Civil society and democracy: A Zambian case study

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 429-446

  Bartlett, David M C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTHORITARIANISM; CIVIL SOCIETY; DEMOCRACY; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

ZAMBIA;

EID: 9644269168     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/030570700750019655     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. L. Diamond, 'Beyond Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism: Strategies for Democratization', Washington Quarterly, 12 (Winter 1989), pp. 141-142. Also see L. Diamond, J.J. Linz and S.M. Lipset, Democracy in Developing Countries: Africa, vol. 2 (Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1988), pp. x-xi.
2. L. Diamond, 'Beyond Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism: Strategies for Democratization', Washington Quarterly, 12 (Winter 1989), pp. 141-142. Also see L. Diamond, J.J. Linz and S.M. Lipset, Democracy in Developing Countries: Africa, vol. 2 (Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1988), pp. x-xi.
3. S.P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, 1991); S.P. Huntington, 'Democracy's Third Wave', Journal of Democracy 2, 2 (1991), pp. 12-34.
4. S.P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, 1991); S.P. Huntington, 'Democracy's Third Wave', Journal of Democracy 2, 2 (1991), pp. 12-34.
5. Diamond, 'Beyond Authoritarianism', pp. 141-142.
6. Ibid., pp. 148-149.
7. Y. Bangura and P. Gibbon, 'Adjustment, Authoritarianism and Democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa', in P. Gibbon, Y. Bangura and A. Ofstad (eds), Authoritarianism, Democracy and Adjuslment: The Politics of Economic Reform in Africa (Uppsala, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1992), pp. 21, 25.
8. T.M. Callaghy, 'Civil Society, Democracy, and Economic Change in Africa: a Dissenting Opinion About Resurgent Societies', in J.W. Harbeson, D. Rothchild and N. Chazan (eds), Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 235-236.
9. K. Panter-Brick, 'Prospects for Democracy in Zambia', Government and Opposition, 29, 2 (1994), p. 232.
10. M. Bratton, 'Civil Society and Political Transition in Africa', in Harbeson, Rothchild and Chazan, Civil Society and the State in Africa, p. 73.
11. Ibid., p. 75.
12. The research on which this article is based was conducted in Zambia between October 1993 and March 1994. Formal interviews were undertaken, mostly in Lusaka, between 15 January and 9 March 1994. The interviewees included a range of significant actors from Zambia's political and civil arenas, and officials from western legations and support organisations. In addition, the Times of Zambia and, when available, the Sunday Times of Zambia, were examined for the period from 1 October 1989 to 3 March 1994. Most issues of the Weekly Post (now the Post) for the period from August 1991 to March 1995 were also consulted. Profit, the monthly magazine of ZACCI, was consulted for the period October 1992 to April 1994. Other press publications reviewed included the following: Zambian Daily Mail, Sunday Mail, Sun, Weekly Standard, Weekly Express and the National Mirror. Full references Footnote 10 continued to interviews and media reports can be found in D.M.C. Bartlett, 'The Prospects for Democracy in Africa: the Case of Zambia' (PhD thesis. University of Leeds, 1995).
13. Bangura and Gibbon, 'Adjustment, Authoritarianism', pp. 18-24.
14. Callaghy, 'Civil Society', pp. 235-236.
15. Ibid., p. 238. Also see pp. 240, 234, 247.
16. Ibid., p. 238. Also see pp. 240, 234, 247.
17. Ibid., pp. 235, 240.
18. Interviews with Akashambatwa Mbikusita-Lewanika, Lusaka, January to March 1994. Mbikusita-Lewanika was Chairman of EAZ during the late 1980s. He was co-organiser of the Garden House Hotel pro-democracy meeting in 1990, and a founder member of MMD. Appointed Minister for Technical Education and Vocational training in November 1991, he resigned from the MMD government in 1992, and from the MMD in 1993, going on to co-found the National Party.
19. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 16, 17 October 1989; 11, 29 November 1989; 6, 8 December 1989.
20. V.J. Mwaanga, 'Can The Party (UNIP) Reform Itself?', in A. Mbikusita-Lewanika and D. Chitala (eds), Proceedings of the National Conference on Multi-party Option (Lusaka, Zambia Research Foundation, 1990), pp. 80-82. J.M. Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era (Lusaka, Multimedia, 1994), pp. 196-197.
