Climate of hope: New strategies for stabilizing the world's atmosphere

Worldwatch Paper

Volumn , Issue 130, 1996, Pages

  Flavin, Christopher ^a   Tunali, Odil ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 8844252420     PISSN: 02708019     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (298)

1. J.T. Houghton et al., eds., Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Tom M.L. Wigley, "A Successful Prediction?" Nature, August 10, 1995.
2. J.T. Houghton et al., eds., Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Tom M.L. Wigley, "A Successful Prediction?" Nature, August 10, 1995.
3. These specific trends and the references to support them are described later in this paper. The same holds true of most issues discussed in the introduction, all of which are covered in more detail later.
4. Franklin W. Nutter, speech at Conference on Financing Strategies for Renewable Energy and Efficiency, New York, N.Y., May 11, 1994.
5. J.T. Houghton, B.A. Callender, and S.K. Varney, eds., Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1.
6. J.T. Houghton, B.A. Callender, and S.K. Varney, eds., Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1.
7. Svante Arrhenius, "On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air Upon the Temperature of the Ground," Phil. Magazine, 1896.
8. C.D. Keeling and T.P. Whorf, "Atmospheric CO2 Records from Sites in the SIO Air Sampling Network," in Thomas A. Boden et al., eds., Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1994); Timothy Whorf, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, private communication and printout, February 5, 1996; Thomas E. Graedel and Paul J. Crutzen, Atmosphere, Climate, and Change (New York: Scientific American Library, 1995); C.D. Keeling et al., "Interannual Extremes in the Rate of Rise of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Since 1980", Nature, 22 June 1995.
9. C.D. Keeling and T.P. Whorf, "Atmospheric CO2 Records from Sites in the SIO Air Sampling Network," in Thomas A. Boden et al., eds., Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1994); Timothy Whorf, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, private communication and printout, February 5, 1996; Thomas E. Graedel and Paul J. Crutzen, Atmosphere, Climate, and Change (New York: Scientific American Library, 1995); C.D. Keeling et al., "Interannual Extremes in the Rate of Rise of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Since 1980", Nature, 22 June 1995.
10. C.D. Keeling and T.P. Whorf, "Atmospheric CO2 Records from Sites in the SIO Air Sampling Network," in Thomas A. Boden et al., eds., Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1994); Timothy Whorf, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, private communication and printout, February 5, 1996; Thomas E. Graedel and Paul J. Crutzen, Atmosphere, Climate, and Change (New York: Scientific American Library, 1995); C.D. Keeling et al., "Interannual Extremes in the Rate of Rise of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Since 1980", Nature, 22 June 1995.
11. C.D. Keeling and T.P. Whorf, "Atmospheric CO2 Records from Sites in the SIO Air Sampling Network," in Thomas A. Boden et al., eds., Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1994); Timothy Whorf, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, private communication and printout, February 5, 1996; Thomas E. Graedel and Paul J. Crutzen, Atmosphere, Climate, and Change (New York: Scientific American Library, 1995); C.D. Keeling et al., "Interannual Extremes in the Rate of Rise of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Since 1980", Nature, 22 June 1995.
12. T. Blunier, "Historical CH4 Record from the Eurocore Ice Core at Summit, Greenland" in Boden et al., eds., op. cit. note 6; Houghton, et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Graedel and Crutzen, op. cit. note 6 ; V. Ramanathan et al., "Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change," Journal of Geophysical Research, June 20, 1985; heat trapping gas estimate is based on radiative forcing figures for various greenhouse gases contained in IPCC, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
13. T. Blunier, "Historical CH4 Record from the Eurocore Ice Core at Summit, Greenland" in Boden et al., eds., op. cit. note 6; Houghton, et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Graedel and Crutzen, op. cit. note 6 ; V. Ramanathan et al., "Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change," Journal of Geophysical Research, June 20, 1985; heat trapping gas estimate is based on radiative forcing figures for various greenhouse gases contained in IPCC, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
14. T. Blunier, "Historical CH4 Record from the Eurocore Ice Core at Summit, Greenland" in Boden et al., eds., op. cit. note 6; Houghton, et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Graedel and Crutzen, op. cit. note 6 ; V. Ramanathan et al., "Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change," Journal of Geophysical Research, June 20, 1985; heat trapping gas estimate is based on radiative forcing figures for various greenhouse gases contained in IPCC, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
15. T. Blunier, "Historical CH4 Record from the Eurocore Ice Core at Summit, Greenland" in Boden et al., eds., op. cit. note 6; Houghton, et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Graedel and Crutzen, op. cit. note 6 ; V. Ramanathan et al., "Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change," Journal of Geophysical Research, June 20, 1985; heat trapping gas estimate is based on radiative forcing figures for various greenhouse gases contained in IPCC, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
16. T. Blunier, "Historical CH4 Record from the Eurocore Ice Core at Summit, Greenland" in Boden et al., eds., op. cit. note 6; Houghton, et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Graedel and Crutzen, op. cit. note 6 ; V. Ramanathan et al., "Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change," Journal of Geophysical Research, June 20, 1985; heat trapping gas estimate is based on radiative forcing figures for various greenhouse gases contained in IPCC, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
17. Text and Figure 1 are from H. Wilson and J. Hansen, "Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies from Instrumental Surface Air Temperature Records," in Boden et al., eds., op. cit. note 6; James Hansen et al., "Table of Global-Mean Monthly, Annual and Seasonal Land-Ocean Temperature Index, 1950-Present," Goddard Institute for Space Studies Surface Air Temperature Analyses, as posted at http://www.giss.nasa.gov/Data/GISTEMP, May, 1996; Phil Jones et al., "University of East Anglia Land Air Temperatures With Sea Surface Temperatures," Climatic Research Unit, as posted at http://www.cru.uea.ac.ukc/cru/press/pj9601/data.htm, January 1996.
