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Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 439-461

'An imperfect peace': Paramilitary 'punishments' in Northern Ireland

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Indexed keywords


EID: 8844272629     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546550490509775     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (51)

References (83)
  • 1
    • 8844223503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Belfast: Centre for Research and Documentation
    • For a more detailed account, see Johnny Connolly, Beyond the Politics of 'Law and Order': Towards Community Policing in Ireland (Belfast: Centre for Research and Documentation 1997); Paddy Hillyard, 'Popular Justice in Northern Ireland: Continuities and Change', Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control 7 (1985) pp.247-67; and Rachel Monaghan, 'The Return of "Captain Moonlight": Informal Justice in Northern Ireland', Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25/1 (2002) pp.41-56.
    • (1997) Beyond the Politics of 'Law and Order': Towards Community Policing in Ireland
    • Connolly, J.1
  • 2
    • 84928219369 scopus 로고
    • Popular justice in Northern Ireland: Continuities and change
    • For a more detailed account, see Johnny Connolly, Beyond the Politics of 'Law and Order': Towards Community Policing in Ireland (Belfast: Centre for Research and Documentation 1997); Paddy Hillyard, 'Popular Justice in Northern Ireland: Continuities and Change', Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control 7 (1985) pp.247-67; and Rachel Monaghan, 'The Return of "Captain Moonlight": Informal Justice in Northern Ireland', Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25/1 (2002) pp.41-56.
    • (1985) Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control , vol.7 , pp. 247-267
    • Hillyard, P.1
  • 3
    • 85015573476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The return of "captain moonlight": Informal justice in Northern Ireland
    • For a more detailed account, see Johnny Connolly, Beyond the Politics of 'Law and Order': Towards Community Policing in Ireland (Belfast: Centre for Research and Documentation 1997); Paddy Hillyard, 'Popular Justice in Northern Ireland: Continuities and Change', Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control 7 (1985) pp.247-67; and Rachel Monaghan, 'The Return of "Captain Moonlight": Informal Justice in Northern Ireland', Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25/1 (2002) pp.41-56.
    • (2002) Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-56
    • Monaghan, R.1
  • 4
    • 8844269288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Catholic Ex-Servicemen's Association (CEA) was established in 1971 following the introduction of internment and sought to protect Catholic areas from attacks by Protestants. The CEA was unarmed but its members had previous military training. At its peak in 1972, it claimed some 8,000 members.
  • 5
    • 8844247307 scopus 로고
    • Ballymurphy, Belfast: An Cumann Liam McParland Sinn Fein
    • Hillyard (note 1); and The Tatler (Ballymurphy, Belfast: An Cumann Liam McParland Sinn Fein 1972).
    • (1972) The Tatler
  • 7
    • 8844259852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
    • I b i d.
  • 9
    • 8844248042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Ulster Volunteer Force was formed in 1966 and adopted the name of the previous UVF, which was formed in 1912 to oppose by armed force, Home Rule in Ireland. The reformed UVFs aim is to ensure that Northern Ireland's constitutional position within the UK is secure. The group has been on cease fire since October 1994.
  • 11
    • 8844245825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with 'punishment' shooting victim, 16 March 2000.
  • 12
  • 13
    • 8844277047 scopus 로고
    • 2 August
    • See the following An Phoblacht articles for more details: 'Campaign Against Informers' (2 August 1974) p.3; 'Heads Shaved' (26 July 1974) p.5; and 'Confessions of Self-Confessed, Paid Police Spy' (13 June 1975) p.3.
    • (1974) Campaign Against Informers , pp. 3
  • 14
    • 8844266287 scopus 로고
    • 26 July
    • See the following An Phoblacht articles for more details: 'Campaign Against Informers' (2 August 1974) p.3; 'Heads Shaved' (26 July 1974) p.5; and 'Confessions of Self-Confessed, Paid Police Spy' (13 June 1975) p.3.
    • (1974) Heads Shaved , pp. 5
  • 15
    • 8844248748 scopus 로고
    • 13 June
    • See the following An Phoblacht articles for more details: 'Campaign Against Informers' (2 August 1974) p.3; 'Heads Shaved' (26 July 1974) p.5; and 'Confessions of Self-Confessed, Paid Police Spy' (13 June 1975) p.3.