21. V.J. Mwaanga, 'Can The Party (UNIP) Reform Itself?', in A. Mbikusita-Lewanika and D. Chitala (eds), Proceedings of the National Conference on Multi-party Option (Lusaka, Zambia Research Foundation, 1990), pp. 80-82. J.M. Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era (Lusaka, Multimedia, 1994), pp. 196-197.
22. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 13 December 1989; 10 February 1990; 3, 12, 16, 24 March 1990.
23. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 13, 19 March 1990; Mwaanga, 'Can The Party (UNIP) Reform Itself?', p. 80; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 195-198.
24. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 13, 19 March 1990; Mwaanga, 'Can The Party (UNIP) Reform Itself?', p. 80; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 195-198.
25. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 13, 19 March 1990; Mwaanga, 'Can The Party (UNIP) Reform Itself?', p. 80; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 195-198.
26. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 4, 6, 7, 11, 25 April 1990.
27. S. Chan, 'Democracy in Southern Africa: the 1990 Elections in Zimbabwe and 1991 Elections in Zambia', Roundtable, 322 (1992), p. 191.
28. Interviews with Muhabi Lungu, Lusaka, January to March 1994. Lungu went on to co-organise the Mulungushi talks in 1991, and was later a member of ZIMT. Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 147-164, 174-176. A. Meldrum, 'The Coup That Wasn't', Africa Report, 35, 4 (1990), pp. 19-22. B.S. Chisala, The Downfall of President Kaunda (Lusaka, Steliza Enterprises, 1994), pp. 329-331.
29. Interviews with Muhabi Lungu, Lusaka, January to March 1994. Lungu went on to co-organise the Mulungushi talks in 1991, and was later a member of ZIMT. Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 147-164, 174-176. A. Meldrum, 'The Coup That Wasn't', Africa Report, 35, 4 (1990), pp. 19-22. B.S. Chisala, The Downfall of President Kaunda (Lusaka, Steliza Enterprises, 1994), pp. 329-331.
30. Interviews with Muhabi Lungu, Lusaka, January to March 1994. Lungu went on to co-organise the Mulungushi talks in 1991, and was later a member of ZIMT. Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 147-164, 174-176. A. Meldrum, 'The Coup That Wasn't', Africa Report, 35, 4 (1990), pp. 19-22. B.S. Chisala, The Downfall of President Kaunda (Lusaka, Steliza Enterprises, 1994), pp. 329-331.
31. Chan, 'Democracy in Southern Africa', p. 189.
32. Interviews with Lungu; Meldrum, 'The Coup That Wasn't', p. 20.
33. Government of Republic of Zambia, The Report of the Special Parliamentary Select Committee (Lusaka, Government Printer, 1990).
34. Interviews with Mbikusita-Lewanika. Derrick Chitala, 'The Hour Has Come!', in Mbikusita-Lewanika and Chitala, Proceedings.
35. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 21 July 1991. Chisala, The Downfall of President Kaunda,p. 343. Mbikusita-Lewanika and Chitala, Proceedings.
36. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 21 July 1991. Chisala, The Downfall of President Kaunda,p. 343. Mbikusita-Lewanika and Chitala, Proceedings.
37. Interviews with Mbikusita-Lewanika, Lungu, Fred M'membe (the managing director of the Post), and Dr Faustin Mwape (Department of Agriculture at UNZA and Zambia Research Foundation member), Lusaka, January to March 1994.
38. C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'Elections in the One-Party-State', in C. Gertzel, C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, The Dynamics of the One Party State in Zambia (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1984), pp. 29-57.
39. C. Baylies, 'The State and Class Formation in Zambia' (PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1978), pp. 391-341; C. Baylies, 'Zambia's Economic Reforms and their Aftermath: the State and the Growth of Indigenous Capital', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 20, 3 (1982), pp. 235-263; Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise of Zambian Capitalist Class in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies 8, 2 (1982), p. 202; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise to Political Prominence of the Zambian Business Class', in Gertzel, Baylies and Szeftel, The Dynamics of the One Party State, pp. 59-78; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; M. Szeftel, 'Conflict, Spoils and Class Formation in Zambia'(PhD thesis, University of Manchester, 1978), pp. 433-435,453-454; T. Southall, 'Zambia: Class Formation and Detente Government Policy in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies, 7, 1 (1980), pp. 91-108; P.E. Ollawa, Participatory Democracy in Zambia: The Political Economy of National Development (London, Arthur H. Stockwell, 1979), pp. 321-323; B.C. Chikulo, 'The 1978 Zambian Elections', The Evolving Structure of Zambian Society, Proceedings of a Seminar of the Centre for African Studies, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, May 1980, pp. 96-120.
