I see one: Expert and novice classification of evidence. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual American Society for Information Science Workshop on Classification Research. Silver Spring, MD.
38. Ross L., Lepper M.R., Hubbard M. Perseverance in self-perception and social perception Biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 32:1975;880-892.
39. Ross L.D., Lepper M.R., Strack F., Steinmetz J. Social explanation and social expectation Effects of real and hypothetical explanations on subjective likelihood . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 35:1977;817-829.
40. Ruffman T., Perner J., Olson D.R., Doherty M. Reflecting on scientific thinking Children's understanding of the hypothesis-evidence relation . Child Development. 64:1993;1617-1636.
41. Sanbonmatsu D.M., Akimoto S.A., Biggs E. Overestimating causality Attributional effects of confirmatory processing . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 65:1993;892-903.
42. Schank, P. K. (1995). Computational tools for modeling and aiding reasoning: Assessing and applying the theory of explanatory coherence. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
43. Smith E.E., Goodman L. Understanding written instructions The role of an explanatory schema . Cognition and Instruction. 1:1984;359-396.
44. Sodian B., Zaitchik D., Carey S. Young children's differentiation of hypothetical beliefs from evidence. Child Development. 62:1991;753-766.
45. Toulmin, S. A. (1958). The uses of argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46. Thagard P. Explanatory coherence. Behavioral & Brain Sciences. 12:1989;435-502.
47. Wisniewski, E. J. (1995). Prior knowledge and functionally relevant features in concept learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 21, 449-468.
48. Wisniewski E.J., Medin D.L. On the interaction of theory and data in concept learning. Cognitive Science. 18:1994;221-228.
49. Wright J.C., Murphy G.L. The utility of theories in intuitive statistics The robustness of theory-based judgments . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 113:1986;301-322.