The amicus curiae brief of the assembly of first nations

Human Rights Quarterly

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 572-601

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EID: 9744273254     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (112)

1. American Convention on Human Rights, O.A.S. Treaty Series No. 36, 1144 U.N.T.S. 123, entered into force July 18, 1978.
2. Harry Bombay, Aboriginal Forest-based Ecological Knowledge in Canada (Ottawa: National Aboriginal Forestry Association, 1996) at 6, 12.
3. Harry Bombay, Assessment of the Need for Aboriginal Compliance with Sustainable Forest Management and Forest Product Certification Systems (Ottawa: National Aboriginal Forestry Association, March 1996) at 15.
4. See Aboriginal Forestry Training and Employment Review (AFTER): Final Report, Phase 1 (prepared for the AFTER Committee and the National Aboriginal Forestry Association by Allan Hopwood et al.) (Ottawa: The Association, 1993).
5. Statute of the International Court of Justice, art. 38 (available at http://www.icj-cij.org/ icjwww/ibasicdocuments/Basetext/istatute/htm).
6. Barcelona Traction (Belgium v. Spain), I.C.J. Reports, 1970, at 3.
7. Restrictions on the Death Penalty (arts. 4(2) and 4(4) American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion No. OC-3/83 of 8 Sept. 1983 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. 12/OEA/ Ser.L/V/iii. 10, doc. 13, ser.A and B: No.3; 23 I.L.M. 320 (1984).
8. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, May 22, 1969, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 39/27, 8 I.L.M. 679 (1969) (opened for signature 23 May 1969; entered into force January 27, 1990).
9. Vienna Convention, supra note 8.
10. The word "Laws" in Article 30 of the American Convention on Human Rights, Advisory Opinion OC-6/86 of May 9, 1986 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. Inter-Am. Yb. H.R. (1986) at 346.
11. Ibid. loc. cit.
12. Ibid. at para. 23.
13. American Convention, supra note 1, Preamble.
14. R. Bernhardt, "The Convention and Domestic Law," in R St. J. Macdonald, F. Matscher and H. Petzold (ed.) The European System for the Protection of Human Rights. London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993 at 35.
15. Handyside Case Eur. Ct. H.R. Ser. A No. 24, Dec.7, 1976 (freedom of speech); Belgian Linguistics Case, Eur. Ct. H.R. Ser. A No. 6, July 23, 1968 (education rights of linguistic minorities).
16. Handyside Case Eur. Ct. H.R. Ser. A No. 24, Dec.7, 1976 (freedom of speech); Belgian Linguistics Case, Eur. Ct. H.R. Ser. A No. 6, July 23, 1968 (education rights of linguistic minorities).
17. Tyrer v. United Kingdom (1978), Eur. Ct. H. R. Ser. A No. 26 at 15; 2 E.H.R.R. 1, 10 para. 31. See also Marckx v. Belgium (1979), Eur. Ct. H. R. Ser. A No. 31 at 19; 2 E.H.R.R. 330, 346, 347, para. 41 (The European Convention must be interpreted in light of "present-day considerations").
18. Dudgeon v. United Kingdom (1981), Eur. Ct. H.R. Ser. A, No. 5, 4 E.H.R.R. 149 at para. 60.
19. See, for example, L. Heifer, "Adjudicating Copyright Claims Under the TRIPS Agreement: The Case for a European Human Rights Analogy," 39 Harv. Int'l L. J. 357 (1998).
20. Effect of Reservations on the Entry into Force of the American Convention (arts. 74 and 75), Advisory Opinion No. OC-2/82 of Sept. 4, 1982 (1983); Proposed Amendments to the Naturalization Provisions of the Constitution of Costa Rica, Advisory Opinion No. OC-4/84 of Jan. 19, 1984, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. 43, OEA/Ser.L/IV/III. 10, doc. 13, ser.A: No.4 (1984); The Word "Laws" supra note 10; Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism (arts. 13 and 29, American Convention on Human Rights) Advisory Opinion No. OC-5/85 of Nov. 13, 1985, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. Ser. A: Judgements and Opinions No.5; In the Matter of Viviana Gallardo, et al. Government of Costa Rica, Decision of Nov. 13, 1981, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. 12, OEA/Ser.L/V/III. 7 doc. 13, Ser A and B. No. G101/81, (1982).
21. Certain Aspects of the Laws on the Use of Languages in Education in Belgium (Merits), Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment of 23rd of July, 1968 cited in Proposed Amendments, supra note 19.
22. Certain Aspects of the Laws on the Use of Languages in Education in Belgium (Merits), Eur. Ct. H.R., Judgment of 23rd of July, 1968 cited in Proposed Amendments, supra note 19.
