Body condition and suckling as factors influencing the duration of postpartum anestrus in cattle: A review

Animal Reproduction Science

Volumn 85, Issue 1-2, 2005, Pages 1-26

  Montiel, F ^a   Ahuja, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Anestrus; Body condition score; Cattle; Postpartum; Suckling

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; BOS; BOS INDICUS; BOS TAURUS;

EID: 8844277691     PISSN: 03784320     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2003.11.001     Document Type: Article

References (211)

1. Acosta B., Tarnavsky T.E., Platt T.E., Hamernik D.L., Brown J.L., Schoenmann H.M., Reeves J.J. Nursing enhances the negative effect of estrogen on LH release in the cow. J. Anim. Sci. 57:1983;1530-1536
2. Alam M.G.S., Dobson H. Pituitary responses to a challenge test of GnRH and oestradiol benzoate in postpartum and regularly cyclic dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 14:1987;1-9
3. Alberio R., Butler H., Palma G., Schiersmann G., Mihura H. Efecto de un destete temporario sobre la reactivación posparto de vacas de cría primíparas. Rev. Argentina de Prod. Anim. 4:1984;933-939
4. Allrich R.D., Berghorn K.A., Noller C.H. Influence of energy balance on ovarian activity and estrous behavior in postpartum dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 7(Suppl. 1):1987;184
5. Anta E., Rivera J.A., Galina C., Porras A., Zarco L. Análisis de la información publicada sobre la eficiencia reproductiva de los bovinos. II. Parámetros reproductivos. Vet. Méx. 20:1989a;11-18
6. Anta E., Rivera J.A., Galina C., Porras A., Zarco L. Análisis de la información publicada sobre la eficiencia reproductiva de los bovinos. III. Factores que la afectan. Vet. Méx. 20:1989b;19-25
7. Arora K.L., Tomar S.S., Singhal S.P. Factors affecting the reproductive efficiency of Hariana cattle: the duration of post-partum breeding interval. Indian Vet. J. 48:1971;1015-1019
8. Arreguín, J.A.A., Santos, R.E., Villa-Godoy, A., Román-Ponce, H., 1997. Dinámica folicular ovárica en vacas Cebú con diferente condición corporal y frecuencia de amamantamiento durante el período anovulatorio posparto. División de Educación Continua, Unam, F.M.V.Z. (Eds.), VII Curso Internacional de Reproducción Bovina. Méx., D.F., pp. 210-240.
9. Azevedo N.A., Silva H.M., Moreira H.A., Norte A. Efeito do período de aleitamento sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de vacas azebuadas. Arq. Esc. Vet. Univ. Fed. Minas Gerais. 33:1981;327-334
10. Bastidas P., Troconiz J., Verde O., Silva O. Effect of restricted suckling on pregnancy rates and calf performance in Brahman cows. Theriogenology. 16:1981;13-25
11. Bastidas P., Troconiz J., Verde O., Silva O. Effect of restricted suckling on ovarian activity and uterine involution in Brahman cows. Theriogenology. 21:1984;525-532
12. Basurto, C.H., Alonso, D.M., Mora, M.C., 1998. Efecto del tiempo pos-parto y condición corporal sobre la respuesta al estro y fertilidad en vacas doble propósito tratadas con progesterona y Ammveb, P.M.S.G. (Ed.), XXII Congreso Nacional de Buiatría, pp. 361-362.
13. Beam S.W., Butler W.R. Energy balance, metabolic hormones, and early postpartum follicular development in dairy cows fed prilled lipid. J. Dairy Sci. 81:1998;121-131
14. Bell D.J., Spitzer J.C., Burns G.L. Comparative effects of early weaning or once-daily suckling on occurrence of postpartum estrus in primiparous beef cows. Theriogenology. 50:1998;707-715
15. Bishop D.K., Wettemann R.P. Pulsatile infusion of gonadrotropin-releasing hormone initiates luteal activity in nutritionally anestrous beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 71:1993;2714-2720
16. Bishop D.K., Wettemann R.P., Spicer L.J. Body energy reserves influence the onset of luteal activity after early weaning of beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 72:1994;2703-2708
17. Bluntzer J.S., Forrest D.W., Harms P.G., Beverly J.R., Long C.R. Effect of suckling manipulation on pospartum reproduction in primiparous Brahman-cross cows. Theriogenology. 32:1989;893-899
18. Boisclair Y., Grieve D.G., Stone J.B., Allen O.B., MacLeod G.K. Effect of prepartum energy, body condition, and sodium bicarbonate on production of cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 69:1986;2636-2647
19. Boland M.P., Murphy M.G., Roche F.S. The use of ultrasound to monitor ovarian function in farm animals. Ag. Biotech. News Inf. 2:1990;841-844
20. Bossis I., Wettemann R.P., Welty S.D., Vizcarra J.A., Spicer L.J., Diskin M.G. Nutritionally induced anovulation in beef heifers: ovarian and endocrine function preceding cessation of ovulation. J. Anim. Sci. 77:1999;1536-1546
21. Botts R.L., Hemken R.W., Bull L.S. Protein reserves in the lactating dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 62:1979;433-440
22. Bourchier C.P. The relationship between milk yield, body condition and reproductive performance in high-yielding dairy cows. Anim. Prod. 44:1987;460
23. Braden T.D., Manns J.G., Cermak D.L., Nett T.M., Niswender G.D. Follicular development following parturition and during the estrous cycle in beef cows. Theriogenology. 25:1986;833-843
24. Brito R. Estudio de los efectos de la reducción del tiempo de permanencia del ternero junto a la vaca Cebú, sobre su actividad sexual y el desarrollo de sus crías. Ciencia Veterinaria. 5:1974;23-30
25. Brockman R.P., Laarveld B. Hormonal regulation of metabolism in ruminants a review. Livest. Prod. Sci. 14:1986;313-334
26. Brooks, P.J., 1992. The regulation of oxytocin mRNA levels in the medial preoptic area: relationship to maternal behavior in the rat. In: Pedersen, C.A., Caldwell, J.D., Jirkowski, G.F., Insel, T.R. (Eds.), Oxytocin in Maternal, Sexual and Social Behaviors. The New York Academy of Sciences, New York, pp. 271-285.