18. Text and Figure 1 are from H. Wilson and J. Hansen, "Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies from Instrumental Surface Air Temperature Records," in Boden et al., eds., op. cit. note 6; James Hansen et al., "Table of Global-Mean Monthly, Annual and Seasonal Land-Ocean Temperature Index, 1950-Present," Goddard Institute for Space Studies Surface Air Temperature Analyses, as posted at http://www.giss.nasa.gov/Data/GISTEMP, May, 1996; Phil Jones et al., "University of East Anglia Land Air Temperatures With Sea Surface Temperatures," Climatic Research Unit, as posted at http://www.cru.uea.ac.ukc/cru/press/pj9601/data.htm, January 1996.
19. Text and Figure 1 are from H. Wilson and J. Hansen, "Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies from Instrumental Surface Air Temperature Records," in Boden et al., eds., op. cit. note 6; James Hansen et al., "Table of Global-Mean Monthly, Annual and Seasonal Land-Ocean Temperature Index, 1950-Present," Goddard Institute for Space Studies Surface Air Temperature Analyses, as posted at http://www.giss.nasa.gov/Data/GISTEMP, May, 1996; Phil Jones et al., "University of East Anglia Land Air Temperatures With Sea Surface Temperatures," Climatic Research Unit, as posted at http://www.cru.uea.ac.ukc/cru/press/pj9601/data.htm, January 1996.
20. "Stormy Weather Ahead," Economist, March 23, 1996; Boyce Rensberger, "Climatology: What's Hot, What's Not," Washington Post, January 8, 1996; "Top 10 Global Warming Myths," World Climate Report (edited by Patrick Michaels), Vol. 1, No. 5, 1995; Robert C. Balling, Jr., "Keep Cool About Global Warming," Wall Street Journal, October 16, 1995; James Hansen et al., "Satellite and Surface Temperature Data At Odds?" Climatic Change, Vol. 30, 1995; John R. Christy and Richard T. McNider, "Satellite Greenhouse Signal," Nature, January 27, 1994; Michael MacCracken, "The Evidence Mounts Up," Nature, Vol. 376, August 24, 1995; William K. Stevens, "'95 The Hottest Year On Record As the Global Trend Keeps Up," New York Times, January 4, 1996; Malcolm W. Browne, "Most Precise Gauge Yet Points to Global Warming," New York Times, December 12, 1994.
21. "Stormy Weather Ahead," Economist, March 23, 1996; Boyce Rensberger, "Climatology: What's Hot, What's Not," Washington Post, January 8, 1996; "Top 10 Global Warming Myths," World Climate Report (edited by Patrick Michaels), Vol. 1, No. 5, 1995; Robert C. Balling, Jr., "Keep Cool About Global Warming," Wall Street Journal, October 16, 1995; James Hansen et al., "Satellite and Surface Temperature Data At Odds?" Climatic Change, Vol. 30, 1995; John R. Christy and Richard T. McNider, "Satellite Greenhouse Signal," Nature, January 27, 1994; Michael MacCracken, "The Evidence Mounts Up," Nature, Vol. 376, August 24, 1995; William K. Stevens, "'95 The Hottest Year On Record As the Global Trend Keeps Up," New York Times, January 4, 1996; Malcolm W. Browne, "Most Precise Gauge Yet Points to Global Warming," New York Times, December 12, 1994.
22. "Stormy Weather Ahead," Economist, March 23, 1996; Boyce Rensberger, "Climatology: What's Hot, What's Not," Washington Post, January 8, 1996; "Top 10 Global Warming Myths," World Climate Report (edited by Patrick Michaels), Vol. 1, No. 5, 1995; Robert C. Balling, Jr., "Keep Cool About Global Warming," Wall Street Journal, October 16, 1995; James Hansen et al., "Satellite and Surface Temperature Data At Odds?" Climatic Change, Vol. 30, 1995; John R. Christy and Richard T. McNider, "Satellite Greenhouse Signal," Nature, January 27, 1994; Michael MacCracken, "The Evidence Mounts Up," Nature, Vol. 376, August 24, 1995; William K. Stevens, "'95 The Hottest Year On Record As the Global Trend Keeps Up," New York Times, January 4, 1996; Malcolm W. Browne, "Most Precise Gauge Yet Points to Global Warming," New York Times, December 12, 1994.
23. "Stormy Weather Ahead," Economist, March 23, 1996; Boyce Rensberger, "Climatology: What's Hot, What's Not," Washington Post, January 8, 1996; "Top 10 Global Warming Myths," World Climate Report (edited by Patrick Michaels), Vol. 1, No. 5, 1995; Robert C. Balling, Jr., "Keep Cool About Global Warming," Wall Street Journal, October 16, 1995; James Hansen et al., "Satellite and Surface Temperature Data At Odds?" Climatic Change, Vol. 30, 1995; John R. Christy and Richard T. McNider, "Satellite Greenhouse Signal," Nature, January 27, 1994; Michael MacCracken, "The Evidence Mounts Up," Nature, Vol. 376, August 24, 1995; William K. Stevens, "'95 The Hottest Year On Record As the Global Trend Keeps Up," New York Times, January 4, 1996; Malcolm W. Browne, "Most Precise Gauge Yet Points to Global Warming," New York Times, December 12, 1994.
24. "Stormy Weather Ahead," Economist, March 23, 1996; Boyce Rensberger, "Climatology: What's Hot, What's Not," Washington Post, January 8, 1996; "Top 10 Global Warming Myths," World Climate Report (edited by Patrick Michaels), Vol. 1, No. 5, 1995; Robert C. Balling, Jr., "Keep Cool About Global Warming," Wall Street Journal, October 16, 1995; James Hansen et al., "Satellite and Surface Temperature Data At Odds?" Climatic Change, Vol. 30, 1995; John R. Christy and Richard T. McNider, "Satellite Greenhouse Signal," Nature, January 27, 1994; Michael MacCracken, "The Evidence Mounts Up," Nature, Vol. 376, August 24, 1995; William K. Stevens, "'95 The Hottest Year On Record As the Global Trend Keeps Up," New York Times, January 4, 1996; Malcolm W. Browne, "Most Precise Gauge Yet Points to Global Warming," New York Times, December 12, 1994.
