Experimental observations and modelling relating to foaming and bubble growth from pentane loaded polystyrene melts

Chemical Engineering Science

Volumn 59, Issue 24, 2004, Pages 5997-6014

  Tuladhar, T R ^a   Mackley, M R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bubble growth; Microstructure; Modelling; Polymer foam; Rheology

Indexed keywords

EXTRUDERS; FOAMS; MICROSTRUCTURE; POLYMERS; POLYSTYRENES; REACTION KINETICS;

BUBBLE GROWTH; GAS DIFFUSION; SINGLE MELT PHASE;

BUBBLES (IN FLUIDS);

FOAMING;

EID: 9944232586     PISSN: 00092509     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2004.07.054     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Amon, M., Denson, C.D., 1984. A study of dynamics of foam growth: analysis of the growth of closely spaced spherical bubbles. Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (13), 1026-1034.
2. Barlow, E.J., Langlois, W.E., 1962. Diffusion of gas from a liquid into an expanding bubble. IBM Journal 6, 329-337.
3. Chong, T.-H., Ha, Y.-W., Jeong, D.-J., 2003. Effect of dissolved gas on the viscosity of HIPS in the manufacture of microcelluar plastics. Polymer Engineering and Science 43 (6), 1337-1344.
4. Den Doelder, J.C.F., Sammler, R.L., Koopmans, R.J., Paquet, A.N., 2002. Modeling foam growth in semi-crystalline thermoplastics. Cellular Polymers 21 (2), 99-116.
5. Elmoutaouakkil, A., Fuchs, G., Bergounhon, P., Peres, R., Peryin, F., 2003. Three dimensional quantitative analysis of polymer foams from synchrotron radiation X-ray microtomography. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 36, A37-A43.
6. Feng, J.J., Bertelo, C.A., 2004. Prediction of bubble growth and size distribution in polymer foaming based on a new heterogeneous nucleation model. Journal of Rheology 48 (2), 439-462.
7. Gao, P., Mackley, M.R., 1994. A general model for the diffusion and swelling of polymers and its application to ultra-high molecular mass polyethylene. Proceedings of Royal Society London 444, 267-285.
8. Han, J.H., Han, D.H., 1990. Bubble nucleation in polymeric liquids: I. Bubble nucleation in concentrated polymer solutions. Journal of Polymer Science: Part B 28, 711-741.
9. Han, J.H., Yoo, H.J., 1981. Studies of structural foam processing. IV. Bubble growth during mold filling. Polymer Engineering and Science 21, 518-533.
10. Jones, S.F., Evans, G.M., Galvin, K.P., 1999. Bubble nucleation from gas cavities - a review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 80, 27-50.
11. Joshi, K., Lee, J.G., Shan, M.A., Flumerfelt, R.W., 1998. Prediction of cellular structure in free expansion of viscoelastic media. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 67, 1353-1368.
12. Koopmans, R.J., den Doelder, J.C.F., Paquet, A.N., 2000. Modeling foam growth in thermoplastics. Advanced Materials 12 (23), 1873-1880.
13. Lee, J.G., Flumerfelt, R.W., 1995. Nitrogen solubilities in low-density polyethylene at temperatures and high pressures. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 58 (2), 2213-2219.
14. 2 on the viscosity and morphology of polymer blends. Advances in Polymer Technology 19 (4), 300-311.
15. Mackley, M.R., Marshall, R.T.J., Smeulders, J.B.A., 1995. The multipass rheometer. Journal of Rheology 39 (6), 1293-1309.
16. Pallay, J., Kelemen, P., Berghmans, H., Dommelen, D.V., 2000. Expansion of polystyrene using water as the blowing agent. Macromolecular Material Engineer 275, 18-25.
17. Park, C.B., Sun, N.P., 1996. Filamentary extrusion of microcellular polymers using a rapid decompressive element. Polymer Engineering and Science 36 (1), 34-48.
18. Patel, RD., 1980. Bubble growth in a viscous Newtonian liquid. Chemical Engineering Science 35, 2352-2356.
19. Prousevitch, A.A., Sahagian, D.L., 1998. Dynamics and energetics of bubble growth in magmas: analytical formulation and numerical modelling. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (B8), 18223-18251.
20. Prousevitch, A.A., Sahagian, D.L., Anderson, A.T., 1993. Dynamics of difiusive bubble growth model in magmas: isothermal case. Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (B12), 22283-22307.
21. Ramesh, N.S., Rasmussen, D.H., Campbell, G.A., 1991. Numerical and experimental studies of bubble growth during microcelluar foaming process. Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (23), 1657-1664.
22. Ramesh, N.S., Rasmussen, D.H., Campbell, G.A., 1994a. The heterogeneous nucleation of microcellular foams assisted by the survival of microvoids in polymers containing low glass transition particles. Part I: Mathematical modelling and numerical simulation. Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (22), 1685-1697.
23. Ramesh, N.S., Rasmussen, D.H., Campbell, G.A., 1994b. The heterogeneous nucleation of microcellular foams assisted by the survival of microvoids in polymers containing low glass transition particles. Part II: Experimental results and discussion. Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (22), 1697-1706.
24. Ranganathan, M., Mackley, M.R., Spitteler, P.H.J., 1999. The application of the multipass rheometer to time-dependent capillary flow measurements of a polyethylene melt. Journal of Rheology 43 (2), 443-451.
25. Shafi, M.A., Flumerfelt, R.W., 1997. Initial bubble growth in polymer foam processes. Chemical Engineering Science 52 (4), 627-633.
26. Shafi, M.A., Lee, J.G., Flumerfelt, R., 1996. Prediction of cellular structure in free expansion polymer foam processing. Polymer Engineering and Science 36 (14), 1950-1959.
27. Taki, K., Yatsuzuka, T., Ohshima, M., 2003. Visual observation of batch and continuous foaming process. Journal of Cellular Plastics 39 (2), 155-169.
28. Villamizar, C.A., Han, C.D., 1978a. Studies on structural foam processing I. The rheology of foam extrusion. Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (9), 687-698.
29. Villamizar, C.A., Han, C.D., 1978b. Studies on structural foam processing II. Bubbles dynamics in foam injection molding. Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (9), 699-710.