The polytene nucleus in morphological, cytochemical, and functional studies of messenger RNA transcription, processing, and transportation

European Journal of Histochemistry

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 7-16

  Vazquez Nin G H ^a   Echeverria O M ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

Author keywords

chromosome; DNA; expression; gene; postranscriptional regulation; splicing

Indexed keywords

DNA; MESSENGER RNA;

ANIMAL; CELL NUCLEUS; CHEMISTRY; CHIRONOMIDAE; CHROMOSOME; CYTOLOGY; CYTOPLASM; DROSOPHILA; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENETICS; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; METABOLISM; REVIEW; RNA PROCESSING; RNA SPLICING; SALIVARY GLAND; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANIMALS; CELL NUCLEUS; CHIRONOMIDAE; CHROMOSOMES; CYTOPLASM; DNA; DROSOPHILA; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL; RNA SPLICING; RNA, MESSENGER; SALIVARY GLANDS; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

ANIMALIA; CHIRONOMIDAE;

EID: 9544251379     PISSN: 1121760X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Ammermann D.: Morphology and development of the macronuclei of the ciliates Stylonychia mytilus and Euplotes aedicolatus, Chromosoma 33, 209-238, 1971.
2. Andersson K., Björkroth B., and Daneholt B.: The in situ structure of the active 75 S RNA genes in Balbiani rings of Chironomus tentans. Exp. Cell Res. 130, 313-326, 1980.
3. Ashburner M.: Drosophila. A Laboratory Handbook. Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York, 1989.
4. Bachellerie J.P., Puvion E., and Zalta E.: Ultrastructural organization and biochemical characterization of chromatin-RNA-protein complexes isolated from mammalian cell nuclei. Eur. J. Biochem. 58, 327-337, 1975.
5. Balbiani E.G.: Sur la structure du noyau des cellules salivaires chez les larves de Chironomus. Zool. Anz. 99, 637-641 and 662-666, 1881.
6. Bauer H.: Der Aufbau der Chromosomen aus den Speichel-drüsen von Chironomus Thummi Kiefer (Untersuchungen an den Riesenchromosomen der Dipteren I) Z. Zellforsch, 23, 280-313, 1935.
7. Baurén G., and Wieslander L.: Splicing of Balbiani ring 1 gene pre-mRNA occurs simultaneously with transcription. Cell 76, 183-192, 1994.
8. Beermann W.: Chromosomenkonstantz und specifische Modifikation der Chromosomenstruktur in der Entwicklund und Organdifferenzierung von Chironomus tentans. Chromosoma 5, 139-198, 1952.
9. Beermann W.: Ein Balbiani-Ring als Locus einer Speichel-drüsen-Mutation. Chromosoma 12, 1-25, 1961.
10. Beermann W.: Riesenchromosomen, In Alfert M., Bauer H., and Harding C.V. eds. Protoplasmologia, v. 6, pp. 1-165, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1962.
11. Beermann W.: Cytological aspects of information transfer in cellular differentiation. Am. Zool. 3, 23-32, 1963.
12. Beermann W.: Directed changes in the pattern of Balbiani ring puffing in Chironomus: Effects of sugar treatment. Chromosoma 41, 297-326, 1973.
13. Beermann W., and Bahr G.F.: The submicroscopic structure of the Balbiani ring. Exp. Cell Res. 6, 195-201, 1954.
14. Beermann W., and Clever U.: Chromosome puffs. Sci. Am. 210, 50-57, 1964.
15. 3 Thymidin Markierung einzelner Chromatidien in Riesenchromosomen. Chromosoma 16, 1-21, 1965.
16. Beiendes H.D.: Electron microscopical mapping of giant chromosomes. Drosophila Inf. Serv. 43, 115-116, 1968.
17. Bernhard W.: A new staining procedure for electron microscopical cytology. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 27, 250-265, 1969.
18. Björkroth B., Ericsson C., and Daneholt B.: Structure of the cromatin axis during transcription. Chromosoma 96, 333-340, 1988.