25. "Stormy Weather Ahead," Economist, March 23, 1996; Boyce Rensberger, "Climatology: What's Hot, What's Not," Washington Post, January 8, 1996; "Top 10 Global Warming Myths," World Climate Report (edited by Patrick Michaels), Vol. 1, No. 5, 1995; Robert C. Balling, Jr., "Keep Cool About Global Warming," Wall Street Journal, October 16, 1995; James Hansen et al., "Satellite and Surface Temperature Data At Odds?" Climatic Change, Vol. 30, 1995; John R. Christy and Richard T. McNider, "Satellite Greenhouse Signal," Nature, January 27, 1994; Michael MacCracken, "The Evidence Mounts Up," Nature, Vol. 376, August 24, 1995; William K. Stevens, "'95 The Hottest Year On Record As the Global Trend Keeps Up," New York Times, January 4, 1996; Malcolm W. Browne, "Most Precise Gauge Yet Points to Global Warming," New York Times, December 12, 1994.
26. "Stormy Weather Ahead," Economist, March 23, 1996; Boyce Rensberger, "Climatology: What's Hot, What's Not," Washington Post, January 8, 1996; "Top 10 Global Warming Myths," World Climate Report (edited by Patrick Michaels), Vol. 1, No. 5, 1995; Robert C. Balling, Jr., "Keep Cool About Global Warming," Wall Street Journal, October 16, 1995; James Hansen et al., "Satellite and Surface Temperature Data At Odds?" Climatic Change, Vol. 30, 1995; John R. Christy and Richard T. McNider, "Satellite Greenhouse Signal," Nature, January 27, 1994; Michael MacCracken, "The Evidence Mounts Up," Nature, Vol. 376, August 24, 1995; William K. Stevens, "'95 The Hottest Year On Record As the Global Trend Keeps Up," New York Times, January 4, 1996; Malcolm W. Browne, "Most Precise Gauge Yet Points to Global Warming," New York Times, December 12, 1994.
27. "Stormy Weather Ahead," Economist, March 23, 1996; Boyce Rensberger, "Climatology: What's Hot, What's Not," Washington Post, January 8, 1996; "Top 10 Global Warming Myths," World Climate Report (edited by Patrick Michaels), Vol. 1, No. 5, 1995; Robert C. Balling, Jr., "Keep Cool About Global Warming," Wall Street Journal, October 16, 1995; James Hansen et al., "Satellite and Surface Temperature Data At Odds?" Climatic Change, Vol. 30, 1995; John R. Christy and Richard T. McNider, "Satellite Greenhouse Signal," Nature, January 27, 1994; Michael MacCracken, "The Evidence Mounts Up," Nature, Vol. 376, August 24, 1995; William K. Stevens, "'95 The Hottest Year On Record As the Global Trend Keeps Up," New York Times, January 4, 1996; Malcolm W. Browne, "Most Precise Gauge Yet Points to Global Warming," New York Times, December 12, 1994.
28. "Stormy Weather Ahead," Economist, March 23, 1996; Boyce Rensberger, "Climatology: What's Hot, What's Not," Washington Post, January 8, 1996; "Top 10 Global Warming Myths," World Climate Report (edited by Patrick Michaels), Vol. 1, No. 5, 1995; Robert C. Balling, Jr., "Keep Cool About Global Warming," Wall Street Journal, October 16, 1995; James Hansen et al., "Satellite and Surface Temperature Data At Odds?" Climatic Change, Vol. 30, 1995; John R. Christy and Richard T. McNider, "Satellite Greenhouse Signal," Nature, January 27, 1994; Michael MacCracken, "The Evidence Mounts Up," Nature, Vol. 376, August 24, 1995; William K. Stevens, "'95 The Hottest Year On Record As the Global Trend Keeps Up," New York Times, January 4, 1996; Malcolm W. Browne, "Most Precise Gauge Yet Points to Global Warming," New York Times, December 12, 1994.
29. John Firor, The Changing Atmosphere: A Global Challenge (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).
30. The Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research Modeling Climate Change: 1860-2050 (Bracknell, UK: The Meteorological Office, February 1995); Robert Matthews, "The Rise and Rise of Global Warming," New Scientist, November 26, 1994; Tom M.L. Wigley, "A Successful Prediction," Nature, August 10, 1995; J.F.B. Mitchell et al., "Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Gases and Sulphate Aerosols," ibid.; M. Patrick McCormick, Larry W. Thomason, and Charles R. Trepte, "Atmospheric Effects of the Mt. Pinatubo Eruption," Nature, February 2, 1995; Figure 2 from Mitchell et al., op. cit. this note and from data supplied by Bob Davis, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Bracknell, U.K., October 5, 1995.
31. The Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research Modeling Climate Change: 1860-2050 (Bracknell, UK: The Meteorological Office, February 1995); Robert Matthews, "The Rise and Rise of Global Warming," New Scientist, November 26, 1994; Tom M.L. Wigley, "A Successful Prediction," Nature, August 10, 1995; J.F.B. Mitchell et al., "Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Gases and Sulphate Aerosols," ibid.; M. Patrick McCormick, Larry W. Thomason, and Charles R. Trepte, "Atmospheric Effects of the Mt. Pinatubo Eruption," Nature, February 2, 1995; Figure 2 from Mitchell et al., op. cit. this note and from data supplied by Bob Davis, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Bracknell, U.K., October 5, 1995.