27. Butler, W.R., Elrod, C.C., 1995. Reproduction in high-yielding dairy cows as related to energy balance and protein intake. AIBIR, División de Educación Continua, Unam, F.M.V.Z. (Eds.), Sexto Congreso Internacional de Reproducción Bovina, México, D.F., pp. 20-27.
28. Butler W.R., Smith R.D. Interrelationships between energy balance and postpartum reproductive function in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72:1989;767-783
29. Butler W.R., Everett R.W., Coppock C.E. The relationships between energy balance, milk production and ovulation in postpartum Holstein cows. J. Anim. Sci. 53:1981;742-748
30. Butler-Hogg B.W., Wood J.D., Bines J.A. Fat partitioning in British-Friesian cows: the influence of physiological state on dissected body composition. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.). 104:1985;519
31. Canfield R.W., Butler W.R. Energy balance and pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in early postpartum dairy cows. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 7:1990;323-330
32. Canfield R.W., Butler W.R. Energy balance, first ovulation and the effects of naloxone on LH secretion in early postpartum dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 69:1991;740-746
33. Canfield R.W., Sniffen C.J., Butler W.R. Effects of excess degradable protein on postpartum reproduction and energy balance in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 73:1990;2342-2349
34. Casida L.E. The postpartum interval and its relation to fertility in the cow, sow and ewe. J. Anim. Sci. 32(Suppl. 1):1971;66-72
35. Chilliard, R., Robelin, J., 1983. Mobilization of body proteins by early lactating dairy cows measured by slaughter and D20 dilution techniques. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. Clermont-Ferrand, France, p. 195.
36. Cutshaw J.L., Hunter J.F., Williams G.L. Effects of transcutaneous thermal and electrical stimulation of the teat on pituitary luteinizing hormone prolactin and oxytocin secretion in ovariectomized estradiol treated beef cows following acute weaning. Theriogenology. 37:1991;915-934
37. Day M.L., Imakawa K., Clutter A.C., Wolfe P.L., Zalesky D.D., Nielsen M.K., Kinder J.E. Suckling behavior of calves with dams varying in milk production. J. Anim. Sci. 65:1987;1207-1212
38. Del Vecchio R.P., Randel R.D., Neuendorff D.A., Peterson L.A. Effect of suckling manipulation on pospartum reproduction in primiparous Brahman-cross cows. Theriogenology. 32:1988;893
39. De Vries M.J., Van Der Beek S., Kaal-Lansbergen L.M.T.E., Ouweltjes W., Wilmink J.B.M. Modeling of energy balance in early lactation and the effect of energy deficits in early lactation on first detected estrus postpartum in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1999;1927-1934
40. Domecq J.J., Skidmore A.L., Lloyd J.W., Kaneene J.B. Relationship between body condition scores and milk yield in a large dairy herd of high yielding Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1997a;101-112
41. Domecq J.J., Skidmore A.L., Lloyd J.W., Kaneene J.B. Relationship between body condition scores and conception at first artificial insemination in a large dairy herd of high yielding Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1997b;113-120
42. Driancourt M.A. Follicular dynamics in sheep and cattle. Theriogenology. 35:1991;55-79
43. Ducker M.J., Haggett R.A., Fisher W.J., Morant S.V., Bloomfield G.A. The effect of level of feeding in late pregnancy and around the time of insemination on the reproductive performance of first lactation dairy heifers. Anim. Prod. 41:1985;1
44. Dunn T.G., Kaltenbach C.C. Nutrition and the postpartum interval of the ewe, sow and cow. J. Anim. Sci. 51(Suppl. 2):1980;29-37
45. Dziuk P.J., Bellows R.A. Management of reproduction in beef cattle, sheep and pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 57(Suppl. 2):1983;355-362
46. Echternkamp S.E., Ferrell C.L., Rone J.D. Influence of pre-and post-partum nutrition on LH secretion in suckled postpartum beef heifers. Theriogenology. 18:1982;283-295
47. Edmonson A.J., Lean I.J., Weaver L.D., Farver T., Webster G. A body condition scoring chart for Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72:1989;68-78
48. Entwistle K.W. Factors influencing reproduction in beef cattle in Australia. Aust. Meat Res. Committ. Rev. 43:1983;30
49. Escobar, F.J., Galina, H.C., Fernández-Baca, S., Jara, S.L., 1982a. Estudio de la actividad reproductiva postparto en vacas Cebú, criollas y F1 (Cebú/Holstein). AMMVEB (Ed.), VIII Congreso Nacional de Buiatría, pp. 213-248.
50. Escobar F.J., Fernández-Baca S., Galina C.S., Saltiel A., Berruecos J.M. Estudio del intervalo entre partos en bovinos productores de carne en una explotación del altiplano y otra de la zona tropical húmeda. Vet. Méx. 13:1982b;53-60
51. Eversbusch, J.Ch., 1978. Índices reproductivos en un hato de ganado Charolais comparado con Cebú (raza Brahman) y sus cruzas en el trópico mexicano. Tesis Licenciatura. FMVZ, UNAM, México.