    • (1975) Confessions of Self-Confessed, Paid Police Spy , pp. 3
  • 17
    • 0033268839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ragged justice: Loyalist vigilantism in Northern Ireland
    • Andrew Silke, 'Ragged Justice: Loyalist Vigilantism in Northern Ireland', Terrorism and Political Violence 11/3 (1999) pp.1-31; and Richard Sullivan, 'UVF Disciplines Hoods Who Helped Themselves', Sunday World (10 January 1999) p.22.
    • (1999) Terrorism and Political Violence , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 1-31
    • Silke, A.1
  • 18
    • 0033268839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UVF disciplines hoods who helped themselves
    • 10 January
    • Andrew Silke, 'Ragged Justice: Loyalist Vigilantism in Northern Ireland', Terrorism and Political Violence 11/3 (1999) pp.1-31; and Richard Sullivan, 'UVF Disciplines Hoods Who Helped Themselves', Sunday World (10 January 1999) p.22.
    • (1999) Sunday World , pp. 22
    • Sullivan, R.1
  • 19
    • 8844286232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The UFF is a cover name used by the UDA.
  • 20
    • 8844224280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collins (note 12) p.142.
    • Collins (note 12) p.142.
  • 21
    • 8844222735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with 'punishment' beating victim, 27 September 1999.
  • 22
    • 0003912929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: Routledge
    • In 1970, the IRA split into two factions-the Official IRA and the Provisional IRA. For a detailed account of this split and the reasons for it, see M.L.R. Smith, Fighting for Ireland (London: Routledge 1997). In May 1972, the Official IRA announced a cease fire but reserved the right to act in self-defense and undertake defensive operations.
    • (1997) Fighting for Ireland
    • Smith, M.L.R.1
  • 23
    • 8844271858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Irish People's Liberation Organization was formed a result of a breakaway faction from the Irish National Liberation Army. A major internal feud was waged between rival groups in 1992.
  • 24
    • 8844227605 scopus 로고
    • Drug rings smashed by IRA
    • 5 November
    • 'Drug Rings Smashed by IRA', An Phoblacht/Republican News (5 November 1992).
    • (1992) An Phoblacht/Republican News
  • 25
    • 0347808021 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Steve Bruce, The Red Hand (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992) p.124.
    • (1992) The Red Hand , pp. 124
    • Bruce, S.1
  • 26
    • 8844245801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bruce (note 20) and Cusack and McDonald (note 8)
    • For the reasons behind the feud, see Bruce (note 20) and Cusack and McDonald (note 8).
  • 27
    • 8844247286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What are loyalists fighting for?
    • 11 September
    • For more information on this feud, see Sharon O'Neill, 'What are Loyalists Fighting For?', Irish News (11 September 2000) p.4; and Brian Rowan, 'History of the Loyalist Feud', BBC News On-Line, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/ english/uk/northern_ireland/newsid_892000/892131.stm.
    • (2000) Irish News , pp. 4
    • O'Neill, S.1
  • 28
    • 8844258185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • History of the loyalist feud
    • For more information on this feud, see Sharon O'Neill, 'What are Loyalists Fighting For?', Irish News (11 September 2000) p.4; and Brian Rowan, 'History of the Loyalist Feud', BBC News On-Line, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/ english/uk/northern_ireland/newsid_892000/892131.stm.
    • BBC News On-Line
    • Rowan, B.1
  • 29
    • 8844267058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Housing Executive is the regional housing authority responsible for the allocation and provision of public housing in Northern Ireland.
  • 30
    • 8844237040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Belfast: SICD
    • Springfield Intercommunity Development Project, The Feud and the Fury (Belfast: SICDP 2001).
    • (2001) The Feud and the Fury
  • 32
    • 8844243423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with 'punishment' shooting victim, 10 December 1999.
  • 33
    • 0040064243 scopus 로고
    • The lads and the hoods: Alternative justice in an Irish context
    • Mike Tomlinson, Tony Varley and Ciaran McCullagh (eds) (Belfast: Sociological Association of Ireland)
    • Hillyard (note 1); and Ronnie Munck, 'The Lads and the Hoods: Alternative Justice in an Irish Context', in Mike Tomlinson, Tony Varley and Ciaran McCullagh (eds), Whose Law and Order? (Belfast: Sociological Association of Ireland 1988) pp.41-53.
    • (1988) Whose Law and Order? , pp. 41-53
    • Munck, R.1
  • 34
    • 8844274961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In 1975, the IRA declared a cease fire, which was to last into the following year. With the ending of this cease fire, the 'incident centers' established by Sinn Féin to monitor breaches of the truce, evolved into 'advice centers'. These centers were referred to locally as 'Provo Police Stations'.
