-
1
-
-
8844223503
-
-
Belfast: Centre for Research and Documentation
-
For a more detailed account, see Johnny Connolly, Beyond the Politics of 'Law and Order': Towards Community Policing in Ireland (Belfast: Centre for Research and Documentation 1997); Paddy Hillyard, 'Popular Justice in Northern Ireland: Continuities and Change', Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control 7 (1985) pp.247-67; and Rachel Monaghan, 'The Return of "Captain Moonlight": Informal Justice in Northern Ireland', Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25/1 (2002) pp.41-56.
-
(1997)
Beyond the Politics of 'Law and Order': Towards Community Policing in Ireland
-
-
Connolly, J.1
-
2
-
-
84928219369
-
Popular justice in Northern Ireland: Continuities and change
-
For a more detailed account, see Johnny Connolly, Beyond the Politics of 'Law and Order': Towards Community Policing in Ireland (Belfast: Centre for Research and Documentation 1997); Paddy Hillyard, 'Popular Justice in Northern Ireland: Continuities and Change', Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control 7 (1985) pp.247-67; and Rachel Monaghan, 'The Return of "Captain Moonlight": Informal Justice in Northern Ireland', Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25/1 (2002) pp.41-56.
-
(1985)
Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control
, vol.7
, pp. 247-267
-
-
Hillyard, P.1
-
3
-
-
85015573476
-
The return of "captain moonlight": Informal justice in Northern Ireland
-
For a more detailed account, see Johnny Connolly, Beyond the Politics of 'Law and Order': Towards Community Policing in Ireland (Belfast: Centre for Research and Documentation 1997); Paddy Hillyard, 'Popular Justice in Northern Ireland: Continuities and Change', Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control 7 (1985) pp.247-67; and Rachel Monaghan, 'The Return of "Captain Moonlight": Informal Justice in Northern Ireland', Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25/1 (2002) pp.41-56.
-
(2002)
Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
, vol.25
, Issue.1
, pp. 41-56
-
-
Monaghan, R.1
-
4
-
-
8844269288
-
-
note
-
The Catholic Ex-Servicemen's Association (CEA) was established in 1971 following the introduction of internment and sought to protect Catholic areas from attacks by Protestants. The CEA was unarmed but its members had previous military training. At its peak in 1972, it claimed some 8,000 members.
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
8844247307
-
-
Ballymurphy, Belfast: An Cumann Liam McParland Sinn Fein
-
Hillyard (note 1); and The Tatler (Ballymurphy, Belfast: An Cumann Liam McParland Sinn Fein 1972).
-
(1972)
The Tatler
-
-
-
7
-
-
8844259852
-
-
Ibid.
-
I b i d.
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
8844248042
-
-
note
-
The Ulster Volunteer Force was formed in 1966 and adopted the name of the previous UVF, which was formed in 1912 to oppose by armed force, Home Rule in Ireland. The reformed UVFs aim is to ensure that Northern Ireland's constitutional position within the UK is secure. The group has been on cease fire since October 1994.
-
-
-
-
11
-
-
8844245825
-
-
note
-
Interview with 'punishment' shooting victim, 16 March 2000.
-
-
-
-
12
-
-
0040141286
-
-
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
-
Frank Burton, The Politics of Legitimacy (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1978) p.35.
-
(1978)
The Politics of Legitimacy
, pp. 35
-
-
Burton, F.1
-
13
-
-
8844277047
-
-
2 August
-
See the following An Phoblacht articles for more details: 'Campaign Against Informers' (2 August 1974) p.3; 'Heads Shaved' (26 July 1974) p.5; and 'Confessions of Self-Confessed, Paid Police Spy' (13 June 1975) p.3.
-
(1974)
Campaign Against Informers
, pp. 3
-
-
-
14
-
-
8844266287
-
-
26 July
-
See the following An Phoblacht articles for more details: 'Campaign Against Informers' (2 August 1974) p.3; 'Heads Shaved' (26 July 1974) p.5; and 'Confessions of Self-Confessed, Paid Police Spy' (13 June 1975) p.3.