52. Fallas, M.R., Zarco, Q.L., Galina, C.S., Basurto, H., 1987. Efecto del amamantamiento sobre la actividad ovárica posparto en vacas F1 (Holstein × Indobrasil) en dos tipos de pasto. INIFAP (Ed.), Reunión de Investigación Pecuaria en México, pp. 348-349.
53. Ferguson J.D. Nutrition and reproduction in dairy cows. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 7:1991;483-507
54. Ferguson, J.D., Otto, K.A., 1989. Managing Body Condition in Dairy Cows. Cornell Univ. (Ed.), Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manuf., pp. 75.
55. Fortune J.E. Follicular dynamics during the bovine estrous cycle: a limiting factor in improvement of fertility? Anim. Reprod. Sci. 33:1993;111-125
56. Fortune J.E. Ovarian follicular growth and development in mammals. Biol. Reprod. 50:1994;225-232
57. Frisch J.E., Munro R.K., O'Neill C.J. Some factors related to calf crops of Brahman, Brahman crossbred and Hereford × Shorthorn cows in a stressful tropical environment. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 15:1987;1-26
58. Fronk T.J., Schultz L.H., Hardie A.R. Effect of dry period overconditioning on subsequent metabolic disorders and performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1980;1080
59. Frood M.J., Croxton D. The use of condition scoring in dairy cows and its relationship with milk yield and live weight. Anim. Prod. 27:1978;285
60. Gaines J. The relationship between nutrition and fertility in dairy herds. Food Anim. Pract. Vet. Med. 10:1989;997-1002
61. Galina C.S., Arthur G.H. Review of cattle reproduction in the tropics. 2. Parturition and calving intervals. Anim. Breed. Abstr. 57:1989a;679-686
62. Galina C.S., Arthur G.H. Review of cattle reproduction in the tropics. 3. Puerperium. Anim. Breed. Abstr. 57:1989b;889-910
63. Galina, C.S., Murcia, C., Beatty, A., Navarro-Fierro, R., Porras, A., 1989. Reproductive performance of Zebu cattle in Mexico. FAO/IAEA (Eds.), Proceedings, Final Research Coordination Meeting of the FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Programme entitled "Regional network for improving the reproductive management of milk and meat-producing livestock in Latin America with the aid of radio-immunoassay techniques". Bogotá, Colombia.
64. Gallo L., Carnier P., Cassandro M., Mantovani R., Bailoni L., Contiero B., Bittante G. Change in body condition score of Holstein cows as affected by parity and mature equivalent milk yield. J. Dairy Sci. 79:1996;1009-1015
65. García-Winder, M.J., 1990. Efecto de la nutrición sobre la reproducción. INIFAP (Ed.), Reunión Anual de Investigación Pecuaria, Tabasco, México, pp. 573-580.
66. Garnsworthy P.C., Topps J.H. The effect of body condition of dairy cows at calving on their food intake and performance when given complete diets. Anim. Prod. 35:1982;113
67. Gearhart M.A., Curtis C.R., Erb H.N., Smith R.D., Sniffen C.J., Chase L.E., Cooper M.D. Relationship of changes in condition score to cow health in Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 73:1990;3132-3140
68. Gillund P., Reksen O., Gröhn Y.T., Karlberg K. Body condition related to ketosis and reproductive performance in Norwegian dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2001;1390-1396
69. Gluckman P.D., Breier B.H., Davis S.R. Physiology of the somatotropic axis with particular reference to the ruminant. J. Dairy Sci. 70:1987;442-446
70. Griffith M.K., Williams G.L. Role of visual and olfactory cues during suckling in control of maternal behavior, lactation and suckling-mediated inhibition of LH secretion in beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 72(Suppl. 1):1994;366
71. Griffith M.K., Williams G.L. Roles of maternal vision and olfaction in suckling-mediated inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion, expression of maternal sensitivity, and lactational performance of beef cows. Biol. Reprod. 54:1996;761-768
72. Haresign, W., 1984. Underfeeding and reproduction: physiological mechanisms. INRA (Ed.), Reproduction des ruminants en zone tropicale. Reunion Internationale, Ponit-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe Paris, France, pp. 339-345.
73. Heuer C., Schukken Y.H., Dobbelaar P. Postpartum body condition score and results from the first test day milk as predictors of disease, fertility, yield, and culling in commercial dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1999;295-304
74. Hinojosa A., Franco A., Bolio I. Genetic and environmental factors affecting calving interval in a commercial herd in a semi-humid tropical environment. Trop. Anim. Prod. 5:1980;165-171
75. Holness, D.H., 1984. The effects of pre- and post-partum levels of nutrition on fertility in cattle. INRA (Ed.), Reproduction des ruminants en zone tropicale. Reunion Internationale, Ponit-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe Paris, France, pp. 379-388.
76. Houghton P.L., Lemenager R.P., Moss G.E., Hendrix K.S. Prediction of postpartum beef cow body composition using weight to height ratio and visual body condition score. J. Anim. Sci. 68:1990;1429-1437
77. Hudson S.J., Mullord M.M. Investigations of maternal bonding in dairy cattle. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 3:1977;271-276
78. Hunter R.A., Magner T. The effect of supplements of formaldehyde-treated casein on the partitioning of nutrients between cow and calf in lactating Bos indicus × Bos taurus heifers fed a roughage diet. Austr. J. Agric. Res. 39:1988;1151-1162
79. Imakawa K., Day M.L., Zalesky D.D., Clutter A., Kittok R.J., Kinder J.E. Effects of 17beta-estradiol and diets varying in energy on secretion of luteinizing hormone in beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 64:1987;805-815
80. 2α and naloxone therapy in the anoestrus postpartum beef cows. Theriogenology. 43:1995;657-666
81. Jolly, P.D., 1992. Physiological and Nutritional Aspects of Postpartum Acyclicity in Bos indicus Cows. Ph.D. Thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville.