  • 35
    • 0006433141 scopus 로고
    • New York: Human Rights Watch
    • Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, Children in Northern Ireland (New York: Human Rights Watch 1992). Sinn Féin's Gerry Kelly has denied the existence of civil administrators tasked with informal justice, Channel 4 News, broadcast 21 May 2000.
    • (1992) Children in Northern Ireland
  • 36
    • 0033272863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rebel's dilemma: The changing relationship between the IRA, Sinn Féin and paramilitary vigilantism in Northern Ireland
    • A former IRA member quoted in Andrew Silke, 'Rebel's Dilemma: The Changing Relationship Between the IRA, Sinn Féin and Paramilitary Vigilantism in Northern Ireland', Terrorism and Political Violence 11/1 (1999) p.62.
    • (1999) Terrorism and Political Violence , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 62
    • Silke, A.1
  • 37
    • 0006432596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative justice in Ireland
    • Norma Dawson, Desmond Greer and Peter Ingram (eds) (Belfast: SLS Legal Publications)
    • Christine Bell, 'Alternative Justice in Ireland', in Norma Dawson, Desmond Greer and Peter Ingram (eds), One Hundred and Fifty Years of Irish Law (Belfast: SLS Legal Publications 1996) pp.145-65.
    • (1996) One Hundred and Fifty Years of Irish Law , pp. 145-165
    • Bell, C.1
  • 38
    • 0000382432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lords of discipline: The methods and motives of paramilitary vigilantism in Northern Ireland
    • Andrew Silke, 'The Lords of Discipline: The Methods and Motives of Paramilitary Vigilantism in Northern Ireland', Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement 7/2 (1998) pp.121-56.
    • (1998) Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 121-156
    • Silke, A.1
  • 39
    • 8844247287 scopus 로고
    • Why tar and feathers?
    • February
    • 'Why Tar and Feathers?', An Phoblacht (February 1971).
    • (1971) An Phoblacht
  • 40
    • 8844244144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with 'punishment' shooting victim, 23 September 1999.
  • 41
    • 8844271094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bell (note 31)
    • Bell (note 31).
  • 42
    • 8844263177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interviews with an individual under threat of a 'punishment' shooting, 23 September 1999 and a 'punishment' beating victim, 27 September 1999.
  • 43
    • 8844221406 scopus 로고
    • Informer executed
    • 11 March
    • 'Informer Executed', An Phoblacht/Republican News (11 March 1982); and 'Informer Executed', An Phoblacht/Republican News (21 August 1986) p.2.
    • (1982) An Phoblacht/Republican News
  • 44
    • 8844285362 scopus 로고
    • Informer executed
    • 21 August
    • 'Informer Executed', An Phoblacht/Republican News (11 March 1982); and 'Informer Executed', An Phoblacht/Republican News (21 August 1986) p.2.
    • (1986) An Phoblacht/Republican News , pp. 2
  • 45
    • 8844236332 scopus 로고
    • War commentary
    • July
    • 'War Commentary', New Ulster Defender 1/2 (July 1992).
    • (1992) New Ulster Defender , vol.1-2
  • 46
    • 8844263947 scopus 로고
    • Ballymurphy apology
    • 31 December
    • See 'Ballymurphy Apology', An Phoblacht/Republican News (31 December 1981) p.2 and 'Apology to Shooting Victim', Andersonstown News (21 November 1992) p.10.
    • (1981) An Phoblacht/Republican News , pp. 2
  • 47
    • 8844230432 scopus 로고
    • Apology to shooting victim
    • 21 November
    • See 'Ballymurphy Apology', An Phoblacht/Republican News (31 December 1981) p.2 and 'Apology to Shooting Victim', Andersonstown News (21 November 1992) p.10.
    • (1992) Andersonstown News , pp. 10
  • 48
    • 84987278667 scopus 로고
    • Heads shaved
    • 26 July
    • 'Heads Shaved', An Phoblacht (26 July 1974) p.5; and Michael Morrissey and Ken Pease, 'The Black Criminal Justice System in West Belfast', The Howard Journal 21 (1982) pp.159-66.
    • (1974) An Phoblacht , pp. 5
  • 49
    • 84987278667 scopus 로고
    • The black criminal justice system in West Belfast
    • 'Heads Shaved', An Phoblacht (26 July 1974) p.5; and Michael Morrissey and Ken Pease, 'The Black Criminal Justice System in West Belfast', The Howard Journal 21 (1982) pp.159-66.
