A new dawn for mandated fuel-ethanol programmes: Separating fact from fiction

International Sugar Journal

Volumn 106, Issue 1263, 2004, Pages 118-125

  Jolly, Lindsay ^a   Woods, Jeremy ^b  

^a International Sugar Organization   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GOVERNMENT SUPPORTS; GOVERNMENTAL INITIATIVES; GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG); POLICY MAKERS; POLITICAL INTEREST; POLLUTION EMISSIONS; RURAL EMPLOYMENT; TRANSPORT SECTORS;

BIOETHANOL; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENERGY BALANCE; ETHANOL; ETHANOL FUELS;

GREENHOUSE GASES;

EID: 9944257883     PISSN: 00208841     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (19)

1. Substantial volumes of ethanol arc derived from natural gas-here we use ethanol meaning ethanol derived from biological sources alone.
2. EUCAR, CONCAWE and JRC. Well-To-Wheels Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Powertrains in the European Context. JRC, Jan 2004, Ver 1b. Pp: 1-60. http://ies.jrc.cec.eu.int/Download/eh.
3. Shell International 2001; Energy Needs, Choices and Possibilities: Scenarios to 2050, Exploring the Future. www.shell.com/scenarios
4. USDOE, Annual Energy Outlook 2004 with Projections to 2025. Report #: DOE/EIA-0383C2003), Released: January, 2004. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/ index.html
5. Mário Nastari, P. 'Brazil's Market Dominance - a reason to be frightened?' paper presented to 9th ISO Seminar, Hot Issues for Sugar, London, November 2000.
6. Amorim Henrique, Fermentec S/C LTDA, 2000, "Brazil: the Process of Industry Consolidation", paper presented to F.O.Licht's World Ethanol 2000, 9&10 November, London.
7. ABARE 2001, Factors Impacting the Commercial Viability of Ethanol Production, Report to Client, Canberra.
8. Oliver Henniges, 2002, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Potenzial der Bioethanolproduktion im internationalen Vergleich, Diplomarbeit, Institut für Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre, Universitat Hohenheim, Stuttgart-Hohenheim, August, page 59.
9. David Pimentel, "Limits of Biomass Utilization, " College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, August 14, 2001
10. Shapouri H., Duffield J, and Wang, M., 2002, The Energy Balance of Corn Ethanol: An Update, USDA Office of the Chief Economist, Office of Energy Policy and New Uses. Agricultural Economic Report Number 813.
11. Graboski M. and McClelland J., 2001, "a rebuttal to Ethanol fuels: Energy, Economics and Environmental impacts by D. Pimentel", Natonal Corn Growers Association, August
12. Isaias de Carvalho Macedo, 1998, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Balances in Bio-ethanol production and utilization in Brazil (1996), Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol 14, No 1, pp.77-81.
13. For an account of the how economies of scale and technological advances have lowered Brazil's production costs see Goldemberg J., Coelho, S.T., Nastari, P.M., and Lucon, O., 2004, Ethanol learning curve - the Brazilian experience, Biomass and Bioenergy 26, pp301-304.
14. Macedo, I.C., 2002, Energy from sugar cane in Brazil, presentation to the Cane Resources Network for Southern Africa - CARENSA, Rome. www.carensa.net
15. Source: Luiz Carlos Correa Carvalho 2003, The Brazilian Ethanol Experience, paper presented to Seminario Internacional de Alcohol Carburante, 17-18 June, Cali, Colombia.
16. Calculated as petrol combustion emits 2.3 kg of CO2 per litre and a litre of ethanol is equivalent to 0.7 litres of petrol on an every equivalent basis.
17. Renewable Fuels Association, 2002, Ethanol & Fuel Cells: Converging Paths of Opportunity, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/RFA-Fuel-Cell-White-Paper.PDF
18. Fuel cells work by converting into electricity the energy released when oxygen and hydrogen react to produce water. Pure hydrogen is an explosive gas and difficult to store, so fuel cells often use a chemical source, including methanol, ethanol, natural gas, and even gasoline or diesel fuel.
19. Fuel reforming uses a chemical process to extract hydrogen from fuel.