82. Jolly P.D., McDougall S., Fitzpatrick L.A., Macmillan K.L., Entwistle K.W. Physiological effects of undernutrition on postpartum anoestrus in cows. J. Reprod. Fert. 49(Suppl.):1995;477-492
83. Jolly P.D., McSweeney C.S., D'Occhio M.J., Entwistle K.W. Nutritional, suckling and ovarian feedback effects on plasma LH and FSH during post-partum anoestrus in Brahman-cross cows. Proc. Austr. Soc. Reprod. Biol. 23:1991;152
84. Jolly P.D., McSweeney C.S., Schlink A.C., Houston E.M., Entwistle K.W. Reducing post-partum anoestrous interval in first-calf Bos indicus crossbred beef heifers. III. Effect of nutrition on responses to weaning and associated variation in metabolic hormone levels. Austr. J. Agric. Res. 47:1996;927-942
85. Jones G.P., Garnsworthy P.C. The effects of body condition at calving and dietary protein content on dry matter intake and performance in lactating dairy cows given diets of low energy content. Anim. Prod. 47:1988;321
86. Kiser T.E., Dunlap S.E., Benyshek L.L., Mares S.E. The effect of calf removal on estrous response and pregnancy rate of beef cows after Syncro-Mate B treatment. Theriogenology. 13:1980;381-389
87. Laflamme L.F., Connor M.L. Effect of postpartum nutrition and cow body condition at parturition on subsequent performance of beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 72:1992;843-851
88. Lamb G.C., Lynch J.M., Greiger D.M., Minton J.E., Stevenson J.S. Ad libitum suckling by unrelated calf in the presence or absence of a cow's own calf prolongs postpartum anovulation. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1997;2762-2769
89. Lamming G.E., Wathes D.C., Peters A.R. Endocrine patterns in the post-partum cow. J. Reprod. Fert. 30(Suppl.):1981;155-170
90. Lermite V., Terqui M. Plasma sex steroid-binding protein in mature heifers: effects of reproductive status, nutritional level, and porcine growth hormone, and estradiol-17β treatments. Biol. Reprod. 44:1991;864-870
91. Lishman A.W., Harwin G.O. Failure to induce ovulation by short-term calf removal in lactating beef cows on dry-lot. South African J. Anim. Sci. 15:1985;21-22
92. Loudon A. Nutritional effects on puberty and lactational infertility in mammals: some interspecies considerations. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 46:1987;203-216
93. Lowman, B.G., Scott, N.A., Somerville, S.H., 1976. Condition scoring of cattle. East of Scotland College of Agriculture (Ed.), Bull. No. 6, Animal Production, Advisory Development Department, UK.
94. Mackinnon M.J., Hetzel D.J.S., Taylor J.F. Genetic and environmental effects on the fertility of beef cattle in a tropical environment. Austr. J. Agric. Res. 40:1989;1085-1097
95. Macmillan K.L. Postpartum interval to oestrus in monozygous twin cows and possible effects of maternal bonding. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 26:1983;451-454
96. Macmillan K.L., Clayton D.G. Factors influencing the interval to post-partum oestrus, conception date and empty rate in an intensively managed dairy herd. Proc. N. Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 40:1980;236-239
97. Malven P.V., Parfet J.R., Gregg D.W., Allrich R.D., Moss G.E. Relationships among concentrations of opioid neuropeptides and luteinizing hormone in neural tissues of beef cows following early weaning. J. Anim. Sci. 62:1986;723-733
98. Maree C., Jurriaanse A., Venter H.A.W. The occurrence of post partum anoestrus in Bonsmara cows on supplemented sourveld grazing. South African J. Anim. Sci. 4:1974;181-183
99. Markusfeld O., Galon N., Ezra E. Body condition score, health, yield and fertility in dairy cows. Vet. Rec. 141:1997;67-72
100. Martínez J.C., Castillo S.P. Condición corporal y gestación en vacas cebuínas bajo condiciones de pastoreo en el trópico seco. Avances en Investigación Pecuaria. 4:1995;63-68
101. McClure T.J. An experimental study of the causes of a nutritional and lactational stress infertility of pasture-fed cows, associated with loss of body weight at about the time of mating. Res. Vet. Sci. 11:1970;247-254
102. McDougall S., Burke C.R., Macmillan K.L., Williamsom N.B. Patterns of follicular development during periods of anovulation in pasture-fed dairy cows after calving. Res. Vet. Sci. 58:1995a;212-216
103. McDougall S., Burke C.R., Macmillan K.L., Williamson N.B. Follicle patterns during extended periods of postpartum anovulation in pasture-fed dairy cows. Res. Vet. Sci. 58:1995b;212-216
104. McIvor J.G. Seasonal changes in the growth, dry matter distribution and herbage quality of three native grasses in northern Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husbandry. 21:1981;600-609
105. McNatty K.P., Heath D.A., Henderson K.M., Lun S., Hurst P.R., Ellis L.M., Montgomery G.W., Morrison L. Some aspects of thecal and granulosa cell function during follicular development in the bovine ovary. J. Reprod. Fertil. 72:1984;39-53
106. McShane T.M., Petersen S.L., McCrone S., Keisler D.H. Influence of food restriction on neuropeptide-Y, pro-opiomelanocortin, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone gene expression in sheep hypothalami. Biol. Reprod. 49:1993;831-839
107. McSweeney C.S., Fitzpatrick L.A., D'Occhio M.J., Reid D., Entwistle K.W. Reducing post-partum anoestrous interval in first-calf Bos indicus crossbred beef heifers. I. Effects of pre and post-partum supplementation strategies. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 44:1993;1063-1077
108. McSweeney C.S., Kennedy P.M., D'Occhio M.J., Fitzpatrick L.A., Reid D., Entwistle K.W. Reducing post-partum anoestrous interval in first-calf Bos indicus crossbred beef heifers. II. Responses to weaning and supplementation. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 44:1993a;1079-1092
109. McVey W.R. Jr., Williams G.L. Mechanical masking of neurosensory pathways at the calf teat interface: endocrine reproductive and lactational features of the suckled anestrous cow. Theriogenology. 35:1991;931-994
110. Miner J.L. Recent advances in the central control of intake in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 70:1992;1283-1289
111. Montgomery G.W., Scott I.C., Hudson N. An interaction between season of calving and nutrition on the resumption of ovarian cycles in post-partum beef cattle. J. Reprod. Fert. 73:1985;45-50
112. Montiel, F., 2001. Actividad ovárica post-parto en bovinos de doble propósito en el trópico húmedo mexicano. Tesis Doctoral, FMVZ, UNAM, México.