23. The Sunday Times case, Eur. Ct. H.R., judgment of 26 April, 1979. Ser. A No.30, para.47 at para 20, cited in The Word "Laws" supra note 10.
24. The Sunday Times case, Eur. Ct. H.R., judgment of 26 April, 1979. Ser. A No.30, para.47 at para 20, cited in The Word "Laws" supra note 10.
25. Constitution Act, 1867 (U.K.), 30 & 31 Vict.,c.3.
26. Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act, 1982 (U.K.), 1982, c.11.
27. Calder v. Attorney-General of British Columbia [1973] S.C.R. 313 [hereinafter Calder].
28. Guerin v. R. [1984] 2 S.C.R 335 [hereinafter Guerin].
29. Id.
30. R. v. Van der Peet, [1996] 2 S.C.R. 507 [hereinafter Van der Peet].
31. Van der Peet, supra note 27 at 559.
32. R v. Sparrow [1990] 1 S.C.R. 1075 [hereinafter Sparrow].
33. R. v. Gladstone [1996] 2 S.C.R. 723 [herinafter Gladstone].
34. Delgamuukw v. British Columbia [1997] 3 S.C.R. 1010 [hereinafter Delgamuukw].
35. Van der Peet, supra note 27 at 553.
36. Sparrow, supra note 29 at 1093, citing Slattery "Understanding Aboriginal Rights" (1987), 66 Canadian Bar Review 727 at 782.
37. Delgamuukw, supra note 31.
38. Id. at 1103, (citing Van der Peet, supra, at para 65).
39. Id. (citing Mabo v. Queensland (1992) 107 A.L.R. 1).
40. Id. at 1104 (citing McNeil, Common Law Aboriginal Title (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989), at 204).
41. Id. at 1071-1076.
42. Id. at 1083 ("there will exist a special bond between the group and the land in question. . . . [and this creates] an inherent limitation on the uses to which the land . . . may be put . . . if occupation is established with reference to the use of the land as a hunting ground, then the group that successfully claims aboriginal title to that land may not use it in such a fashion as to destroy its value for such a use (e.g., by strip mining it") (at 1089).
43. Sparrow, supra note 29 at 1112.
44. Id. at 1113.
45. Id. at 1114.
46. Delgamuukw, supra note 31 at 1111.
47. Van der Peet, supra note 27 at 539.
48. Sparrow, supra note 29 at 1115.
49. Id. at 1114-1115.
50. Id. at 1115.
51. Delgamuukw, supra note 31.
52. Guerin, supra note 25.
53. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Volume 2: Restructuring the Relationship, Part II. (Ottawa, 1996: Minister of Supply and Services Canada) at 566 [hereinafter RCAP].
54. Id.
55. Id. at 565.
56. Delgamuukw, supra note 31 at 1113.
57. Delgamuukw, supra note 31 at 1113.
58. Nunavik Inuit v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage) [1998] F.C.J. No. 114, Court File No. t-545-97, August 4, 1998 (F.C.T.D.).
59. Sparrow, supra note 29. See Delgamuukw, supra note 31.
60. Halfway River First Nation v. B.C. (Minister of Forests) [1997] 4 C.N.L.R. 45 (B.C.S.C.) 45 [hereinafter Halfway River].
61. Id. at 72.
62. Tsilhqot'in National Government v. British Columbia [1998] B.C.E.A. No. 23, Appeal no. 97-PES-08.
63. Delgamuukw, supra note 31 at 1113.
64. Delgamuukw, supra note 31; see also Nunavik Inuit, supra note 54.
65. Kitkatla Band v British Columbia (Minister of Small Business, Tourism and Culture) [1999] 1 C.N.L.R. 72.
66. R. v. Bones [1990] 4 C.N.L.R. 37 (B.C.P.C.); Halfway River, supra note 57 at 73-74.
67. Tsilhqot'in National Government, supra note 59.
68. Gitanyow First Nation v. Canada (1999) ACWSJ LEXIS 1850 (File No. C98-1165 Vancouver) (British Columbia Supreme Court). (Crown appeal filed, April 21st, 1999).
69. See R. v. Bones, supra note 63 (where the judge suggested that the Crown had some obligation to enter the process prepared to change policies and criticizing the existing policy which . ". . . leads to nothing more than minor amendments."). See also Treaty 8 Tribal Association v British Columbia [Minister of Forests] [1994] B.C.E.A. No.11, Appeal No.92/27 (Environmental appeal board characterized the actions of the Minister as "get permission to spray, then talk," and stated that such an approach was unacceptable in light of the Delgamuukw consultation requirements.)