19. Breuer M.E., and Pavan C.: Behaviour of polytene chromosomes of Rhynchosciai a angelae at different stages of larval development. Chromosoma 7, 371-386, 1955.
20. Bridges C.B.: Salivary chromosome maps with a key to the banding of chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Hered. 26, 60-64, 1935.
21. Bridges C.B.: A revised map of the salivary gland X-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Hered. 29, 11-13, 1938.
22. Bridges C.B., and Bridges P.N.: A new map of the second chromosome. A revised map of the right limb of the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Hered. 30, 475-476, 1939.
23. Bridges P.N.: A revised map of the left limb of the third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Hered. 32, 64-65, 1941.
24. Bridges P.N.: A new map of the salivary gland 2L-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Hered. 33, 403-408, 1942.
25. Case S.T., and Daneholt B.: The size of the transcription unit in Balbiani ring 2 of Chironomus tentans as derived from analysis of the primary transcript and 75 S RNA. J. Mol. Biol. 124, 223-241, 1978.
26. Clever U.: Genktivitäten in den Riesenchromosomen von Chironomus tentans und ihre Beziehungen zur Entwicklung. I. Genativierungen durch Ecdyson. Chromosoma 12, 607-675, 1961.
27. Clever U.: Actinomycin and puromycin: Effects on sequential gene activation by ecdysone. Science 146, 794-795, 1964.
28. Daneholt B.: The transcribed template and the transcription loop in Balbiani rings. Cell Int. Rept. 16, 709-715, 1992.
29. Daneholt B., Edström J.E., Egyházi E., Lambert B., and Ringborg U.: RNA synthesis in a Balbiani ring in Chironomus tentons salivary gland. Chromosoma 28, 418-429, 1969.
30. Degelmann A., and Hollenberg C.P.: A structural analysis of Balbiani ring DNA sequences in Chironomus tentans. Chromosoma 83, 295-313, 1981.
31. Demakov S.A., Semeshin V.F., and Khimulev I.F.: Cloning and molecular genetic analysis of Drosophila melanogaster interband DNA. Mol. Gen. Genet. 238, 437-443, 1993.
32. Echeverría O.M., Pagán Santini R., and Vázquez Nin G.H.: Effects of testosterone on nuclear ribonucleoprotein components of prostate epithelial cells. Biol. Cell 72, 223-229, 1991.
33. Edström J.E.: Polytene chromosomes in studies of gene expression. In Busch H. ed. The Cell nucleus, v. 2, pp. 293-332, Academic Press, New York, 1974.
34. Edström J.E., and Beermann W.: Extraction, hydrolisis and electrophoretic analysis of ribonucleic acids in chromosomes, puffs, nucleoli, and cytoplasm of Chironomus salivary gland cells. J. Cell Biol. 14, 371-379, 1962.
35. Edström J.E., and Tanguay R.: Cytoplasmic ribonucleic acids with messenger characteristics in salivary gland cells of Chironomus tentans. J. Mol. Biol. 84, 569-583, 1974.
36. Ericsson C., Grossbach U., Björkroth B., and Daneholt B.: Presence of histone H1 on an active Balbiani ring gene. Cell 73-83, 1990.
37. Ericsson C., Mehlin H., Björkroth B., Lamb M.M., and Daneholt B.: The ultrastructure of upstream and downstream regions of an active Balbiani ring gene. Cell 56, 631-639, 1989.
38. Fakan S., Puvion E., and Spohr G.: Localization and characterization of newly synthesized nuclear RNA in isolated rat hepatocytcs. Exp. Cell Res. 99, 155-164, 1976.
39. Fakan S., Leser G., and Martin T.: Ultrastructural distribution of nuclear ribonucleoproteins as visualized by immunocytochemistry in thin sections. J. Cell Biol. 98, 358-363, 1984.
40. Fakan S., Leser G., and Martin T.: Immunoelectron microscope visualization of nuclear antigens within spread transcription complexes. J. Cell Biol. 103, 1153-1157, 1986.