-
(1974)
Heads Shaved
, pp. 5
-
-
-
15
-
-
8844248748
-
-
13 June
-
See the following An Phoblacht articles for more details: 'Campaign Against Informers' (2 August 1974) p.3; 'Heads Shaved' (26 July 1974) p.5; and 'Confessions of Self-Confessed, Paid Police Spy' (13 June 1975) p.3.
-
(1975)
Confessions of Self-Confessed, Paid Police Spy
, pp. 3
-
-
-
17
-
-
0033268839
-
Ragged justice: Loyalist vigilantism in Northern Ireland
-
Andrew Silke, 'Ragged Justice: Loyalist Vigilantism in Northern Ireland', Terrorism and Political Violence 11/3 (1999) pp.1-31; and Richard Sullivan, 'UVF Disciplines Hoods Who Helped Themselves', Sunday World (10 January 1999) p.22.
-
(1999)
Terrorism and Political Violence
, vol.11
, Issue.3
, pp. 1-31
-
-
Silke, A.1
-
18
-
-
0033268839
-
UVF disciplines hoods who helped themselves
-
10 January
-
Andrew Silke, 'Ragged Justice: Loyalist Vigilantism in Northern Ireland', Terrorism and Political Violence 11/3 (1999) pp.1-31; and Richard Sullivan, 'UVF Disciplines Hoods Who Helped Themselves', Sunday World (10 January 1999) p.22.
-
(1999)
Sunday World
, pp. 22
-
-
Sullivan, R.1
-
19
-
-
8844286232
-
-
note
-
The UFF is a cover name used by the UDA.
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
8844224280
-
-
Collins (note 12) p.142.
-
Collins (note 12) p.142.
-
-
-
-
21
-
-
8844222735
-
-
note
-
Interview with 'punishment' beating victim, 27 September 1999.
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
0003912929
-
-
London: Routledge
-
In 1970, the IRA split into two factions-the Official IRA and the Provisional IRA. For a detailed account of this split and the reasons for it, see M.L.R. Smith, Fighting for Ireland (London: Routledge 1997). In May 1972, the Official IRA announced a cease fire but reserved the right to act in self-defense and undertake defensive operations.
-
(1997)
Fighting for Ireland
-
-
Smith, M.L.R.1
-
23
-
-
8844271858
-
-
note
-
The Irish People's Liberation Organization was formed a result of a breakaway faction from the Irish National Liberation Army. A major internal feud was waged between rival groups in 1992.
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
8844227605
-
Drug rings smashed by IRA
-
5 November
-
'Drug Rings Smashed by IRA', An Phoblacht/Republican News (5 November 1992).
-
(1992)
An Phoblacht/Republican News
-
-
-
25
-
-
0347808021
-
-
Oxford: Oxford University Press
-
Steve Bruce, The Red Hand (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992) p.124.
-
(1992)
The Red Hand
, pp. 124
-
-
Bruce, S.1
-
26
-
-
8844245801
-
-
Bruce (note 20) and Cusack and McDonald (note 8)
-
For the reasons behind the feud, see Bruce (note 20) and Cusack and McDonald (note 8).
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
8844247286
-
What are loyalists fighting for?
-
11 September
-
For more information on this feud, see Sharon O'Neill, 'What are Loyalists Fighting For?', Irish News (11 September 2000) p.4; and Brian Rowan, 'History of the Loyalist Feud', BBC News On-Line, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/ english/uk/northern_ireland/newsid_892000/892131.stm.
-
(2000)
Irish News
, pp. 4
-
-
O'Neill, S.1
-
28
-
-
8844258185
-
History of the loyalist feud
-
For more information on this feud, see Sharon O'Neill, 'What are Loyalists Fighting For?', Irish News (11 September 2000) p.4; and Brian Rowan, 'History of the Loyalist Feud', BBC News On-Line, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/ english/uk/northern_ireland/newsid_892000/892131.stm.