    • (1982) The Howard Journal , vol.21 , pp. 159-166
    • Morrissey, M.1    Pease, K.2
  • 50
    • 8844265433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burton (note 10)
    • Burton (note 10).
  • 51
    • 8844219846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morrissey and Pease (note 40) p.164
    • Morrissey and Pease (note 40) p.164.
  • 52
    • 8844286231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IRA investigation locates grave sites
    • 1 April
    • 'IRA Investigation Locates Grave Sites', An Phoblacht (1 April 1999).
    • (1999) An Phoblacht
  • 53
    • 8844229067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with 'punishment' beating victim, 25 January 2000.
  • 55
    • 8844267759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quoted in Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (note 29) p.47
    • Quoted in Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (note 29) p.47.
  • 57
    • 8844256341 scopus 로고
    • Joy-rider punished
    • 22 October
    • 'Joy-Rider Punished', An Phoblacht/Republican News (22 October 1987) p.2; and 'Punishment Shooting', An Phoblacht/Republican News (25 March 1982) p.3.
    • (1987) An Phoblacht/Republican News , pp. 2
  • 58
    • 8844256750 scopus 로고
    • Punishment shooting
    • 25 March
    • 'Joy-Rider Punished', An Phoblacht/Republican News (22 October 1987) p.2; and 'Punishment Shooting', An Phoblacht/Republican News (25 March 1982) p.3.
    • (1982) An Phoblacht/Republican News , pp. 3
  • 60
    • 8844246552 scopus 로고
    • An alternative to punishment shootings?
    • 26 August
    • 'An alternative to punishment shootings?', An Phoblacht/Republican News (26 August 1982).
    • (1982) An Phoblacht/Republican News
  • 61
    • 0009209128 scopus 로고
    • Belfast: Blackstaff Press
    • The Anglo-Irish Agreement established 'a joint ministerial conference of British and Irish ministers, backed by a permanent secretariat... to monitor political, security, legal and other issues of concern to the Nationalist minority' quoted in W. D. Flackes and S. Elliot, Northern Ireland: A Political Directory 1968-1988 (Belfast: Blackstaff Press 1989) p.7.
    • (1989) Northern Ireland: A Political Directory 1968-1988 , pp. 7
    • Flackes, W.D.1    Elliot, S.2
  • 62
    • 8844283545 scopus 로고
    • IRA says woman was informer for nearly two years
    • http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl (21 July) for more details
    • See http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl and 'IRA Says Woman was Informer for Nearly Two Years', An Phoblacht/Republican News (21 July 1994) for more details. Catherine Mahon's body was found with that of her husband in an entry in the Turf Lodge area of Belfast.
    • (1994) An Phoblacht/Republican News
  • 63
    • 8844242665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quoted in Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (note 29) p.46
    • Quoted in Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (note 29) p.46.
  • 64
    • 8844282020 scopus 로고
    • Twinbrook punishment beating claimed
    • 4 June
    • 'Twinbrook Punishment Beating Claimed', Andersonstown News (4 June 1988) p.11; and 'No warning claim', Andersonstown News (28 January 1989) p.8.
    • (1988) Andersonstown News , pp. 11
  • 65
    • 8844268545 scopus 로고
    • No warning claim
    • 28 January
    • 'Twinbrook Punishment Beating Claimed', Andersonstown News (4 June 1988) p.11; and 'No warning claim', Andersonstown News (28 January 1989) p.8.
    • (1989) Andersonstown News , pp. 8
  • 66
    • 0042774688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternatives to punishment beatings and shootings in a loyalist community in Belfast
    • Tom Winston, 'Alternatives to Punishment Beatings and Shootings in a Loyalist Community in Belfast', Critical Criminology 8/1 (1997) p.123.
    • (1997) Critical Criminology , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 123
    • Winston, T.1
  • 67
    • 8844233613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Political parties were to commit to democratic and exclusively peaceful means of resolving political issues; to the total disarmament of paramilitary organizations; to agree that such disarmament must be verifiable to the satisfaction of an independent commission; to renounce for themselves, and to oppose any effort by others, to use force, or threaten to use force, to influence the course or outcome of all-party negotiations; to agree to abide by the terms of any Agreement reached in all-party negotiations and to resort to democratic and exclusively peaceful methods in trying to alter any aspect of that outcome with which they may disagree; and, to urge that 'punishment' killings and beatings stop and to take effective steps to prevent such actions.