40. C. Baylies, 'The State and Class Formation in Zambia' (PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1978), pp. 391-341; C. Baylies, 'Zambia's Economic Reforms and their Aftermath: the State and the Growth of Indigenous Capital', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 20, 3 (1982), pp. 235-263; Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise of Zambian Capitalist Class in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies 8, 2 (1982), p. 202; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise to Political Prominence of the Zambian Business Class', in Gertzel, Baylies and Szeftel, The Dynamics of the One Party State, pp. 59-78; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; M. Szeftel, 'Conflict, Spoils and Class Formation in Zambia'(PhD thesis, University of Manchester, 1978), pp. 433-435,453-454; T. Southall, 'Zambia: Class Formation and Detente Government Policy in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies, 7, 1 (1980), pp. 91-108; P.E. Ollawa, Participatory Democracy in Zambia: The Political Economy of National Development (London, Arthur H. Stockwell, 1979), pp. 321-323; B.C. Chikulo, 'The 1978 Zambian Elections', The Evolving Structure of Zambian Society, Proceedings of a Seminar of the Centre for African Studies, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, May 1980, pp. 96-120.
41. C. Baylies, 'The State and Class Formation in Zambia' (PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1978), pp. 391-341; C. Baylies, 'Zambia's Economic Reforms and their Aftermath: the State and the Growth of Indigenous Capital', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 20, 3 (1982), pp. 235-263; Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise of Zambian Capitalist Class in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies 8, 2 (1982), p. 202; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise to Political Prominence of the Zambian Business Class', in Gertzel, Baylies and Szeftel, The Dynamics of the One Party State, pp. 59-78; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; M. Szeftel, 'Conflict, Spoils and Class Formation in Zambia'(PhD thesis, University of Manchester, 1978), pp. 433-435,453-454; T. Southall, 'Zambia: Class Formation and Detente Government Policy in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies, 7, 1 (1980), pp. 91-108; P.E. Ollawa, Participatory Democracy in Zambia: The Political Economy of National Development (London, Arthur H. Stockwell, 1979), pp. 321-323; B.C. Chikulo, 'The 1978 Zambian Elections', The Evolving Structure of Zambian Society, Proceedings of a Seminar of the Centre for African Studies, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, May 1980, pp. 96-120.
42. C. Baylies, 'The State and Class Formation in Zambia' (PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1978), pp. 391-341; C. Baylies, 'Zambia's Economic Reforms and their Aftermath: the State and the Growth of Indigenous Capital', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 20, 3 (1982), pp. 235-263; Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise of Zambian Capitalist Class in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies 8, 2 (1982), p. 202; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise to Political Prominence of the Zambian Business Class', in Gertzel, Baylies and Szeftel, The Dynamics of the One Party State, pp. 59-78; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; M. Szeftel, 'Conflict, Spoils and Class Formation in Zambia'(PhD thesis, University of Manchester, 1978), pp. 433-435,453-454; T. Southall, 'Zambia: Class Formation and Detente Government Policy in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies, 7, 1 (1980), pp. 91-108; P.E. Ollawa, Participatory Democracy in Zambia: The Political Economy of National Development (London, Arthur H. Stockwell, 1979), pp. 321-323; B.C. Chikulo, 'The 1978 Zambian Elections', The Evolving Structure of Zambian Society, Proceedings of a Seminar of the Centre for African Studies, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, May 1980, pp. 96-120.