70. Available at http://www.aaf.gov.bc.ca/aaf/consult.htm, the web site of the Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs, province of British Columbia.
71. Id.
72. Ontario, Forest Management Planning Manual for Ontario's Crown Forests (Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, September, 1996).
73. Id. at A-9-A-10.
74. Id. at A-151-A-156.
75. Id. at A-10.
76. Id. at A-139-A-140.
77. RCAP, supra note 50 at 564.
78. These tests are set out in the leading Canadian case, RJR. MacDonald Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General) [1994] 1 S.C.R. 311.
79. Macmillian Bloedel v. Mullin [1985] 2 C.N.L.R. 58 (B.C.C.A.).
80. Kitkatla Band, supra note 62.
81. [1990] 4 C.N.LR. 93 (B.C.C.A.).
82. Id.
83. The Nisgaa Final Agreement is available at http://www.aaf.gov.bc.ca/aaf/treaty/nisgaa/ nisgaaa.htm, the website of the Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs of the province of British Columbia.
84. Delgamuukw, supra note 31 at 1113-1114.
85. RCAP, supra note 50 at 666.
86. Examples of co-management arrangements in the Canadian context include: • James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement; • Inuvialuit Final Agreement; • Yukon Umbrella Final Agreement; • Nunavut Final Agreement; • Beverley-Kaminuriak Caribou Management Board; • Auyuittuq National Park Reserve, Baffin Island; • South Moresby/Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve, British Columbia; • Wendaban Stewardship Authority, Temagami, Ontario; • Barriere Lake Trilateral Agreement, Quebec; • Interim Measures Agreement between the Algonquin of Golden Lake First Nation and the Government of Ontario; • Whitedog Area Resources Committee, Wabaseemoong Independent Nations and the Province of Ontario. Ontario's community forestry initiative, described supra note 69, is one form of co-management. Another type is the system of controlled exploitation zones for fish and wildlife in Quebec. A third type involves recent proposals for multi-party stewardship of the Bras d'Or Watershed on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia.
87. RCAP, supra note 50 at 668.
88. Id. at 668.
89. Canada, House of Commons, Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, Report on the Co-Management of Natural Resources, Chairman Raymond Bonin, December 1995 at 7 (hereinafter Standing Committee Report).
90. Manitoba, The Justice System and Aboriginal People: Report of the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry of Manitoba, vol.1 (Winnipeg: Queen's Printer, 1991) at 188.
91. Standing Committee Report, supra note 86, at 1.
92. R. v. Bones, supra note 63.
93. Claudia Notzke, Aboriginal Peoples and Natural Resources in Canada (North York: Captus University Publications, 1994) (emphasis added).
94. See Report of the Task Force on Aboriginal Issues (March, 1999) (available at the web site of the New Brunswick provincial government, http://www.gov.nb.ca/op_cpm/task/ task.htm (confirming that the New Brunswick Government is a signatory to the Canada Forest Accord.)
95. Canadian Council of Forest Ministers, Defining Sustainable Forest Management A Canadian Approach to Criteria and Indicators (Ottawa, March 1995) at 20.
96. Notzke, supra note 90 at 90.
97. Canadian Forestry Service, Policy for Forestry Programs on Indian Lands. Federal Lands Forestry Branch, March 1988.
98. Canadian Council of Forest Ministers (1995), supra note 92 at 20.
99. Canada, House of Commons, Standing Committee on Forestry and Fisheries, Second Report of the Standing Committee on Forestry and Fisheries, Forests of Canada: The Federal Role (Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, November 1990) at 48.
100. Forest Practices Code of British Columbia, S.B.C. 1994, c. 41.
101. Ontario, Forest Management Planning Manual, supra note 69 at APP-70-APP-71 (emphasis added).
102. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Natural Resources Canada, Memorandum of Understanding concerning Cooperation in Forestry, signed Nov. 18, 1998.
103. Supra note 91 (http://www.gov.nb.ca/OP_CPM/task/task.htm).
104. Forest Round Table on Sustainable Development, Forest Round Table on Sustainable Development: Final Report 1994. Steven Thompson and Allison Webb, eds. (Ottawa: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, 1994) at Principle 2.2.
105. Supra note 86 at 7-9.
106. Ibid. at 10.
107. Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound (B.C.) Report 3: First Nations Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound. (Victoria, B.C.: Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel, March 1995) at 47.
108. Standing Committee, supra note 96 at 10.
109. RCAP, supra note 50 at 675-676.
110. Supra note 86 at 21.
111. Report 3: First Nations Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound, supra note 104 at 47.
112. National Aboriginal Forestry Association, An Aboriginal Criterion for Sustainable Forest Management. (Anishinabe Printing, March 1995) at 6-8.