-
BBC News On-Line
-
-
Rowan, B.1
-
29
-
-
8844267058
-
-
note
-
The Housing Executive is the regional housing authority responsible for the allocation and provision of public housing in Northern Ireland.
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
8844237040
-
-
Belfast: SICD
-
Springfield Intercommunity Development Project, The Feud and the Fury (Belfast: SICDP 2001).
-
(2001)
The Feud and the Fury
-
-
-
32
-
-
8844243423
-
-
note
-
Interview with 'punishment' shooting victim, 10 December 1999.
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
0040064243
-
The lads and the hoods: Alternative justice in an Irish context
-
Mike Tomlinson, Tony Varley and Ciaran McCullagh (eds) (Belfast: Sociological Association of Ireland)
-
Hillyard (note 1); and Ronnie Munck, 'The Lads and the Hoods: Alternative Justice in an Irish Context', in Mike Tomlinson, Tony Varley and Ciaran McCullagh (eds), Whose Law and Order? (Belfast: Sociological Association of Ireland 1988) pp.41-53.
-
(1988)
Whose Law and Order?
, pp. 41-53
-
-
Munck, R.1
-
34
-
-
8844274961
-
-
note
-
In 1975, the IRA declared a cease fire, which was to last into the following year. With the ending of this cease fire, the 'incident centers' established by Sinn Féin to monitor breaches of the truce, evolved into 'advice centers'. These centers were referred to locally as 'Provo Police Stations'.
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
0006433141
-
-
New York: Human Rights Watch
-
Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, Children in Northern Ireland (New York: Human Rights Watch 1992). Sinn Féin's Gerry Kelly has denied the existence of civil administrators tasked with informal justice, Channel 4 News, broadcast 21 May 2000.
-
(1992)
Children in Northern Ireland
-
-
-
36
-
-
0033272863
-
Rebel's dilemma: The changing relationship between the IRA, Sinn Féin and paramilitary vigilantism in Northern Ireland
-
A former IRA member quoted in Andrew Silke, 'Rebel's Dilemma: The Changing Relationship Between the IRA, Sinn Féin and Paramilitary Vigilantism in Northern Ireland', Terrorism and Political Violence 11/1 (1999) p.62.
-
(1999)
Terrorism and Political Violence
, vol.11
, Issue.1
, pp. 62
-
-
Silke, A.1
-
37
-
-
0006432596
-
Alternative justice in Ireland
-
Norma Dawson, Desmond Greer and Peter Ingram (eds) (Belfast: SLS Legal Publications)
-
Christine Bell, 'Alternative Justice in Ireland', in Norma Dawson, Desmond Greer and Peter Ingram (eds), One Hundred and Fifty Years of Irish Law (Belfast: SLS Legal Publications 1996) pp.145-65.
-
(1996)
One Hundred and Fifty Years of Irish Law
, pp. 145-165
-
-
Bell, C.1
-
38
-
-
0000382432
-
The lords of discipline: The methods and motives of paramilitary vigilantism in Northern Ireland
-
Andrew Silke, 'The Lords of Discipline: The Methods and Motives of Paramilitary Vigilantism in Northern Ireland', Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement 7/2 (1998) pp.121-56.
-
(1998)
Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement
, vol.7
, Issue.2
, pp. 121-156
-
-
Silke, A.1
-
39
-
-
8844247287
-
Why tar and feathers?
-
February
-
'Why Tar and Feathers?', An Phoblacht (February 1971).
-
(1971)
An Phoblacht
-
-
-
40
-
-
8844244144
-
-
note
-
Interview with 'punishment' shooting victim, 23 September 1999.
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
8844271094
-
-
Bell (note 31)
-
Bell (note 31).