32. The Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research Modeling Climate Change: 1860-2050 (Bracknell, UK: The Meteorological Office, February 1995); Robert Matthews, "The Rise and Rise of Global Warming," New Scientist, November 26, 1994; Tom M.L. Wigley, "A Successful Prediction," Nature, August 10, 1995; J.F.B. Mitchell et al., "Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Gases and Sulphate Aerosols," ibid.; M. Patrick McCormick, Larry W. Thomason, and Charles R. Trepte, "Atmospheric Effects of the Mt. Pinatubo Eruption," Nature, February 2, 1995; Figure 2 from Mitchell et al., op. cit. this note and from data supplied by Bob Davis, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Bracknell, U.K., October 5, 1995.
33. The Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research Modeling Climate Change: 1860-2050 (Bracknell, UK: The Meteorological Office, February 1995); Robert Matthews, "The Rise and Rise of Global Warming," New Scientist, November 26, 1994; Tom M.L. Wigley, "A Successful Prediction," Nature, August 10, 1995; J.F.B. Mitchell et al., "Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Gases and Sulphate Aerosols," ibid.; M. Patrick McCormick, Larry W. Thomason, and Charles R. Trepte, "Atmospheric Effects of the Mt. Pinatubo Eruption," Nature, February 2, 1995; Figure 2 from Mitchell et al., op. cit. this note and from data supplied by Bob Davis, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Bracknell, U.K., October 5, 1995.
34. The Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research Modeling Climate Change: 1860-2050 (Bracknell, UK: The Meteorological Office, February 1995); Robert Matthews, "The Rise and Rise of Global Warming," New Scientist, November 26, 1994; Tom M.L. Wigley, "A Successful Prediction," Nature, August 10, 1995; J.F.B. Mitchell et al., "Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Gases and Sulphate Aerosols," ibid.; M. Patrick McCormick, Larry W. Thomason, and Charles R. Trepte, "Atmospheric Effects of the Mt. Pinatubo Eruption," Nature, February 2, 1995; Figure 2 from Mitchell et al., op. cit. this note and from data supplied by Bob Davis, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Bracknell, U.K., October 5, 1995.
35. The Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research Modeling Climate Change: 1860-2050 (Bracknell, UK: The Meteorological Office, February 1995); Robert Matthews, "The Rise and Rise of Global Warming," New Scientist, November 26, 1994; Tom M.L. Wigley, "A Successful Prediction," Nature, August 10, 1995; J.F.B. Mitchell et al., "Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Gases and Sulphate Aerosols," ibid.; M. Patrick McCormick, Larry W. Thomason, and Charles R. Trepte, "Atmospheric Effects of the Mt. Pinatubo Eruption," Nature, February 2, 1995; Figure 2 from Mitchell et al., op. cit. this note and from data supplied by Bob Davis, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Bracknell, U.K., October 5, 1995.
36. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1 ; Stephen H. Schneider, "Detecting Climatic Change Signals: Are There Any 'Fingerprints'?" Science, January 21, 1994; Richard Monastery, "Dusting the Climate for Fingerprints," Science News, June 10, 1995; D.G. Vaughan and C.S.M. Doake, "Recent Atmospheric Warming and Retreat of Ice Shelves On the Antarctic Peninsula," Nature, January 25, 1996; J.C. King, "Recent Climate Variability in the Vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula," International Journal of Climatology, May 1994.
37. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1 ; Stephen H. Schneider, "Detecting Climatic Change Signals: Are There Any 'Fingerprints'?" Science, January 21, 1994; Richard Monastery, "Dusting the Climate for Fingerprints," Science News, June 10, 1995; D.G. Vaughan and C.S.M. Doake, "Recent Atmospheric Warming and Retreat of Ice Shelves On the Antarctic Peninsula," Nature, January 25, 1996; J.C. King, "Recent Climate Variability in the Vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula," International Journal of Climatology, May 1994.
38. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1 ; Stephen H. Schneider, "Detecting Climatic Change Signals: Are There Any 'Fingerprints'?" Science, January 21, 1994; Richard Monastery, "Dusting the Climate for Fingerprints," Science News, June 10, 1995; D.G. Vaughan and C.S.M. Doake, "Recent Atmospheric Warming and Retreat of Ice Shelves On the Antarctic Peninsula," Nature, January 25, 1996; J.C. King, "Recent Climate Variability in the Vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula," International Journal of Climatology, May 1994.
39. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1 ; Stephen H. Schneider, "Detecting Climatic Change Signals: Are There Any 'Fingerprints'?" Science, January 21, 1994; Richard Monastery, "Dusting the Climate for Fingerprints," Science News, June 10, 1995; D.G. Vaughan and C.S.M. Doake, "Recent Atmospheric Warming and Retreat of Ice Shelves On the Antarctic Peninsula," Nature, January 25, 1996; J.C. King, "Recent Climate Variability in the Vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula," International Journal of Climatology, May 1994.
40. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1 ; Stephen H. Schneider, "Detecting Climatic Change Signals: Are There Any 'Fingerprints'?" Science, January 21, 1994; Richard Monastery, "Dusting the Climate for Fingerprints," Science News, June 10, 1995; D.G. Vaughan and C.S.M. Doake, "Recent Atmospheric Warming and Retreat of Ice Shelves On the Antarctic Peninsula," Nature, January 25, 1996; J.C. King, "Recent Climate Variability in the Vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula," International Journal of Climatology, May 1994.
41. Keith R. Briffa et al., "Unusual Twentieth-Century Summer Warmth in a 1,000-Year Temperature Record from Siberia," Nature, July 13, 1995; Molly Moore, "New Delhi Cools Off - At 98 Degrees," Washington Post, June 14, 1994; Steve Newman, "Earth Week," San Francisco Chronicle, January 13, 1996; David Roberts, "The Iceman: Lone Voyager from the Copper Age," National Geographic, June 1993.