41. Heitz E., and Bauer H.: Beweis für die Chromosomennatur der Kenscheiflen in den Kräuelkern von Bibio hortulanus L. (Cytologische Untersuchungen an Dipteren I). Z. Zellforsch. 17, 67-82, 1993.
42. Hennig W.: Giant chromosomes. In Busch H. ed. The Cell Nucleus, v. 2, pp. 333-369, Academic Press, New York, 1974.
43. Höög C., Engberg C., and Wieslander L.: A BR 1 gene in Chironomus tentans has a composite structure: a large repetitive core block is separate from a short unrelated 3'-terminal domain by a small intron. Nuclei Acid Res. 14, 703-719, 1986.
44. King R.L., and Beams H.W.: Somatic synapsis in Chironomus. with special reference to the individuality of chromosomes. J. Morphol. 56, 577-591, 1934.
45. Kiseleva E., Wurtz T., Visa N., and Daneholt B.: Assembly and disassembly of spliceosomes along a specific pre-messenger RNP fiber. EMBO J. 13, 6052-6061, 1994.
46. Koltzoff N.K.: The structure of chromosomes in the salivary gland of Drosophila. Sciences 80, 312-313, 1934.
47. Kress H., Meyerowitz E.M., and Davidson N.: High resolution mapping of in situ hybridized biotinylated DNA to surface-spread Drosophila polytene chromosomes. Chromosoma 93, 113-112, 1985.
48. Lamb M.M., and Daneholt B.: Characterization of active transcription units in Balbiani rings of Chironomus tentans. Cell 17, 835-848, 1979.
49. Lönroth A., Alexciev K., Mehlin H., Wurtz T., Skoglund U., and Daneholt B.: Demonstration of a 7-nm RNP fiber as the basic structural element in a premessenger RNP particle. Exp. Cell Res. 199, 292, 296, 1992a.
50. Lönroth A., Skoglund U., Tokuyasu K.T., and Daneholt B.: The adsorption staining technique applied to isolated premessenger ribonucleoprotein particles: a comparison with conventional techniques using electron microscope tomography. J. Microscopy 170, 173-182, 1992b.
51. Lührmann R.: snRNP proteins. In Birnstiel M.L. ed. Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles, pp. 71-99, Springer, Berlin, 1988.
52. Mechelke F.: Beziehungen zwischen der Menge der DNS und dem Ausmass der potentiellen Oberflächtenentfaltung von Riesenchromosomenloci. Naturwissenschaften 46, 609, 1959.
53. Mehlin H., Skoglund U., and Daneholt B.: Transport of Balbiani ring granules through nuclear pores in Chironomus tentans. Exp. Cell Res. 193, 72-77, 1991.
54. Mehlin H., Daneholt B., and Skoglund U.: Translocation of a specific premessenger ribonucleoprotein particle through the nuclear pore studied with electron microscope tomography. Cell 69, 605-613, 1992.
55. Mehlin H., Daneholt B., and Skoglund U.: Structural interaction between the nuclear pore complex and a specific RNP particle. J. Cell Biol. 129, 1205-1216, 1995.
56. Monneron A., and Bernhard W.: Fine structural organization of the interphase nucleus of mammalian cells. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 27, 266-288, 1969.
57. Nagl W.: Puffing of polytene chromosomes in a plant (Phaseolus vulgaris). Naturwissenschaften 56, 221-222, 1969.
58. Olins A.L., Olins D.E., Levy H., Durfee R.C., Margle S.M., and Tinnel E.P.: DNA compaction during intense transcription measured by electron microscope tomography. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 40, 105-110, 1986.
59. Olins A.L., Olins D.E., and Bazett-Jones D.P.: Balbiani ring hnRNP substructure visualized by selective staining and electron spectroscopic imaging. J. Cell Biol. 117, 483-491, 1992.
60. Olins A.L., Olins D.E., Levy H.A., Shah M.B., and Bazett-Jones D.P.: Electron microscope tomography of Balbiani ring hnRNP substructure. Chromosoma 102, 137-144, 1993.