43. C. Baylies, 'The State and Class Formation in Zambia' (PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1978), pp. 391-341; C. Baylies, 'Zambia's Economic Reforms and their Aftermath: the State and the Growth of Indigenous Capital', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 20, 3 (1982), pp. 235-263; Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise of Zambian Capitalist Class in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies 8, 2 (1982), p. 202; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise to Political Prominence of the Zambian Business Class', in Gertzel, Baylies and Szeftel, The Dynamics of the One Party State, pp. 59-78; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; M. Szeftel, 'Conflict, Spoils and Class Formation in Zambia'(PhD thesis, University of Manchester, 1978), pp. 433-435,453-454; T. Southall, 'Zambia: Class Formation and Detente Government Policy in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies, 7, 1 (1980), pp. 91-108; P.E. Ollawa, Participatory Democracy in Zambia: The Political Economy of National Development (London, Arthur H. Stockwell, 1979), pp. 321-323; B.C. Chikulo, 'The 1978 Zambian Elections', The Evolving Structure of Zambian Society, Proceedings of a Seminar of the Centre for African Studies, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, May 1980, pp. 96-120.
44. C. Baylies, 'The State and Class Formation in Zambia' (PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1978), pp. 391-341; C. Baylies, 'Zambia's Economic Reforms and their Aftermath: the State and the Growth of Indigenous Capital', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 20, 3 (1982), pp. 235-263; Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise of Zambian Capitalist Class in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies 8, 2 (1982), p. 202; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise to Political Prominence of the Zambian Business Class', in Gertzel, Baylies and Szeftel, The Dynamics of the One Party State, pp. 59-78; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; M. Szeftel, 'Conflict, Spoils and Class Formation in Zambia'(PhD thesis, University of Manchester, 1978), pp. 433-435,453-454; T. Southall, 'Zambia: Class Formation and Detente Government Policy in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies, 7, 1 (1980), pp. 91-108; P.E. Ollawa, Participatory Democracy in Zambia: The Political Economy of National Development (London, Arthur H. Stockwell, 1979), pp. 321-323; B.C. Chikulo, 'The 1978 Zambian Elections', The Evolving Structure of Zambian Society, Proceedings of a Seminar of the Centre for African Studies, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, May 1980, pp. 96-120.
45. C. Baylies, 'The State and Class Formation in Zambia' (PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1978), pp. 391-341; C. Baylies, 'Zambia's Economic Reforms and their Aftermath: the State and the Growth of Indigenous Capital', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 20, 3 (1982), pp. 235-263; Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise of Zambian Capitalist Class in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies 8, 2 (1982), p. 202; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise to Political Prominence of the Zambian Business Class', in Gertzel, Baylies and Szeftel, The Dynamics of the One Party State, pp. 59-78; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; M. Szeftel, 'Conflict, Spoils and Class Formation in Zambia'(PhD thesis, University of Manchester, 1978), pp. 433-435,453-454; T. Southall, 'Zambia: Class Formation and Detente Government Policy in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies, 7, 1 (1980), pp. 91-108; P.E. Ollawa, Participatory Democracy in Zambia: The Political Economy of National Development (London, Arthur H. Stockwell, 1979), pp. 321-323; B.C. Chikulo, 'The 1978 Zambian Elections', The Evolving Structure of Zambian Society, Proceedings of a Seminar of the Centre for African Studies, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, May 1980, pp. 96-120.
46. C. Baylies, 'The State and Class Formation in Zambia' (PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1978), pp. 391-341; C. Baylies, 'Zambia's Economic Reforms and their Aftermath: the State and the Growth of Indigenous Capital', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 20, 3 (1982), pp. 235-263; Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise of Zambian Capitalist Class in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies 8, 2 (1982), p. 202; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise to Political Prominence of the Zambian Business Class', in Gertzel, Baylies and Szeftel, The Dynamics of the One Party State, pp. 59-78; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; M. Szeftel, 'Conflict, Spoils and Class Formation in Zambia'(PhD thesis, University of Manchester, 1978), pp. 433-435,453-454; T. Southall, 'Zambia: Class Formation and Detente Government Policy in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies, 7, 1 (1980), pp. 91-108; P.E. Ollawa, Participatory Democracy in Zambia: The Political Economy of National Development (London, Arthur H. Stockwell, 1979), pp. 321-323; B.C. Chikulo, 'The 1978 Zambian Elections', The Evolving Structure of Zambian Society, Proceedings of a Seminar of the Centre for African Studies, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, May 1980, pp. 96-120.