42. Keith R. Briffa et al., "Unusual Twentieth-Century Summer Warmth in a 1,000-Year Temperature Record from Siberia," Nature, July 13, 1995; Molly Moore, "New Delhi Cools Off - At 98 Degrees," Washington Post, June 14, 1994; Steve Newman, "Earth Week," San Francisco Chronicle, January 13, 1996; David Roberts, "The Iceman: Lone Voyager from the Copper Age," National Geographic, June 1993.
43. Keith R. Briffa et al., "Unusual Twentieth-Century Summer Warmth in a 1,000-Year Temperature Record from Siberia," Nature, July 13, 1995; Molly Moore, "New Delhi Cools Off - At 98 Degrees," Washington Post, June 14, 1994; Steve Newman, "Earth Week," San Francisco Chronicle, January 13, 1996; David Roberts, "The Iceman: Lone Voyager from the Copper Age," National Geographic, June 1993.
44. Keith R. Briffa et al., "Unusual Twentieth-Century Summer Warmth in a 1,000-Year Temperature Record from Siberia," Nature, July 13, 1995; Molly Moore, "New Delhi Cools Off - At 98 Degrees," Washington Post, June 14, 1994; Steve Newman, "Earth Week," San Francisco Chronicle, January 13, 1996; David Roberts, "The Iceman: Lone Voyager from the Copper Age," National Geographic, June 1993.
45. William K. Stevens, "Scientists Say Earth's Warming Could Set Off Wide Disruptions," New York Times, September 18, 1995; Northern Finland information from Charles Petit, "New Hints of Global Warming," San Francisco Chronicle, April 17, 1995; Ross Gelbspan, "The Heat is On," Harper's Magazine, December 1995.
46. William K. Stevens, "Scientists Say Earth's Warming Could Set Off Wide Disruptions," New York Times, September 18, 1995; Northern Finland information from Charles Petit, "New Hints of Global Warming," San Francisco Chronicle, April 17, 1995; Ross Gelbspan, "The Heat is On," Harper's Magazine, December 1995.
47. William K. Stevens, "Scientists Say Earth's Warming Could Set Off Wide Disruptions," New York Times, September 18, 1995; Northern Finland information from Charles Petit, "New Hints of Global Warming," San Francisco Chronicle, April 17, 1995; Ross Gelbspan, "The Heat is On," Harper's Magazine, December 1995.
48. Thomas R. Karl, Richard W. Knight, and Neil Plummer, "Trends in High Frequency Climate Variability In the Twentieth Century," Nature, September 21, 1995.
49. David J. Thomson, "The Seasons, Global Temperature, and Precession," Science, April 7, 1995; "Springtime for Scientists in Georgia," Economist, February 25, 1995.
50. David J. Thomson, "The Seasons, Global Temperature, and Precession," Science, April 7, 1995; "Springtime for Scientists in Georgia," Economist, February 25, 1995.
51. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Karl quoted in "Reading the Patterns," Economist, April 1, 1995; Thomas R. Karl et al., "Trends in U.S. Climate During the Twentieth Century," Consequences, Spring 1995; Karl et al., op. cit. note 15; Hasselmann cited in Monastery, op. cit. note 12.
52. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Karl quoted in "Reading the Patterns," Economist, April 1, 1995; Thomas R. Karl et al., "Trends in U.S. Climate During the Twentieth Century," Consequences, Spring 1995; Karl et al., op. cit. note 15; Hasselmann cited in Monastery, op. cit. note 12.
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74. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; A. Scott Denning, Inez Y. Fung, and David Randall, "Latitudinal Gradient of Atmospheric CO2 Exchange with Land Biota," Nature, July 20, 1995; P. Ciais et al., "A Large Northern Hemisphere Terrestrial CO2 Sink Indicated by the 13C/12C Ratio of Atmospheric CO2," Science, August 25, 1995.
75. Raja S. Ganeshram et al., "Large Changes in Oceanic Nutrient Inventories from Glacial to Interglacial Periods," Nature, August 31, 1995; Louis A. Codispoti, "Is the Ocean Losing Nitrate?" Nature, August 31, 1995; Robert U. Ayres, William H. Schlesinger, and Robert H. Socolow, "Human Impacts on the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles," in R. Socolow et al., eds., Industrial Ecology and Global Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
76. Raja S. Ganeshram et al., "Large Changes in Oceanic Nutrient Inventories from Glacial to Interglacial Periods," Nature, August 31, 1995; Louis A. Codispoti, "Is the Ocean Losing Nitrate?" Nature, August 31, 1995; Robert U. Ayres, William H. Schlesinger, and Robert H. Socolow, "Human Impacts on the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles," in R. Socolow et al., eds., Industrial Ecology and Global Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
77. Raja S. Ganeshram et al., "Large Changes in Oceanic Nutrient Inventories from Glacial to Interglacial Periods," Nature, August 31, 1995; Louis A. Codispoti, "Is the Ocean Losing Nitrate?" Nature, August 31, 1995; Robert U. Ayres, William H. Schlesinger, and Robert H. Socolow, "Human Impacts on the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles," in R. Socolow et al., eds., Industrial Ecology and Global Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
78. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; R.T. Watson, M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss, eds., Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation of Climate Change-Scientific-Technical Analysis, Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
79. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; R.T. Watson, M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss, eds., Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation of Climate Change-Scientific-Technical Analysis, Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
80. Sandra L. Postel, Gretchen C. Daily, and Paul R. Ehrlich, "Human Appropriation of Renewable Fresh Water," Science, February 9, 1996; World Bank, "Earth Faces Water Crisis," press release, Washington, D.C., August 6, 1995.