61. Olins A.L., Olins D.E., Olman V., Levy H.A., and Bazett-Jones D.P.: Modeling the 3-D RNA distribution in the Balbiani ring granule. Chromosoma 103, 302-310, 1994.
62. Painter T.S.: A new method for the study of chromosome rearrangements and the plotting of chromosome maps. Science 78, 585-586, 1933.
63. Painter T.S.: A new method for the study of chromosomal aberrations and the plotting of chromosomal maps in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 19, 175-188, 1934a.
64. Painter T.S.: The morphology of the X chromosome in salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster and a new type of chromosome map for this element. Genetics 19, 448-476, 1934b.
65. Painter T.S.: Salivary chromosomes and the attack on the gene. J. Hered. 25, 465-469, 1934c.
66. Painter T.S.: The morphology of the third chromosome in the salivary gland of Drosophila melanogaster and a new cytological map of this element. Genetics 20, 301-326, 1935.
67. Pelling C.: Ribonucleinsäure-synthese der Riesenchromosomen. Autoradiograpische Untersuchungen an Chironomus tentans. Chromosoma 15, 71-122, 1964.
68. Pustell J., Kafatos F.C., Wobus U., and Bäumlein H.: Balbiani ring DNA sequence comparisons and evolutionary history of a family of hierarchically repetitive protein-coding genes. J. Mol. Evol. 20, 281-295, 1984.
69. Puvion E., and Moyne G.: Intranuclear migration of newly synthesized extranucleolar ribonucleoproteins. Exp. Cell Res. 115, 79-88, 1978.
70. Puvion E., Viron A., Assens C., Leduc E., and Jeanteur Ph.: Immunocytochemical identification of nuclear structures containing snRNP in isolated liver cells. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 87, 180-189, 1984.
71. Rylander L., and Edström J.E.: Large sized nascent protein as dominating component during protein synthesis in Chironomus salivary glands. Chromosoma 81, 85-99, 1980.
72. Sachs R.I., and Clever U.: Unique repetitive DNA sequences in the genome of Chironomus, tentans. Exp. Cell Res. 74, 587-591, 1972.
73. Sauman Y., and Berry S.J.: An actin infrastructure is associated with eukaryotic chromosomes: structural and functional significance. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 64, 348-356, 1994.
74. Saura A.O., Heino T.I., and Sorsa V.: Electron micrograph maps of divisions 51 through 60 of thin sectioned polytene 2R chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Hereditas 114, 15-34, 1991.
75. Saura A.O., Heino T.I., and Sorsa V.: Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 11 through 20 of X. Hereditas 119, 23-141, 1993.
76. Saura A.O., Heino T.I., and Sorsa V.: Electron micrograph map of the Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosome 3R division 81 through 90. Hereditas 121, 1-20, 1994.
77. Skoglund U., Andersson K., Björkroth B., Lamb M.M., and Daneholt B.: Visualization of the formation and transport of a specific hnRNP particle. Cell 34, 847-855, 1983.
78. Skoglund U., and Daneholt B.: Electron microscope tomography TIBS 11, 499-503, 1986.
79. Skoglund U., Andersson K., Strandberg B., and Daneholt B.: Three-dimensional structure of a specific pre-messenger RNP particle established by electron microscope tomography. Nature 319, 560-564, 1986.
80. Sorsa M.: Ultrastructure of the polytene chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster with special reference to electron microscopic mapping of chromosome 3R. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A IV 151, 1-18, 1969.
81. Sorsa V.: Chromosome maps of Drosophila, v. 1, 2, CRC Press, Florida, 1988.
82. Steitz J.A., Black D.L., Gerke V., Parker K.A., Krämer A., Frendewey D., and Keller W.: Functions of the abundant U-snRNPs. In Birnstiel M.L. ed. Small ribonucleoprotein particles, pp. 115-154, Springer, Berlin, 1988.
