Counterfactual thinking and stereotypes: The nonconformity effect

European Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 421-436

  Catellani, Patrizia ^a   Alberici, Augusta I ^a   Milesi, Patrizia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 9344221065     PISSN: 00462772     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.206     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Acock, A. C., & Ireland, N. K. (1983). Attribution of blame in rape cases: The impact of norm violation, gender, and sex-role attitude. Sex Roles, 9, 179-193.
2. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
3. Bell, S. T., Kuriloff, P. J., & Lottes, I. (1994). Understanding attributions of blame in stranger and date rape situations: An examination of gender, race, identification, and students' social perceptions of rape victims. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1719-1734.
4. Borgida, E., & Brekke, N. (1985). Psycholegal research on rape trials. In A. Burgess (Ed.), Research handbook on rape and sexual assault (pp. 313-342). New York: Garland.
5. Bothwell, R. K., & Duhon, K. W. (1994). Counterfactual thinking and plaintiff compensation. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 705-706.
6. Branscombe, N. R., & Weir, J. A. (1992). Resistance as stereotype-inconsistency: Consequences for judgements of rape victims. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11, 80-102.
7. Branscombe, N. R., Crosby, P., & Weir, J. A. (1993). Social inferences concerning male and female homeowners who use a gun to shoot an intruder. Aggressive Behavior, 19, 113-124.
8. Branscombe, N. R., Owen, S., Gartska, T., & Coleman, J. (1996). Rape and accident counterfactuals: Who might have done otherwise and would it have changed the outcome? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1042-1067.
9. Brownmiller, S. (1975). Against our will. New York: Simon & Schuster.
10. Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 217-230.
11. Butler, D., & Geis, F. L. (1990). Nonverbal affect responses to male and female leaders: Implications for leadership evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 48-59.
12. Catellani, P., & Milesi, P. (2001). Counterfactuals and roles: Mock victims' and perpetrators' accounts of judicial cases. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 247-264.
13. Condry, J., & Dyer, S. (1976). Fear of success: Attributions of cause to the victim. Journal of Social Issues, 23, 63-83.
14. Davis, C. G., & Lehman, D. R. (1995). Counterfactual thinking and coping with traumatic life events. In N. J. Roese, & J. M. Olson (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counter/actual thinking (pp. 353-374). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
15. Davis, C. G., Lehman, D. R., Wortman, C. B., Silver, R. C., & Thompson, S. C. (1995). The undoing of traumatic life events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 109-124.
16. Estrich, S. (1991). Sex at work. Stanford Law Review, 43, 813-861.
17. Feldman, J., Miyamoto, J., & Loftus, E. F. (1999). Are actions regretted more than inactions? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78, 232-255.
18. Feldman, P. J., Ullman, J. B., & Dunkel-Schetter, C. (1998). Women's reactions to rape victims: Motivational processes associated with blame and social support. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 469-503.
19. Fitzgerald, L. F., & Swann, S. (1995). Why didn't she report him? The psychological and legal implications of women's responses to sexual harassment. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 117-138.
20. Gavanski, I., & Wells, G. L. (1989). Counterfactual processing of normal and exceptional events. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 314-325.
21. Gilovich, T., & Medvec, V. H. (1994). The temporal pattern of the experience of regret. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 357-365.
22. Gleicher, F., Kost, K. A., Baker, S. M., Strathman, A. J., Richman, S. A., & Sherman, S. J. (1990). The role of Counterfactual thinking in judgements of affect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 284-295.
23. Hegarty, P., & Pratto, F. (2001). The effects of social category norms and stereotypes on explanations for intergroup differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 723-735.
24. Hilton, D. J. (1991). A conversational model of causal explanation. European Review of Social Psychology, 2, 51-81.
25. Howard, J. A. (1984). The 'normal' victim: The effects of gender stereotypes on reactions to victims. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47, 270-281.
26. Kahneman, D., & Miller, D. T. (1986). Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review, 93, 136-153.
27. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1982). The simulation heuristic. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & E. A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 201-208). New York: Cambridge University Press.
28. Klauer, K. C., Jacobsen, T., & Migulla, G. (1995). Counterfactual processing: Test of an hierarchical correspondence model. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 577-595.
29. Krahé, B. (1991). Social psychological issues in the study of rape. European Review of Social Psychology, 2, 279-309.
30. Landman, J. (1987). Regret and elation following action and inaction: Affective responses to positive versus negative outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 524-536.
31. Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1995). Attitudinal antecedents of rape myth acceptance: A theoretical and empirical reexamination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 704-711.
32. Lundberg, C. G., & Frost, D. E. (1992). Counterfactual in financial decision making. Acta Psychologica, 79, 227-244.
33. Mandel, D. R., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Counterfactual thinking and ascriptions of cause and preventability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 450-463.
34. Miller, D. T., & Taylor, B. R. (1995). Counterfactual thought, regret, and superstition: How to avoid kicking yourself. In N. J. Roese, & J. M. Olson (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of Counterfactual thinking (pp. 305-331). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
35. Miller, D. T., Turnbull, W., & McFarland, C. (1990). Counterfactual thinking and social perception: Thinking about what might have been. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23 (pp. 305-331). New York: Academic Press.
36. N'gbala, A., & Branscombe, N. R. (1997). When does action elicit more regret than inaction and is Counterfactual mutation the mediator of this effect? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 324-343.
37. Nario-Redmond, M. R., & Branscombe, N. R. (1996). It could have been better or it might have been worse: Implications for blame assignment in rape cases. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 18, 347-366.
38. Pallak, S. R., & Davies, J. M. (1982). Finding fault versus attributing responsibility: Using facts differently. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 454-459.
39. Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (1993). The structure of counterfactual thought. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 312-319.
40. Roese, N. J. (1997). Counterfactual thinking. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 133-148.
41. Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (1995). Counterfactual thinking: A critical overview. In N. J. Roese, & J. M. Olson (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking (pp. 1-59). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
42. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290-312). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
43. Turley, K. J., Sanna, L. J., & Reiter, R. L. (1995). Counterfactual thinking and perceptions of rape. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17, 285-303.
44. Wells, G. L., Taylor, B. R., & Turtle, J. W. (1987). The undoing of scenarios. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 421-430.
45. Wiener, R. L., Gaborit, M., Pritchard, C. C., McDonough, E. M., Staebler, C. R., Wiley, D. C., & Goldkamp, K. S. (1994). Counterfactual thinking in mock juror assessments of negligence: A preliminary investigation. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 12, 89-102.
46. Zeelenberg, M., van der Pligt, J., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1998). Undoing regret on Dutch television: Apologizing for interpersonal regrets involving actions and inactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1113-1119.