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
8844263177
-
-
note
-
Interviews with an individual under threat of a 'punishment' shooting, 23 September 1999 and a 'punishment' beating victim, 27 September 1999.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
8844221406
-
Informer executed
-
11 March
-
'Informer Executed', An Phoblacht/Republican News (11 March 1982); and 'Informer Executed', An Phoblacht/Republican News (21 August 1986) p.2.
-
(1982)
An Phoblacht/Republican News
-
-
-
44
-
-
8844285362
-
Informer executed
-
21 August
-
'Informer Executed', An Phoblacht/Republican News (11 March 1982); and 'Informer Executed', An Phoblacht/Republican News (21 August 1986) p.2.
-
(1986)
An Phoblacht/Republican News
, pp. 2
-
-
-
45
-
-
8844236332
-
War commentary
-
July
-
'War Commentary', New Ulster Defender 1/2 (July 1992).
-
(1992)
New Ulster Defender
, vol.1-2
-
-
-
46
-
-
8844263947
-
Ballymurphy apology
-
31 December
-
See 'Ballymurphy Apology', An Phoblacht/Republican News (31 December 1981) p.2 and 'Apology to Shooting Victim', Andersonstown News (21 November 1992) p.10.
-
(1981)
An Phoblacht/Republican News
, pp. 2
-
-
-
47
-
-
8844230432
-
Apology to shooting victim
-
21 November
-
See 'Ballymurphy Apology', An Phoblacht/Republican News (31 December 1981) p.2 and 'Apology to Shooting Victim', Andersonstown News (21 November 1992) p.10.
-
(1992)
Andersonstown News
, pp. 10
-
-
-
48
-
-
84987278667
-
Heads shaved
-
26 July
-
'Heads Shaved', An Phoblacht (26 July 1974) p.5; and Michael Morrissey and Ken Pease, 'The Black Criminal Justice System in West Belfast', The Howard Journal 21 (1982) pp.159-66.
-
(1974)
An Phoblacht
, pp. 5
-
-
-
49
-
-
84987278667
-
The black criminal justice system in West Belfast
-
'Heads Shaved', An Phoblacht (26 July 1974) p.5; and Michael Morrissey and Ken Pease, 'The Black Criminal Justice System in West Belfast', The Howard Journal 21 (1982) pp.159-66.
-
(1982)
The Howard Journal
, vol.21
, pp. 159-166
-
-
Morrissey, M.1
Pease, K.2
-
50
-
-
8844265433
-
-
Burton (note 10)
-
Burton (note 10).
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
8844219846
-
-
Morrissey and Pease (note 40) p.164
-
Morrissey and Pease (note 40) p.164.
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
8844286231
-
IRA investigation locates grave sites
-
1 April
-
'IRA Investigation Locates Grave Sites', An Phoblacht (1 April 1999).
-
(1999)
An Phoblacht
-
-
-
53
-
-
8844229067
-
-
note
-
Interview with 'punishment' beating victim, 25 January 2000.
-
-
-
-
55
-
-
8844267759
-
-
Quoted in Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (note 29) p.47
-
Quoted in Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (note 29) p.47.
-
-
-
-
57
-
-
8844256341
-
Joy-rider punished
-
22 October
-
'Joy-Rider Punished', An Phoblacht/Republican News (22 October 1987) p.2; and 'Punishment Shooting', An Phoblacht/Republican News (25 March 1982) p.3.
-
(1987)
An Phoblacht/Republican News
, pp. 2
-
-
-
58
-
-
8844256750
-
Punishment shooting
-
25 March
-
'Joy-Rider Punished', An Phoblacht/Republican News (22 October 1987) p.2; and 'Punishment Shooting', An Phoblacht/Republican News (25 March 1982) p.3.
-
(1982)
An Phoblacht/Republican News
, pp. 3
-
-
-
60
-
-
8844246552
-
An alternative to punishment shootings?