47. C. Baylies, 'The State and Class Formation in Zambia' (PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1978), pp. 391-341; C. Baylies, 'Zambia's Economic Reforms and their Aftermath: the State and the Growth of Indigenous Capital', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 20, 3 (1982), pp. 235-263; Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise of Zambian Capitalist Class in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies 8, 2 (1982), p. 202; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise to Political Prominence of the Zambian Business Class', in Gertzel, Baylies and Szeftel, The Dynamics of the One Party State, pp. 59-78; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; M. Szeftel, 'Conflict, Spoils and Class Formation in Zambia'(PhD thesis, University of Manchester, 1978), pp. 433-435,453-454; T. Southall, 'Zambia: Class Formation and Detente Government Policy in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies, 7, 1 (1980), pp. 91-108; P.E. Ollawa, Participatory Democracy in Zambia: The Political Economy of National Development (London, Arthur H. Stockwell, 1979), pp. 321-323; B.C. Chikulo, 'The 1978 Zambian Elections', The Evolving Structure of Zambian Society, Proceedings of a Seminar of the Centre for African Studies, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, May 1980, pp. 96-120.
48. C. Baylies, 'The State and Class Formation in Zambia' (PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1978), pp. 391-341; C. Baylies, 'Zambia's Economic Reforms and their Aftermath: the State and the Growth of Indigenous Capital', Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 20, 3 (1982), pp. 235-263; Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise of Zambian Capitalist Class in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies 8, 2 (1982), p. 202; C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Rise to Political Prominence of the Zambian Business Class', in Gertzel, Baylies and Szeftel, The Dynamics of the One Party State, pp. 59-78; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 104-106; M. Szeftel, 'Conflict, Spoils and Class Formation in Zambia'(PhD thesis, University of Manchester, 1978), pp. 433-435,453-454; T. Southall, 'Zambia: Class Formation and Detente Government Policy in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies, 7, 1 (1980), pp. 91-108; P.E. Ollawa, Participatory Democracy in Zambia: The Political Economy of National Development (London, Arthur H. Stockwell, 1979), pp. 321-323; B.C. Chikulo, 'The 1978 Zambian Elections', The Evolving Structure of Zambian Society, Proceedings of a Seminar of the Centre for African Studies, Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, May 1980, pp. 96-120.
49. M. Hamalengwa, Class Struggles in Zambia, 1889-1989, and The Fall of Kenneth Kaunda, 1990-1991 (New York, Lanham Press, 1992), p. 98. Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 111-112, 168-171.
50. M. Hamalengwa, Class Struggles in Zambia, 1889-1989, and The Fall of Kenneth Kaunda, 1990-1991 (New York, Lanham Press, 1992), p. 98. Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 111-112, 168-171.
51. M. Hamalengwa, Class Struggles in Zambia, 1889-1989, and The Fall of Kenneth Kaunda, 1990-1991 (New York, Lanham Press, 1992), p. 98. Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 111-112, 168-171.
52. R.H. Bates and P. Collier, 'The Politics and Economics of Policy Reform in Zambia', in R.H. Bates and A.O. Krueger (eds), Political Economic Interactions in Economic Policy Reform (Cambridge, Blackwell, 1993), p. 396.
53. H.S. Meebelo, African Proletarianisation and Colonial Capitalism: The Origins, Growth and Struggle of the Zambian Labour Movement to 1964 (Lusaka, Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1986).
54. B.B. Liatto, Organised Labour and the State in Zambia' (PhD thesis, Leeds University, 1987), pp. 136-137, 156-166, 212-223, 285-287.
55. Chisala, The Downfall of President Kaunda, p. 340; Hamalengwa, Class Struggles in Zambia, pp. 100-101; N. Mijere, 'The Slate and Development: a Study of the Dominance of the Political Class in Zambia', Africa Today, 35, 2 (1988), pp. 21-36.
56. Chisala, The Downfall of President Kaunda, p. 340; Hamalengwa, Class Struggles in Zambia, pp. 100-101; N. Mijere, 'The Slate and Development: a Study of the Dominance of the Political Class in Zambia', Africa Today, 35, 2 (1988), pp. 21-36.