83. Stevens B.J., and Swift H.: RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm in Chironomus salivary glands. J. Cell Biol. 31, 55-78, 1966.
84. Sümegi J., Wieslander L., and Daneholt B.: A hierarchic arrangement of the repetitive sequences in the Balbiani ring 2 gene of Chironamus tentans. Cell 30, 579-587, 1982.
85. Trepte H.H.: Ultrastructural analysis of Balbiani ring genes of Chironomus pallidivitattus in different states of Balbiani ring activity. Chromosoma 102, 433-445, 1993.
86. Vázquez Nin G.H., and Bernhard W.: Comparative ultrastructural study of perichromatin- and Balbiani ring granules. J. Ultrastruct. 36, 842-860, 1971.
87. Vázquez Nin G.H., Echeverría O.M., Molina E., and Fragoso J.: Effects of ovariectomy and estradiol injection on nuclear structures of endometrial epithelial cells. Acta Anat. 102, 308-318, 1978.
88. Vázquez Nin G.H., Echeverría O.M., and Pedron J.: Effects of estradiol on the ribonucleoprotein constituents of the nucleus of cultured endometrial epithelial cells. Biol. Cell 35, 221-228, 1979.
89. Vázquez Nin G.H., Ortega-Rangel J.A., and Echeverría O.M.: Nuclear aspects of neuroblast differentiation in the chick embryo. Biol. Cell. 39, 143-146, 1980.
90. Vázquez Nin G.H., Ortega-Rangel J.A., Echeverría O.M., Parra M.R., and Jiménez-García L.F.: Changes in the nuclear ribonucleoprotein constituents and chromatin disposition during neuronal differentiation and maturation. Biol. Cell 48, 17-24, 1983.
91. Vázquez Nin G.H., Echeverría O.M., Fakan S., Leser G., and Martin T.: Immunoelectron microscope localization of snRNPs in the polytene nucleus of salivary glands of Chironomus thummi. Chromosoma 99, 44-51, 1990.
92. Vázquez Nin G.H., Echeverría O.M., Boutinard Rouelle-Rossier V., and Fakan S.: A new type of ribonucleoprotein constituent of the polytene nucleus of the salivary glands of Chironomus thummi and Ch. tentans. Chromosoma 102, 693-699, 1993.
93. Vázquez Nin G.H., Abolhassani-Dadras S., Echeverría O.M., Boutinard Rouelle-Rossier V., von Shack M.L., and Fakan S.: Electron spectroscopic imaging analyses of the distribution of phosphorus in Balbiani ring granules and in the surrounding nucleoplasm. Chromosoma, 1996 submitted for publication.
94. Wieslander L., and Paulsson G.: Sequence organization of the Balbiani ring 2.1 gene in Chironomus tentans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89, 4578-4582, 1992.
95. Wieslander L., Sümegi J., and Daneholt B.: Evidence for a common ancestor sequence for the Balbiani ring 1 and Balbiani ring 2 genes in Chironomus tentans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79, 6956-6960, 1982.
96. Wobus U., Bäumlein H., Panitz R., Serfling E., and Kafatos F.C.: Periodicities and tandem repeats in a Balbiani ring gene. Cell 22, 127-135, 1980.
97. Wurtz T., Lönroth A., Ovchinnikov L., Skoglund U., and Daneholt U.: Isolation and initial characterization of a specific premessenger ribonucleoprotein particle. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 87, 831-835, 1990.
98. Zachar Z., Kramer J., Mims I.P., and Bingham P.M.: Evidence of channelled diffusion of pre-mRNA during nuclear RNA transport in metazoa. J. Cell Biol. 121, 729-742, 1993.
99. Zavala G., Aguilar X., Jiménez-Garcia L.F., Echeverría O.M., and Vázquez Nin G.H.: Changes in the ribonucleoprotein constituents of the nucleus during the differentiation of muscle cells in the chick embryo. Biol. Cell 76, 159-165, 1992.
100. 3H-uridine labelling patterns in the Drosophila melanogaster salivary glands chromosomes X, 2R and 3L. Chromosoma 49, 219-231, 1975