81. Sandra L. Postel, Gretchen C. Daily, and Paul R. Ehrlich, "Human Appropriation of Renewable Fresh Water," Science, February 9, 1996; World Bank, "Earth Faces Water Crisis," press release, Washington, D.C., August 6, 1995.
82. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; Lester R. Brown, "Facing Food Scarcity," World Watch, November/December, 1995.
83. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; Lester R. Brown, "Facing Food Scarcity," World Watch, November/December, 1995.
84. Cynthia Rosenzweig and Martin L. Parry, "Potential Impact of Climate Change on World Food Supply," Nature, January 13, 1994; Woodwell and MacKenzie, eds., op. cit. note 22; William K. Stevens, "Scientists Say the Earth's Warming Could Set Off Wide Disruptions," New York Times, September 18, 1995; "Higher Temperatures, Carbon Dioxide Levels Could Harm Europe's Agriculture Production," International Environment Reporter, March 20, 1996.
85. Cynthia Rosenzweig and Martin L. Parry, "Potential Impact of Climate Change on World Food Supply," Nature, January 13, 1994; Woodwell and MacKenzie, eds., op. cit. note 22; William K. Stevens, "Scientists Say the Earth's Warming Could Set Off Wide Disruptions," New York Times, September 18, 1995; "Higher Temperatures, Carbon Dioxide Levels Could Harm Europe's Agriculture Production," International Environment Reporter, March 20, 1996.
86. Cynthia Rosenzweig and Martin L. Parry, "Potential Impact of Climate Change on World Food Supply," Nature, January 13, 1994; Woodwell and MacKenzie, eds., op. cit. note 22; William K. Stevens, "Scientists Say the Earth's Warming Could Set Off Wide Disruptions," New York Times, September 18, 1995; "Higher Temperatures, Carbon Dioxide Levels Could Harm Europe's Agriculture Production," International Environment Reporter, March 20, 1996.
87. Cynthia Rosenzweig and Martin L. Parry, "Potential Impact of Climate Change on World Food Supply," Nature, January 13, 1994; Woodwell and MacKenzie, eds., op. cit. note 22; William K. Stevens, "Scientists Say the Earth's Warming Could Set Off Wide Disruptions," New York Times, September 18, 1995; "Higher Temperatures, Carbon Dioxide Levels Could Harm Europe's Agriculture Production," International Environment Reporter, March 20, 1996.
88. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25.
89. Ibid.
90. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; Robert L. Peters and Thomas E. Lovejoy, eds., Global Warming and Biological Diversity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Thomas J. Goreau and Raymond L. Hayes, "Coral Bleaching and Ocean 'Hot Spots'," Ambio, May 1994; Stephen C. Jameson, John W. McManus, and Mark D. Spalding, State of the Reefs, International Coral Reef Initiative Executive Secretariat Background Paper, May 1995.
91. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; Robert L. Peters and Thomas E. Lovejoy, eds., Global Warming and Biological Diversity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Thomas J. Goreau and Raymond L. Hayes, "Coral Bleaching and Ocean 'Hot Spots'," Ambio, May 1994; Stephen C. Jameson, John W. McManus, and Mark D. Spalding, State of the Reefs, International Coral Reef Initiative Executive Secretariat Background Paper, May 1995.
92. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; Robert L. Peters and Thomas E. Lovejoy, eds., Global Warming and Biological Diversity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Thomas J. Goreau and Raymond L. Hayes, "Coral Bleaching and Ocean 'Hot Spots'," Ambio, May 1994; Stephen C. Jameson, John W. McManus, and Mark D. Spalding, State of the Reefs, International Coral Reef Initiative Executive Secretariat Background Paper, May 1995.
93. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; Robert L. Peters and Thomas E. Lovejoy, eds., Global Warming and Biological Diversity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Thomas J. Goreau and Raymond L. Hayes, "Coral Bleaching and Ocean 'Hot Spots'," Ambio, May 1994; Stephen C. Jameson, John W. McManus, and Mark D. Spalding, State of the Reefs, International Coral Reef Initiative Executive Secretariat Background Paper, May 1995.
94. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; Peters and Lovejoy, eds., op. cit. note 31.
95. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; Peters and Lovejoy, eds., op. cit. note 31.
96. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; Samuel Fankhauser, Valuing Climate Change: The Economics of the Greenhouse (London: Earthscan Publications, 1995); U.S. Climate Action Network, Global Climate Change: U.S. Impacts and Solutions (Washington, D.C., October 1995); William DiBenedetto, "Sun Stroke? Pacific Coast Salmon Face Menace of Global Warming," Journal of Commerce, January 3, 1996.
97. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; Samuel Fankhauser, Valuing Climate Change: The Economics of the Greenhouse (London: Earthscan Publications, 1995); U.S. Climate Action Network, Global Climate Change: U.S. Impacts and Solutions (Washington, D.C., October 1995); William DiBenedetto, "Sun Stroke? Pacific Coast Salmon Face Menace of Global Warming," Journal of Commerce, January 3, 1996.
98. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; Samuel Fankhauser, Valuing Climate Change: The Economics of the Greenhouse (London: Earthscan Publications, 1995); U.S. Climate Action Network, Global Climate Change: U.S. Impacts and Solutions (Washington, D.C., October 1995); William DiBenedetto, "Sun Stroke? Pacific Coast Salmon Face Menace of Global Warming," Journal of Commerce, January 3, 1996.
99. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; Samuel Fankhauser, Valuing Climate Change: The Economics of the Greenhouse (London: Earthscan Publications, 1995); U.S. Climate Action Network, Global Climate Change: U.S. Impacts and Solutions (Washington, D.C., October 1995); William DiBenedetto, "Sun Stroke? Pacific Coast Salmon Face Menace of Global Warming," Journal of Commerce, January 3, 1996.
100. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25.