113. Montoni D., Riggs J.K. Efecto del amamantamiento limitado sobre el comportamiento productivo y reproductivo de un rebaño Brahman. Agronomía Tropical. 28:1978;551-571
114. Moore C.P. Early weaning for increased reproduction rates in tropical beef cattle. World Anim. Rev. 49:1984;39-50
115. Moore C.P., Campos da Rocha C. Reproductive performance of Gyr cows: the effect of weaning age of calves and postpartum energy intake. J. Anim. Sci. 57:1983;807-814
116. Moro, J., Castañeda, O.G., Ruiz, F., Román, H., 1994. Aplicación de un sistema de registro de la producción en ganaderías de doble propósito. INIFAP (Ed.), VII Reunión Científica del Sector Agropecuario y Forestal del estado de Veracruz, Veracruz, México.
117. Morrison D.G., Spitzer J.C., Perkins J.L. Influence of prepartum body condition score change on reproduction in multiparous beef cows calving in moderate body condition. J. Anim. Sci. 77:1999;1048-1054
118. Morrow D.A. Fat cow syndrome. J. Dairy Sci. 59:1976;1625-1629
119. Morrow D.A., Roberts S.J., McEntee K. Pospartum ovarian activity and involution of the uterus and cervix in dairy cattle. II. Involution of uterus and cervix. Cornell Vet. 59:1969;190-198
120. Mukasa-Mugerwa E., Tegegne A., Franceschini R. Influence of suckling and continuous cow-calf association on the resumption of post-partum ovarian function in Bos indicus cows monitored by plasma progesterone profiles. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 71:1991;241-247
121. Murphy M.G., Boland M.P., Roche J.F. Pattern of follicular growth and resumption of ovarian activity in post-partum beef suckler cows. J. Reprod. Fertil. 90:1990;523-533
122. Nebel R.L., McGilliard M.L. Interactions of high milk yield and reproductive performance in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:1993;3257-3268
123. Nett T.M. Function of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis during the post-partum period in ewes and cows. J. Reprod. Fert. 34(Suppl.):1987;201-213
124. Nett T.M., Cermak D., Braden T., Manns J., Niswender G. Pituitary receptors for GnRH and estradiol and pituitary content of gonadotropins in beef cows. II. Changes during the postpartum period. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 5:1988;81-89
125. Nolan C.J., Bull R.C., Sasser R.G., Rudder C.A., Panlasigui P.M., Schoeneman H.M., Reeves J.J. Postpartum reproduction in protein restricted beef cows: effect on the hypothalamic-pitutitary-ovarian axis. J. Anim. Sci. 66:1988;3208-3217
126. Otto K.L., Ferguson J.D., Fox D.G., Sniffen C.J. Relationship between body condition score and composition of ninth to eleventh rib tissue in Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 74:1991;852-861
127. Oyedipe E.O., Buvanendran V., Eduvie L.O. Some factors affecting the reproductive performance of White Fulani (Bunaji) cattle. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad). 59:1982;231-234
128. Perry R.C., Corah L.R., Cochran R.C., Beal W.E., Stevenson J.S., Minton J.E., Simms D.D., Brethour J.R. Influence of dietary energy on follicular development, serum gonadotrophins, and first postpartum ovulation in suckled beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 69:1991;3762-3773
129. Peters A.R. Reproductive activity of the cow in the post-partum period. I. Factors affecting the length of the post-partum acyclic period. Br. Vet. J. 140:1984;76-84
130. Pimentel C.A., Deschamps J.C., Oliveira J.A.F., Cardelino R., Pimentel M.A. Effects of early weaning on reproductive efficiency in beef cows. Theriogenology. 11:1979;421-427
131. Prado R., Rhind S.M., Wright I.A., Russel A.J.F., McMillen S.R., Smith A.J., McNeilly A.S. Ovarian follicle populations, steroidogenicity and micromorphology at 5 and 9 weeks postpartum in beef cows in two levels of body condition. Anim. Prod. 51:1990;103-108
132. Pullan N.B. Productivity of White Fulani cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. I. Herd structures and reproductive performance. Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod. 11:1979;231-238
133. Rae, D.O., Kunkle, W.E., Chenoweth, P.J., Sand, R.S., Tran, T., 1996. Body condition: influences on beef cattle reproductive performance. AMMVEB (Ed.), XX Congreso Nacional de Buiatría, Acapulco, Gro., México, pp. 339-343.
