Potent inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 by 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine in primary macrophages is determined by drug metabolism, nucleotide pools, and cytokines

Molecular Pharmacology

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 359-366

  Perno, Carlo Federico ^a   Balestra, Emanuela ^a   Aquaro, Stefano ^a   Panti, Stefania ^a   Cenci, Alessandra ^a   Lazzarino, Giuseppe ^b   Tavazzi, Barbara ^a   Di Pierro, Donato ^a   Balzarini, Jan ^c   Calio, Raffaele ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

^c REGA INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADEFOVIR;

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG METABOLISM; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEROCONVERSION; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ADENINE; ANIMALS; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS; DEOXYADENINE NUCLEOTIDES; GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN; HIV; HUMANS; MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; MACROPHAGES; PHOSPHONIC ACIDS; VERO CELLS;

EID: 9444293982     PISSN: 0026895X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Balzarini, J., L. Naesens, P. Herdewijn, I. Rosenberg, A. Holy, R. Pauwels, M. Baba, D. G. Johns, and E. De Clercq. Marked in vivo antiretrovirus activity of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, a selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus agent. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA 86:332-336 (1989).
2. De Clercq, E., A. Holy, I. Rosenberg, T. Sakuma, J. Balzarini, and P. C. Maudgal. A novel selective broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus agent. Nature (Lond.) 323:464-467 (1986).
3. Aduma, P., M. C. Connelly, R. V. Srinivas, and A. Fridland. Metabolic diversity and antiviral activities of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. Mol. Pharmacol. 47:816-822 (1995).
4. Balzarini, J., Z. Hao, P. Herdewijn, D. G. Johns, and E. De Clercq. Intracellular metabolism and mechanism of anti-retrovirus action of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, a potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus compound. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1499-1503 (1991).
5. Barditch-Crovo, P. A., J. Toole, H. Burgee, M. Wachsman, D. Ebellng, K. C. Cundy, and H. S. Jaffe. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I/II evaluation of 9-[2-(bispivaloyloxy-methyl) phosphonylmethoxy]adenine (bis-POM PMEA), an orally bioavailable prodrug of the anti-HIV nucleotide, PMEA. Antiviral Res. 26:A229 (1995).
6. Embretson, J., M. Zupancic, J. L. Ribas, A. Burke, P. Racz, K. Tenner Racz, and A. T. Haase. Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS. Nature (Lond.) 362:359-362 (1993).
7. Gendelman, H. E., and M. S. Meltzer. Mononuclear phagocytes and the human immunodeficiency virus. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2:414-419 (1990).
8. Lipton, S. A., and H. E. Gendelman. Dementia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:934-940 (1995).
9. Eilbott, D. J., N. Peress, H. Burger, D. LaNeve, J. Orenstein, H. E. Gendelman, R. Seidman, and B. Weiser. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in spinal cords of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with myelopathy: expression and replication in macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3337-3341 (1989).
10. Minton, E. J., C. Tysoe, J. H. Sinclair, and J. G. Sissons. Human cytomegalovirus infection of the monocyte/macrophage lineage in bone marrow. J. Virol. 68:4017-4021 (1994).
11. Pitalia, A. K., J. A. Liu Yin, A. J. Freemont, D. J. Morris, and R. J. Fitzmaurice. Immunohistological detection of human herpes virus 6 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissues. J. Med. Virol. 41:103-107 (1993).
12. Narita, M., K. Kawashima, S. Matsuura, A. Uchimura, and Y. Miura. Pneumonia in pigs inoculated with pseudorabies virus by means of a bronchoscope. J. Comp. Pathol. 109:335-344 (1993).
13. Fink, C. G., S. J. Read, J. Hopkin, T. Peto, S. Gould, and J. B. Kurtz. Acute herpes hepatitis in pregnancy. J. Clin. Pathol. 46:968-971 (1993).
14. Nikkels, A. F., S. Debrus, C. Sadzot-Delvaux, J. Piette, P. Delvenne, B. Rentier, and G. E. Pierard. Comparative immunohistochemical study of herpes simplex and varicella zoster infections. Virchows Arch. A. Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 422:121-126 (1993).