101. Ibid.; Hamburg cited in Stevens, op. cit. note 14; Petit, op. cit. note 14.
102. Ibid.; Hamburg cited in Stevens, op. cit. note 14; Petit, op. cit. note 14.
103. Ibid.; Hamburg cited in Stevens, op. cit. note 14; Petit, op. cit. note 14.
104. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Natural Disaster Survey Report: July 1995 Heat Wave (Silver Spring, MD: NOAA, December 1995); "Many of Last Year's Heat Deaths Were Preventable, Study Says," Washington Post, April 12, 1996.
105. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Natural Disaster Survey Report: July 1995 Heat Wave (Silver Spring, MD: NOAA, December 1995); "Many of Last Year's Heat Deaths Were Preventable, Study Says," Washington Post, April 12, 1996.
106. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Natural Disaster Survey Report: July 1995 Heat Wave (Silver Spring, MD: NOAA, December 1995); "Many of Last Year's Heat Deaths Were Preventable, Study Says," Washington Post, April 12, 1996.
107. A.J. Michael, Planetary Overload: Global Environmental Change and the Health of the Human Species (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); C.E. Ewan et al., eds., Health in the Greenhouse: The Medical and Environmental Health Effects of Global Climate Change (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1993); Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Willem J.M. Martens et al., "Potential Impact of Global Climate Change on Malaria Risk," Environmental Health Perspective, May 1995; Anne Platt, Infecting Ourselves: How Environmental and Social Disruptions Trigger Disease (Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 1996); William A. Sprigg, "Doctors Watch the Forecasts," Nature, February 15, 1996.
108. A.J. Michael, Planetary Overload: Global Environmental Change and the Health of the Human Species (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); C.E. Ewan et al., eds., Health in the Greenhouse: The Medical and Environmental Health Effects of Global Climate Change (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1993); Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Willem J.M. Martens et al., "Potential Impact of Global Climate Change on Malaria Risk," Environmental Health Perspective, May 1995; Anne Platt, Infecting Ourselves: How Environmental and Social Disruptions Trigger Disease (Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 1996); William A. Sprigg, "Doctors Watch the Forecasts," Nature, February 15, 1996.
109. A.J. Michael, Planetary Overload: Global Environmental Change and the Health of the Human Species (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); C.E. Ewan et al., eds., Health in the Greenhouse: The Medical and Environmental Health Effects of Global Climate Change (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1993); Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Willem J.M. Martens et al., "Potential Impact of Global Climate Change on Malaria Risk," Environmental Health Perspective, May 1995; Anne Platt, Infecting Ourselves: How Environmental and Social Disruptions Trigger Disease (Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 1996); William A. Sprigg, "Doctors Watch the Forecasts," Nature, February 15, 1996.
110. A.J. Michael, Planetary Overload: Global Environmental Change and the Health of the Human Species (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); C.E. Ewan et al., eds., Health in the Greenhouse: The Medical and Environmental Health Effects of Global Climate Change (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1993); Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Willem J.M. Martens et al., "Potential Impact of Global Climate Change on Malaria Risk," Environmental Health Perspective, May 1995; Anne Platt, Infecting Ourselves: How Environmental and Social Disruptions Trigger Disease (Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 1996); William A. Sprigg, "Doctors Watch the Forecasts," Nature, February 15, 1996.
111. A.J. Michael, Planetary Overload: Global Environmental Change and the Health of the Human Species (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); C.E. Ewan et al., eds., Health in the Greenhouse: The Medical and Environmental Health Effects of Global Climate Change (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1993); Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Willem J.M. Martens et al., "Potential Impact of Global Climate Change on Malaria Risk," Environmental Health Perspective, May 1995; Anne Platt, Infecting Ourselves: How Environmental and Social Disruptions Trigger Disease (Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 1996); William A. Sprigg, "Doctors Watch the Forecasts," Nature, February 15, 1996.
112. A.J. Michael, Planetary Overload: Global Environmental Change and the Health of the Human Species (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); C.E. Ewan et al., eds., Health in the Greenhouse: The Medical and Environmental Health Effects of Global Climate Change (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1993); Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Willem J.M. Martens et al., "Potential Impact of Global Climate Change on Malaria Risk," Environmental Health Perspective, May 1995; Anne Platt, Infecting Ourselves: How Environmental and Social Disruptions Trigger Disease (Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 1996); William A. Sprigg, "Doctors Watch the Forecasts," Nature, February 15, 1996.
113. James P. Bruce, "Challenges of the Decade: Natural Disasters and Global Change," speech delivered at the Symposium on the World at Risk: Natural Hazards and Climate Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, January 14-16, 1992; G.A. Berz, "Greenhouse Effects on Natural Catastrophes and Insurance," The Geneva Papers on Risk Insurance, July 17, 1992; NOAA quote from Karl et al., op. cit. note 17; Paul Simons, "Why Global Warming Could Take Britain by Storm," New Scientist, November 7, 1992; Craig R. Whitney, "Rhine Floods Worst in Century; 50,000 Homeless," New York Times, December 25, 1994.
114. James P. Bruce, "Challenges of the Decade: Natural Disasters and Global Change," speech delivered at the Symposium on the World at Risk:
115. James P. Bruce, "Challenges of the Decade: Natural Disasters and Global Change," speech delivered at the Symposium on the World at Risk: Natural Hazards and Climate Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, January 14-16, 1992; G.A. Berz, "Greenhouse Effects on Natural Catastrophes and Insurance," The Geneva Papers on Risk Insurance, July 17, 1992; NOAA quote from Karl et al., op. cit. note 17; Paul Simons, "Why Global Warming Could Take Britain by Storm," New Scientist, November 7, 1992; Craig R. Whitney, "Rhine Floods Worst in Century; 50,000 Homeless," New York Times, December 25, 1994.