57. Chisala, The Downfall of President Kaunda, p. 340; Hamalengwa, Class Struggles in Zambia, pp. 100-101; N. Mijere, 'The Slate and Development: a Study of the Dominance of the Political Class in Zambia', Africa Today, 35, 2 (1988), pp. 21-36.
58. Hamalengwa, Class Struggles in Zambia, pp. 102-103.
59. Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era; Hamalengwa, Class Struggles in Zambia; Liatto, 'Organised Labour'; E. Kalula, 'Labour Legislation and Policy in a Post-colonial State: Attempts to Incorporate Trade Unions in Zambia, 1971-86' (PhD thesis, University of Warwick, 1988).
60. Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era; Hamalengwa, Class Struggles in Zambia; Liatto, 'Organised Labour'; E. Kalula, 'Labour Legislation and Policy in a Post-colonial State: Attempts to Incorporate Trade Unions in Zambia, 1971-86' (PhD thesis, University of Warwick, 1988).
61. Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era; Hamalengwa, Class Struggles in Zambia; Liatto, 'Organised Labour'; E. Kalula, 'Labour Legislation and Policy in a Post-colonial State: Attempts to Incorporate Trade Unions in Zambia, 1971-86' (PhD thesis, University of Warwick, 1988).
62. Mwanakatwe, End Of Kaunda Era; Hamalengwa, Class Struggles in Zambia; Liatto, 'Organised Labour'; E. Kalula, 'Labour Legislation and Policy in a Post-colonial State: Attempts to Incorporate Trade Unions in Zambia, 1971-86' (PhD thesis, University of Warwick, 1988).
63. Hamalengwa, Class Struggles in Zambia, pp. 98, 113.
64. Bates and Collier, 'The Politics and Economics of Policy Reform', p. 397.
65. L. Rakner, 'Political Transition and Economic Reform. The Role of Labour in Zambian National Politics', Forum For Development Studies, 2 (1993), pp. 137-139; J. J. Hawkins Jr., 'Understanding the Failure of IMF Reform: the Zambian Case', World Development, 19, 7 (1991), p. 846.
66. L. Rakner, 'Political Transition and Economic Reform. The Role of Labour in Zambian National Politics', Forum For Development Studies, 2 (1993), pp. 137-139; J. J. Hawkins Jr., 'Understanding the Failure of IMF Reform: the Zambian Case', World Development, 19, 7 (1991), p. 846.
67. Liatto, Organised Labour', pp. 200-222, 286-287. P. Gibbon, 'Structural Adjustment and Pressures toward Multipartyism in Sub-Saharan Africa', in Gibbon, Bangura and Ofstad, Authoritarianism, Democracy and Adjustment, p. 153.
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69. Interviews with Mbikusita-Lewanika, Lungu, M'membe and Lucy Sichone, Lusaka, January to March 1994. Sichone was UNIP's election manager on the Copperbelt in 1991. She resigned from UNIP in September 1993, and established the Civic Education Association.
70. M. Bratton and B. Liatto-Katundu, 'Political Culture in Zambia: a Pilot Survey', Michigan State University Working Paper 7 (Michigan, Michigan State University, 1994), p. 9.
71. J.C. Copestake, 'Zambia: Country Overview', in K. Wellard and J. Copestake (eds), NGOs and the State in Africa (London, Routledge, 1993), pp. 166-168.
72. E. West, 'The Politics of Hope: Zambia's Structural Adjustment Program 1985-7' (PhD thesis, University of Yale, 1989), pp. 193-194.
73. Chisala, The Downfall of President Kaunda, p. 46.
74. Movement for Multi-Party Democracy, Programme of National Reconstruction and Development through Democracy, Draft Discussion Paper (Lusaka, MMD, n.d. [1991]). Bartlett, 'The prospects for democracy', pp. 94-97.
75. Movement for Multi-Party Democracy, Programme of National Reconstruction and Development through Democracy, Draft Discussion Paper (Lusaka, MMD, n.d. [1991]). Bartlett, 'The prospects for democracy', pp. 94-97.
76. Interviews, Lusaka; Africa Confidential, 32, 13 (1991), p. 7.
77. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 29 August 1990; 1 September 1990; 19 December 1990; 9, 11, 28 January 1991; 1, 8,19 February 1991;9 August 1991. Also see, Africa Research Bulletin (Exeter) 27,8 (1990), p. 9797; 27,9 (1990), pp. 9833-9834; Africa Confidential, 31, 20 (1991), pp. 6-7; 31, 8 (1990), p. 7.
78. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 29 August 1990; 1 September 1990; 19 December 1990; 9, 11, 28 January 1991; 1, 8,19 February 1991;9 August 1991. Also see, Africa Research Bulletin (Exeter) 27,8 (1990), p. 9797; 27,9 (1990), pp. 9833-9834; Africa Confidential, 31, 20 (1991), pp. 6-7; 31, 8 (1990), p. 7.
79. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 29 August 1990; 1 September 1990; 19 December 1990; 9, 11, 28 January 1991; 1, 8,19 February 1991;9 August 1991. Also see, Africa Research Bulletin (Exeter) 27,8 (1990), p. 9797; 27,9 (1990), pp. 9833-9834; Africa Confidential, 31, 20 (1991), pp. 6-7; 31, 8 (1990), p. 7.
80. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 29 August 1990; 1 September 1990; 19 December 1990; 9, 11, 28 January 1991; 1, 8,19 February 1991;9 August 1991. Also see, Africa Research Bulletin (Exeter) 27,8 (1990), p. 9797; 27,9 (1990), pp. 9833-9834; Africa Confidential, 31, 20 (1991), pp. 6-7; 31, 8 (1990), p. 7.
81. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 29 August 1990; 1 September 1990; 19 December 1990; 9, 11, 28 January 1991; 1, 8,19 February 1991;9 August 1991. Also see, Africa Research Bulletin (Exeter) 27,8 (1990), p. 9797; 27,9 (1990), pp. 9833-9834; Africa Confidential, 31, 20 (1991), pp. 6-7; 31, 8 (1990), p. 7.
82. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 26, 28, February 1991.
83. Interviews with Mbikusita-Lewanika, Lungu and Baldwin Nkumbula, Lusaka, January to March 1994. Nkumbula was appointed Minister of Sport, Youth and Child Development in November 1991. He resigned from the MMD government in 1992 and left the MMD in 1993 when he was associated with the founding of the National Party. Also see the Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 26, 28 February 1991; 18 March 1991.
84. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 23 February 1991; 12 March 1991.
85. Interview with Lungu. Also see the Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 2, 11 March 1991.
86. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 1 March 1991.
87. West, 'The Politics of Hope', p. 140. C. Gertzel, 'Dissent and Authority in the Zambian One-Party State 1973-80', in Gertzel, Baylies and Szeftel, The Dynamics of the One Party State, pp. 79-117.
88. West, 'The Politics of Hope', p. 140. C. Gertzel, 'Dissent and Authority in the Zambian One-Party State 1973-80', in Gertzel, Baylies and Szeftel, The Dynamics of the One Party State, pp. 79-117.
89. Guardian (London). 3 March 1991. Also see Rakner, 'Political Transition and Economic Reform', pp. 140-141.
90. Guardian (London). 3 March 1991. Also see Rakner, 'Political Transition and Economic Reform', pp. 140-141.
91. Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, p. 201; Steve Kibble, 'Zambia: Problems for the MMD', Review of African Political Economy, 53 (1992), p. 105.
92. Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, p. 201; Steve Kibble, 'Zambia: Problems for the MMD', Review of African Political Economy, 53 (1992), p. 105.
93. Interviews with Lungu, Mbikusita-Lewanika, M'membe, Lusaka.
94. Interviews with Mbikusita-Lewanika, M'membe, Nkumbula.
95. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 20 March 1990; Africa Confidential, 32, 22 (1991), p. 2. 61 Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 9, 16, 17, 21 September 1991.
96. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 20 March 1990; Africa Confidential, 32, 22 (1991), p. 2. 61 Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 9, 16, 17, 21 September 1991.
97. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 20 March 1990; Africa Confidential, 32, 22 (1991), p. 2. 61 Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 9, 16, 17, 21 September 1991.
98. C. Baylies and M. Szeftel, 'The Fall and Rise of Multi-Party Politics in Zambia', Review of African Political Economy, 54 (1992), pp. 83-84.
99. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 26, 28 June 1991; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 214-219.
100. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 26, 28 June 1991; Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, pp. 214-219.
101. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 13, 17, 18, 20 July 1991.