-
26 August
-
'An alternative to punishment shootings?', An Phoblacht/Republican News (26 August 1982).
-
(1982)
An Phoblacht/Republican News
-
-
-
61
-
-
0009209128
-
-
Belfast: Blackstaff Press
-
The Anglo-Irish Agreement established 'a joint ministerial conference of British and Irish ministers, backed by a permanent secretariat... to monitor political, security, legal and other issues of concern to the Nationalist minority' quoted in W. D. Flackes and S. Elliot, Northern Ireland: A Political Directory 1968-1988 (Belfast: Blackstaff Press 1989) p.7.
-
(1989)
Northern Ireland: A Political Directory 1968-1988
, pp. 7
-
-
Flackes, W.D.1
Elliot, S.2
-
62
-
-
8844283545
-
IRA says woman was informer for nearly two years
-
http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl (21 July) for more details
-
See http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl and 'IRA Says Woman was Informer for Nearly Two Years', An Phoblacht/Republican News (21 July 1994) for more details. Catherine Mahon's body was found with that of her husband in an entry in the Turf Lodge area of Belfast.
-
(1994)
An Phoblacht/Republican News
-
-
-
63
-
-
8844242665
-
-
Quoted in Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (note 29) p.46
-
Quoted in Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (note 29) p.46.
-
-
-
-
64
-
-
8844282020
-
Twinbrook punishment beating claimed
-
4 June
-
'Twinbrook Punishment Beating Claimed', Andersonstown News (4 June 1988) p.11; and 'No warning claim', Andersonstown News (28 January 1989) p.8.
-
(1988)
Andersonstown News
, pp. 11
-
-
-
65
-
-
8844268545
-
No warning claim
-
28 January
-
'Twinbrook Punishment Beating Claimed', Andersonstown News (4 June 1988) p.11; and 'No warning claim', Andersonstown News (28 January 1989) p.8.
-
(1989)
Andersonstown News
, pp. 8
-
-
-
66
-
-
0042774688
-
Alternatives to punishment beatings and shootings in a loyalist community in Belfast
-
Tom Winston, 'Alternatives to Punishment Beatings and Shootings in a Loyalist Community in Belfast', Critical Criminology 8/1 (1997) p.123.
-
(1997)
Critical Criminology
, vol.8
, Issue.1
, pp. 123
-
-
Winston, T.1
-
67
-
-
8844233613
-
-
note
-
Political parties were to commit to democratic and exclusively peaceful means of resolving political issues; to the total disarmament of paramilitary organizations; to agree that such disarmament must be verifiable to the satisfaction of an independent commission; to renounce for themselves, and to oppose any effort by others, to use force, or threaten to use force, to influence the course or outcome of all-party negotiations; to agree to abide by the terms of any Agreement reached in all-party negotiations and to resort to democratic and exclusively peaceful methods in trying to alter any aspect of that outcome with which they may disagree; and, to urge that 'punishment' killings and beatings stop and to take effective steps to prevent such actions.
-
-
-
-
68
-
-
8844240849
-
IRA and UDA in same number of attacks: Orde
-
4 March
-
Quoted in Jonathon McCambridge, 'IRA and UDA in Same Number of Attacks: Orde', Belfast Telegraph (4 March 2004) p.4.
-
(2004)
Belfast Telegraph
, pp. 4
-
-
McCambridge, J.1
-
69
-
-
8844248022
-
-
note
-
The INLA has been on cease fire since the 22 August 1998.