134. Ramírez-Iglesia L., Soto Balloso E., Gonzalez Stangnaro C., Soto Castillo G., Rincon Urdaneta E. Factors affecting postpartum ovarian activity in crossbred primiparous tropical heifers. Theriogenology. 38:1992;449-460
135. Randel R.D. Effect of once-daily suckling on postpartum interval and cow-calf performance of first-calf Brahman × Hereford heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 53:1981;755-757
136. Randel R.D. Nutrition and postpartum rebreeding in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 68:1990;853-862
137. Randel R.D., Welker G.A. Once daily suckling effect on calf-cow performance. J. Anim. Sci. 43:1976;301-312
138. Rasby R.J., Wettemann R.P., Harms P.G., Lusby K.S., Wagner J.J. GnRH in the infundibular stalk-median eminence is related to percentage body fat in carcasses of beef cows. Domest. Anim. Endocrin. 9:1992;71-76
139. Richards M.W., Spitzer J.C., Warner M.B. Effect of varying levels of postpartum nutrition and body condition at calving on subsecuent reproductive performance in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 62:1986;300-306
140. Richards M.W., Wettemann R.P., Schoenemann H.M. Nutritional anestrus in beef cows: body weight change, body condition, luteinizing hormone in serum and ovarian activity. J. Anim. Sci. 67:1989;1520-1526
141. Richards M.W., Wettemann R.P., Spicer L.J., Morgan G.L. Nutritional anestrus in beef cows: effects of body condition and ovariectomy on serum luteinizing hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1. Biol. Reprod. 44:1991;961-966
142. Roberson M.S., Stumpf T.T., Wolfe M.W., Cupp A.S., Kojima N., Werth L.A., Kittok R.J., Kinder J.E. Circulating gonadotrophins during restricted energy intake in relation to body condition in heifers. J. Reprod. Fert. 96:1992;461-469
143. Robinson J.J. Nutrition in the reproduction of farm animals. Nutr. Res. Rev. 3:1990;267-268
144. Roche J.F., Crowe M.A., Boland M.P. Postpartum anoestrus in dairy and beef cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 28:1992;371-378
145. Ruas, J.R.M., Saturnino, H.M., Machado, G.V., Paulino, M.F., Effect of suckling on the incidence of oestrus durintg the breeding season in Nelore cows. In: Proceedings of the IX Congresso Brasileiro de Reproducao Animal. Belo Horizonte, Brasil, vol. 2, 1991, pp. 377-384.
146. Ruegg P.L., Milton R.L. Body condition scores of Holstein cows on Prince Edward Island, Canada: relationships with milk yield, reproductive performance, and disease. J. Dairy Sci. 78:1995;552-564
147. Ruegg P.L., Goodger W.J., Holmberg C.A., Weaver L.D., Huffman M.E. Relation among body condition score, serum urea nitrogen and cholesterol concentrations, and reproductive performance in high producing Holstein dairy cows in early lactation. Am. J. Vet. Res. 53:1992;10-14
148. Rutter L.M., Manns J.G. Insulin-like growth factor-1 in follicular development and function in postpartum beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 69:1991;1140-1146
149. Rutter L.M., Randel R.D. Postpartum nutrient intake and body condition: effect on pituitary function and onset of estrus in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 58:1984;265-274
150. Ryan D.P., Spoon R.A., Griffith M.K., Williams G.L. Ovarian follicular recruitment, granulosa cell steroidogenic potential and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 relationships in suckled beef cows consuming high lipid diets: effects of graded differences in body condition maintained during the puerperium. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 11:1994;161-174
151. Salcedo E., González-Padilla E., Rodríguez O.L., Ramos F. Efecto del destete precoz en el comportamiento reproductivo de vacas empadradas en agostadero. Téc. Pec. Méx. 3:1977;36-40
152. Savio J.D., Boland M.P., Hynes N., Roche J.F. Resumption of follicular activity in the early postpartum period of dairy cows. J. Reprod. Fertil. 88:1990;569-579
153. Schallenberger E., Prokopp S. Gonadotrophins and ovarian steroids in cattle. IV. Re-establishment of the stimulatory feedback action of oestradiol-17-beta on LH and FSH. Acta Endocrinol. 109:1985;44-49
154. Schillo K.K. Effects of dietary energy on control of luteinizing hormone secretion in cattle and sheep. J. Aim. Sci. 70:1992;1271-1282
155. Schlink A.C., Gibson D.S., Liang Z.J., Dixon R. Calf management strategies and reproductive performance in a northern Australian cattle herd. Proc. Austr. Soc. Anim. Prod. 17:1988;326-329
156. Schlink A.C., Houston E.M., Entwistle K.W. Impact of long term early weaning on the productivity of Bos indicus-cross cows. Proc. Austr. Soc. Anim. Prod. 20:1994;339
157. Schottler J.H., Williams W.T. The effect of early weaning of Brahman cross calves on calf growth and reproductive performance of the dam. Austr. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 15:1975;456-459
158. Schramm R.D., Roberge S., Reeves J.J. Enclomiphene does not alter the postpartum interval of suckled beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 69:1991;4112-4116
159. Selk G.E., Wettemann R.P., Lusby K.S., Oltjen J.W., Mobley S.L., Rasby R.J., Garmendia J.C. Relationship among weight change, body condition and reproductive performance of range beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 66:1988;3153-3159
160. Senatore E.M., Butler W.R., Oltenacu P.A. Relationships between energy balance and post-partum ovarian activity and fertility in first lactation in dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 62:1996;17-23
