Tough love multilateralism

Washington Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 5-24

  Jentleson, Bruce W ^a,b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b State Department's Policy Planning Staff   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 9944250021     PISSN: 0163660X     EISSN: 15309177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/016366003322596882     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, "President Bush Announces Major Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended," May 1, 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/05/iraq/20030501-15.html (accessed October 7, 2003).
2. "American Public Opinion & Foreign Policy," Worldviews 2002, p. 5, www.worldviews.org/detailreports/usreport.pdf (accessed October 14, 2003).
3. Ole R. Holsti, "A Return to Isolationism and Unilateralism? American Public Opinion, Pre- and Post-September 11," paper presented to the annual conference of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, August 2003.
4. James Carville, Stanley Greenberg, and Robert Shrum, "Re: Passing the National Security Threshold," memo to Friends of Democracy Corps, September 5, 2003, www.democracycorps.com/reports/analyses/Passing_the_National_Security_ Threshold.pdf (accessed October 15, 2003).
5. Martha Finnemore, "Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention," in The Culture of National Security, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 158.
6. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (New York: Penguin, 1972), p. 402.
7. Henry Kissinger, Does America Need a Foreign Policy? Toward a Diplomacy for the 21st Century (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001), p. 287.
8. Joseph S. Nye Jr., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 10.
9. See Pew Global Attitudes Project, Views of a Changing World (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, June 2003), http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/185.pdf (accessed October 15, 2003);
10. Pew Global Attitudes Project, What the World Thinks in 2002 (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, December 2002), http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/165.pdf (accessed October 15, 2003).
11. Turkey's cooperation on postwar peacekeeping is consistent with its prewar reluctance in that in both instances Turkey was pursuing its own national interests more than succumbing to U.S. pressure. See, for example, Craig S. Smith, "Facing Risks, Turkish Leader Defends Decision to Send Troops to Iraq," New York Times, October 10, 2003, p. A10.
12. The United Nations got more of the blame for Somalia than the facts warranted. See Mats R. Berdal, "Fateful Encounter: The United States and UN Peacekeeping," Survival 36 (spring 1994): 32.
13. Condoleezza Rice, "Promoting the National Interest," Foreign Affairs 79 (January/February 2000): 47.
14. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001), p. 36, www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/iciss-ciise/pdf/Commission-Report.pdf (accessed October 15, 2003).
15. ICISS, Responsibility to Protect, p. 33. See Bruce W. Jentleson, ed., Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized: Preventive Diplomacy in the Post-Cold War World (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000), chap. 13;
16. Bruce W. Jentleson, "Coercive Prevention: Normative, Political, and Policy Dilemmas," Peaceworks no. 35 (October 2000), www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks35.pdf (accessed October 15, 2003).
17. Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, "President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point," June 1, 2002, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.html (accessed October 15, 2003).
18. "Secretary-General Reflects on 'Intervention' in Thirty-fifth Annual Ditchley Foundation Lecture," Press Release SG/SM/6613, June 26, 1998, www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1998/19980626.sgsm6613.html (accessed October 16, 2003). See "United Nations Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization," 54th sess., supp. no. 1 (A/54/1), August 31, 1999, p. 4, www.un.org/Docs/SG/Report99/toc.htm (accessed October 16, 2003).
19. See "United Nations Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization," 54th sess., supp. no. 1 (A/54/1), August 31, 1999, p. 4, www.un.org/Docs/SG/Report99/toc.htm (accessed October 16, 2003).
20. ICISS, Responsibility to Protect, p. 69.
21. Lee Feinstein and Anne-Marie Slaughter, "A Duty to Prevent," unpublished manuscript, n.d., p. 7.
22. New York Times, September 24, 2003, p. A11 (excerpts from speech by Secretary General Kofi Annan to the UN General Assembly).
23. "Secretary-General Says Renewal of Effectiveness and Relevance of Security Council Must Be Cornerstone of Efforts to Promote International Peace in Next Century," Press Release SG/SM/6997, May 18, 1999, www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1999/19990518.SGSM6997.html (accessed October 16, 2003).
24. ICISS, Responsibility to Protect, p. 55.
25. Thomas G. Weiss, "The Illusion of UN Security Council Reform," The Washington Quarterly 26, no. 4 (autumn 2003): 147-161.
26. Ibid., pp. 151-152.
27. Adam Gopnik, "The Anti-Anti-Americans," New Yorker, September 1, 2003, p. 31.
28. G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
29. Democracy Corps, "Frequency Questionnaire: National Security Poll," August 24-28, 2003, p. 12 question 52, www.democracycorps.com/reports/surveys/Democracy_Corps_National_ Security_Poll.pdf (accessed October 16, 2003).
30. "American Public Opinion and Foreign Policy," pp. 6-7, 51.
31. Holsti, "A Return to Isolationism and Unilateralism?" pp. 31, 39.
32. Gallup-CNN-USA Today poll, January 23-25, 2003.
33. ABC News-Washington Post and CBS News polls, March 17, 2003.
34. ABC News-Washington Post poll, March 27, 2003.
35. NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll, September 20-22, 2003;
36. Newsweek poll, September 18-19, 2003;
37. Fox News poll, September 23-24, 2003;
38. Pew Research Center poll, September 17-22, 2003;
39. Newsweek poll, September 25-28, 2003.