15. Wu, L., P. S. Morahan, J. A. Hendrzak, and T. K. Eisenstein. Herpes simplex virus type 1 replication and IL-1 beta gene expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages activated in vivo by an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium vaccine or Corynebacterium parvum. Microb. Pathog. 16: 387-399 (1994)
16. Heng, M. C., S. Y. Heng, and S. G. Allen. Co-infection and synergy of human immunodeficiency virus-1 and herpes simplex virus-1. Lancet 343: 255-258 (1994).
17. Perno, C. F., and R. Yarchoan. Culture of HIV in monocytes and macrophages, in Current Protocols in Immunology (J. E. Coligan, A. M. Kruisbeek, D. H. Margulies, E. M. Shevach, and W. Strober, eds.). J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 12.4.1-12.4.11 (1993).
18. Perno, C. F., R. Yarchoan, D. A. Cooney, N. R. Hartman, D. S. A. Webb, Z. Hao, H. Mitsuya, D. G. Johns, and S. Broder. Replication of HIV in monocytes: granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor potentiates viral production yet enhances the antiviral effect mediated by AZT and other dideoxynucleosides congeners of thymidine. J. Exp. Med. 169:933-951 (1989).
19. Perno, C. F., A. Bergamini, C. D. Pesce, G. Milanese, M. Capozzi, S., Aquaro, S. Thaisrivongs, W. G. Tarpley, G. Zon, C. D'Agostini, G. Rocchi, E. Garaci, and R. Caliò. Inhibition of the protease of human immunodeficiency virus blocks replication and infectivity of the virus in chronically infected macrophages. J. Infect. Dis. 168:1148-1156 (1993).
20. Bergamini, A., C. F. Perno, M. Capozzi, E. Mannella, A. Salanitro, R Caliò, and G. Rocchi, A tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay for quantification of HIV-1-induced cytopathogenicity in monocyte-macrophages exposed to macrophage-colony stimulating factor. J. Virol. Methods 40:275-286 (1992).
21. Lazzarino, G., D. Di Pierro, B. Tavazzi, L. Cerroni, and B. Giardina. Simultaneous separation of malondialdehyde, ascorbic acid and adenine nucleotide derivatives from biological samples by ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 197:191-196 (1991).
22. Balzarini, J., C. F. Perno, D. Schols, and E. De Clercq. Activity of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues against human immunodeficiency virus in monocyte/macrophages and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 178:329-335 (1991).
23. Koyanagi, Y., W. A. O'Brien, J. Q. Zhao, D. W. Golde, J. C. Gasson, and I. S. Chen. Cytokines alter production of HIV-1 from primary mononuclear phagocytes. Science (Washington D. C.) 241:1673-1675 (1988).
24. Perno, C. F., D. A. Cooney, W. Y. Gao, Z. Hao, D. G. Johns, A. Foli, N. R. Hartman, R. Caliò, S. Broder, and R. Yarchoan. Effects on bone marrow stimulatory cytokines on HIV replication and the antiviral activity of dideoxynucleosides in cultures of monocyte/macrophages. Blood 80:995-1003 (1992).
25. Naesens, L., J. Balzarini, and E. De Clercq. Single-dose administration of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine(PMEA)and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-2:6-diaminopurine (PMEDAP) in the prophylaxis of retrovirus infection in vivo. Antiviral Res. 16:53-64 (1991).
26. Balzarini, J., H. Sobis, L. Naesens, M. Vandeputte, and E. De Clercq. Inhibitory effects of 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine and 3′-azido-2′:3′-dideoxythymidine on tumor development in mice inoculated intracerebrally with Moloney murine sarcoma virus. Int. J. Cancer. 45:486-489 (1990).
27. Vahlenkamp, T. W., A. De Ronde, J. Balzarini, L. Naesens, E. De Clercq, M. J. van Eijk, M. C. Horzinek, and H. F. Egberink. (R)-9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine is a potent inhibitor of feline immuno-deficiency virus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:746-749 (1995).
28. Balzarini, J., L. Naesens, J. Slachmuylders, H. Niphuis, I. Rosenberg, A. Holy, H. Schellekens, and E. De Clercq. 9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) effectively inhibits retrovirus replication in vitro and simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus monkeys. AIDS 5:21-28 (1991).