161. Shively T.E., Williams G.L. Premature calf return attenuates neuroendocrine and ovarian response to temporary weaning in anestrous cows. J. Anim. Sci. 65(Suppl. 1):1987;432
162. Shively T.E., Williams G.L. Patterns of tonic luteinizing hormone release and ovulation frequency in suckled anestrous beef cows following varying intervals of temporary weaning. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 6:1989;379-387
163. Short R.E., Adams D.C. Nutritional and hormonal interrelationships in beef cattle reproduction. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 68:1988;29
164. Short R.E., Bellows R.A., Moody E.L., Howland B.E. Effects of suckling and mastectomy on bovine postpartum reproduction. J. Anim. Sci. 34:1972;70-74
165. Short R.E., Bellows R.A., Staigmiller R.B., Custer E.E. Physiological mechanisms controlling anestrus and infertility in postpartum beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 68:1990;799-816
166. Silveira P.A., Spoon R.A., Ryan D.P., Williams G.L. Evidence of maternal behaviour as a requisite link in suckling-mediated anovulation in cows. Biol. Reprod. 49:1993;1338-1346
167. Smith M.F., Burrell W.C., Shipp L.D., Sprott L.R., Songster W.N., Wiltbank J.N. Hormone treatments and use of calf removal in postpartum beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 48:1979;1285-1294
168. Smith M.F., Lishman A., Lewis G., Harms P., Ellersick M., Inskeep E., Wiltbank J., Amos M. Pituitary and ovarian responses to gonadotropin releasing hormone, calf removal and progestogen in anestrous beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 57:1983;418-424
169. Spicer L.J., Tucker W.B., Adams G.D. Insulin-like growth factor-I in dary cows: relationships among energy balance, body condition, ovarian activity, and estrous behavior. J. Dairy Sci. 73:1990;929-937
170. Stagg K., Diskin M.G., Sreenan J.M., Roche J.F. Follicular development in long-term anoestrus suckler beef cows fed two levels of energy postpartum. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 38:1995;49-61
171. Stagg K., Spicer L.J., Sreenan J.M., Roche J.F., Diskin M.G. Effect of calf isolation on follicular wave dynamics, gonadotropin and metabolic hormone changes, and interval to first ovulation in beef cows fed either of two energy levels postpartum. Biol. Reprod. 59:1998;777-783
172. Staples C.R., Thatcher W.W., Clark J.H. Relationship between ovarian activity and energy status during early lactation in high producing dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 73:1990;938-947
173. Stevenson J.S., Knoppel E.L., Minton J.E., Salfen B.E., Garverick H.A. Estrus, ovulation, luteinizing hormone, and suckling-induced hormones in mastectomized cows with and without unrestricted presence of the calf. J. Anim. Sci. 72:1994;690-699
174. 2α. Theriogenology. 28:1987;937-946
175. Sullivan R.M., O'Rourke P.K., Robertson D.L., Cooke D. Effects of once-yearly weaning on some aspects of herd productivity in an extensive herd in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia. Austr. J. Exp. Agric. 32:1992;149-156
176. Tannenbaum G.S., Guyda H.J., Posner B.I. Insulin-like growth factors: a role in growth hormone negative feedback and body weight regulation via brain. Science. 220:1983;77-79
177. Tegegne A., Entwistle K.W., Mukasa-Mugerwa E. Effects of supplementary feeding and suckling intensity on postpartum reproductive performance of Small East African Zebu Cows. Theriogenology. 38:1992;97-106
178. Tinker E.D., Buchanan D.S., Wettemann R.P., Frahm R.R., Knori L.W. Effect of breed combination and body condition score on postpartum cyclicity of various two-breed-cross cows. J. Anim. Sci. 67(Suppl. 1):1989;432-438
179. Troxel T.R., Kesler D.J., Noble R.C., Carlin S.E. Ovulation and reproductive hormones following steroid pretreatment, calf removal and GnRH in postpartum suckled beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 51:1980;652-659
180. Vaccaro, R., 1990. Comportamiento de bovinos para doble propósito en el trópico, Seminario Internacional sobre Lechería Tropical. Villahernosa, Tabasco, México, pp. 14-35.
181. Viker S.D., Larson R.L., Kiracofe G.H., Stewart R.E., Stevenson J.S. Prolonged postpartum anovulation in mastectomized cows requires tactile stimulation by the calf. J. Anim. Sci. 71:1993;999-1003
182. Viker S.D., McGuire W.J., Wright J.M., Beeman K.B., Kiracofe G.H. Cow-calf association delays postpartum ovulation in mastectomized cows. Theriogenology. 32:1989;467-474
183. Villa-Godoy A., Hughes T.L., Emery R.S., Chapin L.T., Fogwell R.L. Association between energy balance and luteal function in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 71:1988;1063-1072
184. Villa-Godoy A., Hughes T.L., Emery R.S., Stanisiewski E.P., Fogwell R.L. Influence of energy balance and body condition on estrus and estrous cycles in Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 73:1990;2759-2765
185. Wagner J.J., Lusby K.S., Oltjen J.W., Rakestraw J., Wettemann R.P., Walters L.E. Carcass composition in mature Hereford cows: estimation and effect on daily metabolizable energy requirement during winter. J. Anim. Sci. 66:1988;603-615
186. Walters D.L., Kaltenbach C.C., Dunn T.G., Short R.E. Pituitary and ovarian function in postpartum beef cows. I. Effect of suckling on serum and follicular fluid hormones and follicular gonadotropin receptors. Biol. Reprod. 26:1982;640-646
187. Waltner S.S., McNamara J.P., Hillers J.K. Relationships of body condition score to production variables in high producing Holstein dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 76:1993;3410-3419
