On preserving ecological and cultural landscapes

Environmental History

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 620-647

  Watt, Laura A ^a   Raymond, Leigh ^b   Eschen, Meryl L ^c  

^a EDAW   (United States)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE; ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT; HERITAGE CONSERVATION; LEGISLATION; NATURE CONSERVATION;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

GYMNOGYPS CALIFORNIANUS; VICTORIA;

EID: 9744255415     PISSN: 10845453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3986263     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. C. B. Hosmer, Jr., Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926-1947 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1981).
2. Barry Mackintosh, The Historic Sites Survey and National Historic Landmarks Program: A History (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1984), 9, 14.
3. Carol Rose, "Preservation and Community: New Directions in the Law of Historic Preservation," Stanford Law Review 33 (1981): 473-534; esp. 484-86, 506.
4. James A. Glass, The Beginnings of a New National Historic Preservation Program, 1957 to 1969 (Nashville, Tenn.: American Association for State and Local History, 1990), 3-4.
5. U.S. Conference of Mayors, Special Commission on Historic Preservation, With Heritage So Rich (New York: Random House, 1966), 207-8, emphasis is ours.
6. Stephen Yaffee, Prohibitive Policy: Implementing the Federal Endangered Species Act (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982), 42.
7. Shannon Petersen, Acting for Endangered Species: The Statutory Ark (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002).
8. Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987);
9. Adam Rome, The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001);
10. Robert Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993) especially Chap. 3.
11. Brian Czech and Paul R. Krausman, The Endangered Species Act: History, Conservation Biology and Public Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 21.
12. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Commerce, Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Legislative History of the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., Senate Report No. 1463, 3343.
13. Shannon Petersen, "Congress and Charismatic Megafauna: A Legislative History of the Endangered Species Act," Environmental Law 29 (1999): 472.
14. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Congressional Hearings on the Endangered Species Act of 1972, 92nd Cong., 2nd sess., 10 August 1972: 177-215, esp. Testimony No. 4 (73-S261-3), 179-81.
15. Peter Korn, "The Case for Preservation," The Nation 254 (30 March 1992), 414-17.
16. Barry Mackintosh, The National Historic Preservation Act and the National Park Service: A History (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1986), 74.
17. National Park Service, How To Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, National Register Bulletin no. 15 (Washington, D.C.; National Park Service, 1991), part IV.
18. Linda Flint McClelland et al., Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes, National Register Bulletin no.30 (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1987), 22-24.
19. Holly Doremus, "Adaptive Management, the Endangered Species Act, and the Institutional Challenges of 'New Age' Environmental Protection," 41 Washburn Law Journal (2001): 58-59.
20. ESA, Section 4, acknowledges many factors that could endanger the existence of a species, including the "destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range."
21. Karin P. Sheldon, "Habitat Conservation Planning: Addressing the Achilles Heel of the Endangered Species Act," NYU Environmental Law Journal 6 (1998): 279-340.
22. "Ecosystem" appears again in the definitions of " conservation" in Section 3. Plants eventually were added under Section 12.
23. Petersen, Acting for Endangered Species; Sheldon, "Habitat Conservation Planning; and Stanford Environmental Law Society, The Endangered Species Act (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001).
24. Zygmunt Plater, "The Embattled Social Utilities of the Endangered Species Act - A Noah Presumption and Caution Against Putting Gasmasks on the Canaries in the Coal Mine," Environmental Law 27 (1997): 845-76.
25. Palila v. Hawaii Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, 471 F. Supp. 985 (D. Haw. 1979) aff'd, 639 F. 2d 495 (9th Cir. 1981).
26. Thomas Reid, interview with Meryl Eschen, 11 July 2001.
27. Timothy Beatley, Habitat Conservation Planning (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), 59-60.
28. Craig W. Thomas, "Habitat Conservation Planning: Certainly Empowered, Somewhat Deliberative, Questionably Democratic," Politics and Society 29 (2001): 105-130.
29. ESA, Section 10(a)(2)(B)(iv).
30. Sheldon, "Habitat Conservation Planning," 295-99.
31. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service, Habitat Conservation Planning Handbook (Washington, D.C., U.S. Dept. of Interior, 1996), 1-15.
32. Marj Nelson, "Habitat Conservation Planning," Endangered Species Bulletin 24 (November/December 1999): 12-13.
33. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Habitat Conservation Plans: Section 10 of the Endangered Species Act," http://endangered.fws.gov/ hcp/HCP_Incidental_Take.pdf (accessed February 2002).
34. Thomas, "Habitat Conservation Planning," 109.
35. Dan Tarlock, "Local Government Protection of Biodiversity: What Is Its Niche?" University of Chicago Law Review 60 (1993): 555-613, quote on 606.
36. Tarlock, "Local Government Protection of Biodiversity," 606-12.
37. Thomas, "Habitat Conservation Planning," 109; Doremus, " Adaptive Management," 68.
38. Petersen, Acting for Endangered Species, Chaps. 5 and 6.
39. Doremus, "Adaptive Management," 60; Joseph Sax, "The Ecosystem Approach: New Departures for Land and Water, Closing Remarks," Ecology Law Quarterly 24 (1997): 883-86.
40. Hansen, Craig, "The Nation's First Multi-Species HCP for a Forested Landscape," Reprinted from The Endangered Species Bulletin, Volume XX, No. 6;
41. Sheldon, "Habitat Conservation Planning," 315.
42. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service, Habitat Conservation Planning Handbook 3-30.
43. Michael J. Bean, "Overcoming Unintended Consequences of Endangered Species Regulation," Idaho Law Review 38 (2002): 409-20;
44. Michael J. Bean, "Sustainability and the Law: An Assessment of the Endangered Species Act," in Nature and Human Society, ed. Peter Raven (Washington, D.C.: National Research Council 1997), 493-99.
45. Leigh Raymond, "Habitat Conservation Plans: Bigger and Better Than Ever?" (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Portland Oregon, March 2004); figures for acres and species from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Habitat Conservation Plans, http://endangered.fws.gov/hcp/ (accessed July 2003).
46. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Habitat Conservation Plans.
47. Daniel Pollak, "Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP): The Origins of an Ambitious Experiment to Protect Ecosystems," prepared at the request of Senator Byron D. Sher (CRB-01-002, 2001), Sacramento, Calif., 1.
48. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Determination of Threatened Status for the Coastal California Gnatcatcher," 58 FR 16742-16757, 30 Match 1993, 1-3.
49. Pollak, "Natural Community Conservation Planning," 11.
50. NCCP webpage, http://www.dfg.ca.gov/nccp/index.html (accessed April 2004).
51. DeAnne Parker, "Natural Community Conservation Planning: California's Emerging Ecosystem Management Alternative," University of Baltimore Journal of Environmental Law 6 (Fall 1997 ): 124.
52. Sheldon, "Habitat Conservation Planning";
53. Thomas, "Habitat Conservation Planning';
54. Doremus, "Adaptive Management"; and
55. Plater, "Embattled Social Utilities."
56. Joseph Sax, "The New Age of Environmental Restoration," Washburn Law Journal 41 (2001): 1.
57. Glass, Beginnings, 31.
58. Mackintosh, National Historic Preservation Act, 41-42.
59. Catherine Howett, "Second Thoughts," Landscape Architecture 77 (1987): 52-55.
60. Carol Rose, was concerned that they would freeze the character of a neighborhood, creating an "overplanned quality and an impervious suppression of variety" that defeats the purpose of the Act. See ("Preservation and Community," 509).
61. Robert M. Bass, "Past Meets Future: Saving American's Historic Environments (Washington, D.C.: Preservation Press, 1992), 10.
62. Cathy Gilbert, NPS Seattle office, correspondence with Laura Watt, 12 September 2003.
63. Bob Page, NPS Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, correspondence with Laura Watt, 12 September 2003.
64. Arnold Alanen and Robert Melnick, "Introduction," in Preserving Cultural Landscapes in America, ed. Arnold Alanen and Robert Melnick (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 17.
65. Patricia L. Parker and Thomas F. King, Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties, National Register Bulletin 38 (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1990), 3, emphasis is ours.
66. Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 US 184 (1964).
67. Catherine Howett, "Integrity as a Value in Cultural Landscape Preservation," in Alanen and Melnick, Preserving Cultural Landscapes 190, citing a 1976 essay by James Marston Fitch.
68. Raymond, "Habitat Conservation Plans."
69. Arnold Alanen, "Considering the Ordinary," in Alanen and Melnick, Preserving Cultural Landscapes, 135.
70. Gary K. Meffe and C. Ronald Carroll, eds., Principles of Conservation Biology (Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer, 1997);
71. Michael Soule, "What is Conservation Biology?" Bioscience 35(1985): 727-34;
72. Alanen and Melnick, eds. Preserving Cultural Landscapes, for good introductions to these literatures.
73. Adrian Phillips, "Stewardship Partnerships: An International Perspective,") paper given at the federal Joint Ventures: Partners in Stewardship conference, Los Angeles, Calif., 2003).
74. An excellent compendium of these ideas is Speaking of the Future: A Dialogue on Conservation, "A Report on a National Symposium, November 2-6, 2001: Reconstructing Conservation: History, Values, and Practice," Conservation and Stewardship Publication No. 4 Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 2003).
75. David Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
76. Joseph L. Sax, "The Trampas File," Michigan Law Review 84 (1986): 1388-1414.