102. Panter-Brick, 'Prospects for Democracy'.
103. E. Bjomlund, M. Bratton and C. Gibson, 'Observing Multiparty Elections in Africa: the Lessons from Zambia', African Affairs, 91 (1992), pp. 405-431.
104. Interviews with Lungu and Dr Oliver Saasa, Lusaka, January to March 1994. Saasa was the director of the Institute of African studies at UNZA.
105. Ibid.
106. Ibid. Also see the Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 17, 20, 26, 29 July 1991.
107. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 26, 29 July 1991.
108. Africa Confidential (London), 32, 20 (1991), pp. 6-7.
109. Government of Republic of Zambia, The Constitution of Zambia Act (no. 1 of) 1991 (Lusaka, Government Printer, 1991).
110. Zambia Independent Monitoring Team, Fair Play for a Better Tomorrow. Election Report 1991 (Lusaka, ZIMT, 1992), pp. 10-16, 19-37.
111. Zambian Elections Monitoring Coordinating Committee, Setting a Standard for Africa: Free and Fair Elections. Final Report (Lusaka, ZEMCC, 1991), pp. 2-6.
112. Ibid., pp. 16-18.
113. Z-Vote, The October 31, 1991 National Elections in Zambia (Washington DC, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and Carter Center of Emory University, 1992), pp. 136-137.
114. These developments were described privately to the author by a participant in the events.
115. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 22 October 1991. AhoZ-Vote, The October 31, 1991 National Elections, pp. 138-142.
116. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 22 October 1991. AhoZ-Vote, The October 31, 1991 National Elections, pp. 138-142.
117. Africa Confidential (London), 33, 13 (1992), pp. 5-6; interview with M'membe.
118. Ibid. Also see Melinda Ham, 'End of the Honeymoon', Africa Report, 37,3 (1992), pp. 61-63; Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 22, 28 April 1992; 7, 9, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22 May 1992; 18 June 1992; 23, 27, 28, 30 July 1992.
119. Ibid. Also see Melinda Ham, 'End of the Honeymoon', Africa Report, 37,3 (1992), pp. 61-63; Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 22, 28 April 1992; 7, 9, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22 May 1992; 18 June 1992; 23, 27, 28, 30 July 1992.
120. Government of Republic of Zambia, Special Report of the Committeee on Parastatal Bodies (Lusaka, Government Printer, 1992).
121. Ham, 'End of the Honeymoon', p. 62.
122. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), especially 10 April 1992; 5 May 1992; 10, 27 July 1992; 7 September 1992; 13, 15, 19, 21, 22 October 1992; 5, 13, 16 November 1992.
123. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 6 December 1992.
124. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 27 August 1993.
125. Movement for Multi-Party Democracy, Proposed MMD Amendments to the Constitution of the Party (Lusaka, MMD, n.d. [1993]).
126. Interview, Lusaka.
127. Callaghy, 'Civil Society', pp. 235-236, 238.
128. Post (Lusaka), 87/8 (1993); Profit (Lusaka). 1, 10 (1993), p. I, and 1, 11 (1993), p. 42.
129. Post (Lusaka), 87/8 (1993); Profit (Lusaka). 1, 10 (1993), p. I, and 1, 11 (1993), p. 42.
130. Post (Lusaka), 87/8 (1993); Profit (Lusaka). 1, 10 (1993), p. I, and 1, 11 (1993), p. 42.
131. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 22, 27 March 1993.
132. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 6 March 1993.
133. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 4 March 1993, 27 July 1993, 26 August 1993; 21 December 1993; 21 December 1994.
134. The Post (Lusaka), 98, 104, 114 (1993).
135. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 27 January 1994.
136. Times of Zambia (Lusaka), 15 April 1992.
137. Morris Szeftel, 'Political Graft and the Spoils System in Zambia: the State as a Resource in Itself', Review of African Political Economy, 24 (1982), pp. 4-21, and see his 'Conflict, Spoils and Class Formation'.
138. Morris Szeftel, 'Political Graft and the Spoils System in Zambia: the State as a Resource in Itself', Review of African Political Economy, 24 (1982), pp. 4-21, and see his 'Conflict, Spoils and Class Formation'.
139. Profit (Lusaka), 1, 12 (May 1993), p. 1.