188. Weaver, L.D., 1992. Condición corporal, producción y reproducción. Carta Ganadera Marzo, pp. 13-18.
189. Weesner G.D., Norris R.A., Forrest D.W., Harms P.G. Biological activity of luteinizing hormone in the peripartum cow: least activity at parturition with an increase throughout the postpartum interval. Biol. Reprod. 37:1987;851-858
190. Wells P.L., Holness D.H., Reymark P.J., McCabe C.T., Lishman A.W. Fertility in the Afrikander cow. 2. Ovarian recovery and conception in suckled and non-suckled cows postpartum. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 8:1985;315-326
191. Wettemann, R.P., 1994. Precalving nutrition/birth weight interaction and rebreeding efficiency. Oklahoma State University (Ed.), Anim. Sci. Res. Report.
192. Wettemann R.P., Hill G.N., Boyd M.E., Spitzer J.C., Forrest D.W., Beal W.E. Reproductive performance of postpartum beef cows after short-term calf separtion and dietary energy and protein suplementation. Theriogenology. 26:1986;433-443
193. Wettemann R.P., Turman E.J., Wyatt R.D., Totusek R. Influence of suckling intensity on reproductive performance of range cows. J. Anim. Sci. 47:1978;342-346
194. Whisnant C.S., Kiser T.E., Thompson F.N., Barb C.R. Naloxone infusion increases pulsatile luteinizing hormone release in postpartum beef cows. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 3:1986;49-54
195. Wildman E.E., Jones G.M., Wagner P.E., Bowman R.L., Troutt H.F., Lesch T.N. A dairy cow body condition scoring system and its relationship to selected production characteristics. J. Dairy Sci. 65:1982;495
196. Williams G.L. Modulation of luteal activity in postpartum beef cows through changes in dietary lipid. J. Anim. Sci. 67:1989;785-793
197. Williams G.L. Suckling as a regulator of postpartum rebreeding in cattle: a review. J. Anim. Sci. 68:1990;831-852
198. Williams G.L., Griffith M.K. Sensory and behavioural control of gonadotrophin secretion during suckling-mediated anovulation in cows. J. Reprod. Fertil. 49(Suppl.):1995;463-475
199. Williams G.L., Kirsch J.D., Post G.R., Tilton J.E., Slanger W.D. Evidence against chronic teat stimulation as an autonomous effector of diminished gonadotrophin release in beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 59:1984;1060-1069
200. Williams G.L., Kotwica J., Slanger W.D., Olson D.K., Tilton J.E., Johnson L.J. Effect of suckling on pituitary responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone throughout the early postpartum period of beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 54:1982;592-602
201. Williams G.L., Koziorowski J., Osborn R.G., Kirsch J.D., Slanger W.D. The postweaning rise of tonic luteinizing hormone secretion in anestrous cows is not prevented by chronic milking or the physical presence of the calf. Biol. Reprod. 36:1987;1079-1084
202. Williams G.L., McVey W.R., Hunter J.F. Mammary somatosensory pathways are not required for suckling-mediated inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion and ovulation in cows. Biol. Reprod. 49:1993;1328-1337
203. Williams G.L., Talavera F., Petersen B.J., Kirsch J.D., Tilton J.E. Coincident secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in early postpartum beef cows: effects of suckling and low-level increases of systemic progesterone. Biol. Reprod. 29:1983;362-373
204. Wiltbank J.N., Rowden W.W., Ingalls J.E., Zimmerman D.R. Influence of postpartum energy level on reproductive performance of Hereford cows restricted in energy intake before calving. J. Anim. Sci. 23:1964;1049-1053
205. Wright I.A., Rhind S.M., Russel A.J.F., Whyte T.K., McBean A.J., McMillen S.R. Effects of body condition, food intake and temporary calf separation on the duration of the post-partum anoestrus period and associated LH, FSH and prolactin concentrations in beef cows. Anim. Prod. 45:1987;395-402
206. Wright I.A., Rhind S.M., Whyte T.K., Smith A.J. Effects of body condition at calving and feeding level after calving on LH profiles and the duration of the post-partum anoestrous period in beef cows. Anim. Prod. 55:1992;41-46
207. Wright I.A., Rhind S.M., Whyte T.K., Smith A.J., McMillen S.R., Prado R. Circulating concentrations of LH and FSH and pituitary responsiveness to GnRH in intact and ovariectomized suckled beef cows in two levels of body condition. Anim. Prod. 51:1990;93-101
208. Wright P.J., Malmo J. Pharmacologic manipulation of fertility. Vet. Clin. North. Am.: Food Anim. Pract. 8:1992;57-89
209. 2α. Theriogenology. 43:1995;401-410
210. Zalesky D.D., Forrest D.W., McArthur N.H., Wilson J.M., Morris D.L., Harms P.G. Suckling inhibits release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone from the bovine median eminence following ovariectomy. J. Anim. Sci. 68:1990;444-448
211. Zurek E., Foxcroft O.R., Kennelly J.J. Metabolic status and interval to first ovulation in postpartum dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 78:1995;1909-1920