-
-
-
-
70
-
-
8844271859
-
Boy's shooting "was child abuse"
-
10 January
-
See Ashleigh Wallace, 'Boy's Shooting "was Child Abuse"', Belfast Telegraph (10 January 2004) p.1; and Richard Sullivan, 'Provos target Dark Cloud', Sunday World (18 January 2004) p.8
-
(2004)
Belfast Telegraph
, pp. 1
-
-
Wallace, A.1
-
71
-
-
8844251623
-
Provos target dark cloud
-
18 January
-
See Ashleigh Wallace, 'Boy's Shooting "was Child Abuse"', Belfast Telegraph (10 January 2004) p.1; and Richard Sullivan, 'Provos target Dark Cloud', Sunday World (18 January 2004) p.8
-
(2004)
Sunday World
, pp. 8
-
-
Sullivan, R.1
-
74
-
-
8844224278
-
-
note
-
Interview with 'punishment' beating victim, 25 January 2000.
-
-
-
-
75
-
-
8844270352
-
-
see McKittrick et al. (note 45)
-
Sinn Fein were excluded from the multi-party talks when they opened in June 1996 as the IRA were not on cease fire, they were also excluded in the period from 20 February-9 March 1998, following the IRAs involvement in the killing of alleged drug dealer Brendan Campbell and the UDAs Robert Dougan. The Ulster Democratic Party were also excluded from 26 January-23 February 1998 following the UFFs involvement in sectarian murders including those of Larry Brennan and Benedict Hughes. For more information, see McKittrick et al. (note 45).
-
-
-
-
76
-
-
8744307460
-
Mowlam says no evidence of paramilitaries breaking cease fires
-
3 December
-
Quoted in R. Donnelly, 'Mowlam Says No Evidence of Paramilitaries Breaking Cease fires', Irish Times (3 December 1998) p.6.
-
(1998)
Irish Times
, pp. 6
-
-
Donnelly, R.1
-
77
-
-
8744260249
-
-
27 August
-
Mo Mowlam quoted in the News Letter (27 August 1999) p.5.
-
(1999)
News Letter
, pp. 5
-
-
Mowlam, M.1
-
78
-
-
8844253358
-
-
Channel 4 News, 21 May 2000
-
Channel 4 News, 21 May 2000.
-
-
-
-
79
-
-
8744245774
-
Republican shootings halted "by September 11th"
-
16 November
-
B. McCaffrey and S. O'Neill, 'Republican Shootings Halted "by September 11th"', Irish News (16 November 2001) p.1.
-
(2001)
Irish News
, pp. 1
-
-
McCaffrey, B.1
O'Neill, S.2
-
80
-
-
8844279263
-
-
note
-
The LVF have been on cease fire since the 15 May 1998.
-
-
-
-
81
-
-
8744261384
-
"Kidnap" threat to peace process
-
23 February
-
See Chris Thornton, "kidnap" threat to peace process', Belfast Telegraph (23 February 2004) p.1.
-
(2004)
Belfast Telegraph
, pp. 1
-
-
Thornton, C.1
-
82
-
-
0347111260
-
Hidden agenda to IRA hits on drug dealers
-
15 February
-
Some writers such as Vincent Kearney, 'Hidden Agenda to IRA hits on drug dealers', Sunday Times, 15 February 1998, claim that the IRA is deeply involved in the drugs trade. Others including John Horgan and Max Taylor, 'Playing the "Green Card"-Financing the Provisional IRA', Terrorism and Political Violence 11/2 (1999) pp.1-38 take a more cautious view and await clear evidence of IRA involvement in drugs.
-
(1998)
Sunday Times
-
-
Kearney, V.1
-
83
-
-
0033265009
-
Playing the "green card" - Financing the provisional IRA
-
Some writers such as Vincent Kearney, 'Hidden Agenda to IRA hits on drug dealers', Sunday Times, 15 February 1998, claim that the IRA is deeply involved in the drugs trade. Others including John Horgan and Max Taylor, 'Playing the "Green Card"-Financing the Provisional IRA', Terrorism and Political Violence 11/2 (1999) pp.1-38 take a more cautious view and await clear evidence of IRA involvement in drugs.
-
(1999)
Terrorism and Political Violence
, vol.11
, Issue.2
, pp. 1-38
-
-
Horgan, J.1
Taylor, M.2
|