29. Hook, E. W., R. O. Cannon, A. G. Nahmias, F. F. Lee, C. H. Campbell, D. Glasser, and T. C. Quinn. Herpes simplex virus infection as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexuals. J. Infect. Dis. 165:251-255 (1992).
30. Golden, M. P., S. Kim, S. M. Hammer, E. A. Ladd, P. A. Schaffer, N. De Luca, and M. A. Albrecht. Activation of human immunodeficiency virus by herpes simplex virus. J. Infect. Dis. 166:494-499 (1992).
31. Vlach, J., and P. N. Pitha. Herpes simplex virus type 1-mediated induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 provirus correlates with binding of nuclear proteins to the NF-kappa B enhancer and leader sequence. J. Virol. 66:3616-3623 (1992).
32. Caruso, M., B. Salomon, S. Zhang, E. Brisson, F. Clavel, I. Lowy, and D. Klatzmann. Expression of a Tat-inducible herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase gene protects acyclovir-treated CD4 cells from HIV-1 spread by conditional suicide and inhibition of reverse transcription. Virology 206: 495-503 (1995).
33. Stein, D. S., N. M. H. Graham, L. P. Park, D. R. Hoover, J. P. Phair, R. Detels, M. Ho, and A. J. Saah. The effect of the interaction of acyclovir with zidovudine on progression to AIDS and survival. Ann. Intern. Med. 121: 100-108 (1994).
34. Mitsuya, H., M. Matsukura, and S. Broder. Rapid in vitro systems for assessing activity of agents against HTLV-III/LAV, in AIDS: Modern Concepts and Therapeutic Challenges (S. Broder, ed.). Marcel Dekker, New York/Basel, 303-333 (1987).
35. Lesnikowski, Z. I., A. S. Juodawlkis, R. M. Lloyd, Jr., and R. F. Schinazi. Stereo selective synthesis of (S)- and (R)-penciclovir triphosphate and their activity against viral enzymes. Antiviral Res. 26:A304 (1995).
36. Bergamini, A., C. F. Perno, L. Dini, M. Capozzi, C. D. Pesce, L. Ventura, L. Cappannoli, L. Falasca, G. Milanese, R. Caliò, and G. Rocchi. Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) enhances the susceptibility of macrophages to infection by HIV and reduces the activity of compounds that inhibit virus binding. Blood 84:3405-3412 (1994).
37. Lewis, J. G. Introduction to the mononuclear phagocyte system, in Methods in Immunotoxicology (G. R. Burleson, J. H. Dean, and A. E. Munson, eds.). J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 3-13 (1995).
38. Ba-L) replication in fresh and cultured human peripheral blood monocyte/ macrophages by azidothymidine and related 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides. J. Exp. Med. 168:1111-1125 (1988).
39. Merta, A., I. Votruba, J. Jindrich, A. Holy, T. Cihlàr, I. Rosenberg, M. Otmar, and T. Y. Herve. Phosphorylation of 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine and 9-(S)-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine by AMP (dAMP) kinase from L1210 cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 44:2067-2077 (1992).
40. Balzarini, J., and E. De Clercq. 5-Phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate synthetase converts the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates 9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine directly to their antivirally active diphosphate derivatives. J. Biol. Chem. 266:686-8689 (1991).
41. Robbins, B. I., J. Greenhaw, M. C. Connelly, and A. Fridland. Metabolic pathways for activation of the antiviral agent 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine in human lymphoid cells. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:2304-2308 (1995).
42. Palù, G., S. Stefanelli, M. Rassu, C. Parolin, J. Balzarini, and E. De Clercq. Cellular uptake of phosphonylmethoxyalkylpurine derivatives. Antiviral Res. 16:115-119 (1991).
43. Cihlàr, T., I. Rosenberg, I. Votruba, and A. Holy. Transport of 9-(2-phosphonomethoxy-ethyl)adenine across plasma membrane of HeLa cells is protein mediated. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 39:117-124 (1995).
44. Thormar, H., G. Georgsson, P. A. Palsson, J. Balzarini, L. Naesens, S. Torsteinsdottir, and E. De Clercq. Inhibitory effect of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethy)adenine on visna virus infection in lambs: a model for in vivo testing of candidate anti-human immunodeficiency virus drugs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3283-3287 (1995).
45. Naesens, L., J. Balzarini, and E. De Clercq. Pharmacokinetics in mice of the anti-retrovirus agent 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. Drug Metab, Dispos. 20:747-752 (1992).