  • 68
    • 8844240849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IRA and UDA in same number of attacks: Orde
    • 4 March
    • Quoted in Jonathon McCambridge, 'IRA and UDA in Same Number of Attacks: Orde', Belfast Telegraph (4 March 2004) p.4.
    • (2004) Belfast Telegraph , pp. 4
    • McCambridge, J.1
  • 69
    • 8844248022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The INLA has been on cease fire since the 22 August 1998.
  • 70
    • 8844271859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boy's shooting "was child abuse"
    • 10 January
    • See Ashleigh Wallace, 'Boy's Shooting "was Child Abuse"', Belfast Telegraph (10 January 2004) p.1; and Richard Sullivan, 'Provos target Dark Cloud', Sunday World (18 January 2004) p.8
    • (2004) Belfast Telegraph , pp. 1
    • Wallace, A.1
  • 71
    • 8844251623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Provos target dark cloud
    • 18 January
    • See Ashleigh Wallace, 'Boy's Shooting "was Child Abuse"', Belfast Telegraph (10 January 2004) p.1; and Richard Sullivan, 'Provos target Dark Cloud', Sunday World (18 January 2004) p.8
    • (2004) Sunday World , pp. 8
    • Sullivan, R.1
  • 74
    • 8844224278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with 'punishment' beating victim, 25 January 2000.
  • 75
    • 8844270352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see McKittrick et al. (note 45)
    • Sinn Fein were excluded from the multi-party talks when they opened in June 1996 as the IRA were not on cease fire, they were also excluded in the period from 20 February-9 March 1998, following the IRAs involvement in the killing of alleged drug dealer Brendan Campbell and the UDAs Robert Dougan. The Ulster Democratic Party were also excluded from 26 January-23 February 1998 following the UFFs involvement in sectarian murders including those of Larry Brennan and Benedict Hughes. For more information, see McKittrick et al. (note 45).
  • 76
    • 8744307460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mowlam says no evidence of paramilitaries breaking cease fires
    • 3 December
    • Quoted in R. Donnelly, 'Mowlam Says No Evidence of Paramilitaries Breaking Cease fires', Irish Times (3 December 1998) p.6.
    • (1998) Irish Times , pp. 6
    • Donnelly, R.1
  • 77
    • 8744260249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 27 August
    • Mo Mowlam quoted in the News Letter (27 August 1999) p.5.
    • (1999) News Letter , pp. 5
    • Mowlam, M.1
  • 78
    • 8844253358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Channel 4 News, 21 May 2000
    • Channel 4 News, 21 May 2000.
  • 79
    • 8744245774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Republican shootings halted "by September 11th"
    • 16 November
    • B. McCaffrey and S. O'Neill, 'Republican Shootings Halted "by September 11th"', Irish News (16 November 2001) p.1.
    • (2001) Irish News , pp. 1
    • McCaffrey, B.1    O'Neill, S.2
  • 80
    • 8844279263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The LVF have been on cease fire since the 15 May 1998.
  • 81
    • 8744261384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Kidnap" threat to peace process
    • 23 February
    • See Chris Thornton, "kidnap" threat to peace process', Belfast Telegraph (23 February 2004) p.1.
    • (2004) Belfast Telegraph , pp. 1
    • Thornton, C.1
  • 82
    • 0347111260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hidden agenda to IRA hits on drug dealers
    • 15 February
    • Some writers such as Vincent Kearney, 'Hidden Agenda to IRA hits on drug dealers', Sunday Times, 15 February 1998, claim that the IRA is deeply involved in the drugs trade. Others including John Horgan and Max Taylor, 'Playing the "Green Card"-Financing the Provisional IRA', Terrorism and Political Violence 11/2 (1999) pp.1-38 take a more cautious view and await clear evidence of IRA involvement in drugs.
    • (1998) Sunday Times
    • Kearney, V.1
  • 83
    • 0033265009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Playing the "green card" - Financing the provisional IRA
    • Some writers such as Vincent Kearney, 'Hidden Agenda to IRA hits on drug dealers', Sunday Times, 15 February 1998, claim that the IRA is deeply involved in the drugs trade. Others including John Horgan and Max Taylor, 'Playing the "Green Card"-Financing the Provisional IRA', Terrorism and Political Violence 11/2 (1999) pp.1-38 take a more cautious view and await clear evidence of IRA involvement in drugs.
    • (1999) Terrorism and Political Violence , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 1-38
    • Horgan, J.1    Taylor, M.2


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