116. James P. Bruce, "Challenges of the Decade: Natural Disasters and Global Change," speech delivered at the Symposium on the World at Risk: Natural Hazards and Climate Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, January 14-16, 1992; G.A. Berz, "Greenhouse Effects on Natural Catastrophes and Insurance," The Geneva Papers on Risk Insurance, July 17, 1992; NOAA quote from Karl et al., op. cit. note 17; Paul Simons, "Why Global Warming Could Take Britain by Storm," New Scientist, November 7, 1992; Craig R. Whitney, "Rhine Floods Worst in Century; 50,000 Homeless," New York Times, December 25, 1994.
117. James P. Bruce, "Challenges of the Decade: Natural Disasters and Global Change," speech delivered at the Symposium on the World at Risk: Natural Hazards and Climate Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, January 14-16, 1992; G.A. Berz, "Greenhouse Effects on Natural Catastrophes and Insurance," The Geneva Papers on Risk Insurance, July 17, 1992; NOAA quote from Karl et al., op. cit. note 17; Paul Simons, "Why Global Warming Could Take Britain by Storm," New Scientist, November 7, 1992; Craig R. Whitney, "Rhine Floods Worst in Century; 50,000 Homeless," New York Times, December 25, 1994.
118. Emanual estimate included in Doug Cogan, "Bracing for Bigger Storms," Investor's Environmental Report, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1993; see also Munich Re, Windstorm, Munich Re special publication (Munich, 1990); Graedel and Crutzen, op. cit. note 6.
119. Emanual estimate included in Doug Cogan, "Bracing for Bigger Storms," Investor's Environmental Report, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1993; see also Munich Re, Windstorm, Munich Re special publication (Munich, 1990); Graedel and Crutzen, op. cit. note 6.
120. Emanual estimate included in Doug Cogan, "Bracing for Bigger Storms," Investor's Environmental Report, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1993; see also Munich Re, Windstorm, Munich Re special publication (Munich, 1990); Graedel and Crutzen, op. cit. note 6.
121. Friedman calculation included in Cogan, op. cit. note 39; see also Munich Re, op. cit. note 39.
122. Robert C. Sheets, "Catastrophic Hurricanes May Become Frequent Events Along the United States East and Gulf Coasts," testimony before the U.S. Senate Government Affairs Committee, Washington, D.C., April 29, 1993; Greenpeace International, The Climate Time Bomb: Signs of Climate Change from the Greenpeace Database (Amsterdam, 1994), supplemented by "Update," March 1995; storm damage figures, including those in Table 1, are from Munich Re/Munchener Ruckversicherungs-Gesellschaft, "Fifty Significant Loss Events of 1995," unpublished printout (Munich, May 10, 1996).
123. Robert C. Sheets, "Catastrophic Hurricanes May Become Frequent Events Along the United States East and Gulf Coasts," testimony before the U.S. Senate Government Affairs Committee, Washington, D.C., April 29, 1993; Greenpeace International, The Climate Time Bomb: Signs of Climate Change from the Greenpeace Database (Amsterdam, 1994), supplemented by "Update," March 1995; storm damage figures, including those in Table 1, are from Munich Re/Munchener Ruckversicherungs-Gesellschaft, "Fifty Significant Loss Events of 1995," unpublished printout (Munich, May 10, 1996).
124. Robert C. Sheets, "Catastrophic Hurricanes May Become Frequent Events Along the United States East and Gulf Coasts," testimony before the U.S. Senate Government Affairs Committee, Washington, D.C., April 29, 1993; Greenpeace International, The Climate Time Bomb: Signs of Climate Change from the Greenpeace Database (Amsterdam, 1994), supplemented by "Update," March 1995; storm damage figures, including those in Table 1, are from Munich Re/Munchener Ruckversicherungs-Gesellschaft, "Fifty Significant Loss Events of 1995," unpublished printout (Munich, May 10, 1996).
125. Greg Steinmetz, "Andrew's Toll: As Insurance Costs Soar, Higher Rates Loom," Wall Street Journal, January 6,1993; E.N. Rappaport and R.B. Sheets, "A Meteorological Analysis of Hurricane Andrew," Lawrence S. Tait, ed., Lessons of Hurricane Andrew, excerpts from the 15th National Hurricane Conference, held inOrlando, FL, April 13-16, 1993 (Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1993).
126. Greg Steinmetz, "Andrew's Toll: As Insurance Costs Soar, Higher Rates Loom," Wall Street Journal, January 6,1993; E.N. Rappaport and R.B. Sheets, "A Meteorological Analysis of Hurricane Andrew," Lawrence S. Tait, ed., Lessons of Hurricane Andrew, excerpts from the 15th National Hurricane Conference, held inOrlando, FL, April 13-16, 1993 (Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1993).
127. Dork L. Sahagian, Frank W. Schwartz, and David K. Jacobs, "Direct Anthropogenic Contributions to Sea Level Rise in the Twentieth Century," Nature, January 6, 1994; Malcolm W. Browne, "Most Precise Gauge Yet Points to Global Warming," New York Times, December 12, 1994; Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1.
128. Dork L. Sahagian, Frank W. Schwartz, and David K. Jacobs, "Direct Anthropogenic Contributions to Sea Level Rise in the Twentieth Century," Nature, January 6, 1994; Malcolm W. Browne, "Most Precise Gauge Yet Points to Global Warming," New York Times, December 12, 1994; Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1.
129. Dork L. Sahagian, Frank W. Schwartz, and David K. Jacobs, "Direct Anthropogenic Contributions to Sea Level Rise in the Twentieth Century," Nature, January 6, 1994; Malcolm W. Browne, "Most Precise Gauge Yet Points to Global Warming," New York Times, December 12, 1994; Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1.
130. Watson et al., eds., op. cit. note 25.
131. Ibid.; Asian Development Bank, Climate Change in Asia: The Thematic Overview (Manila, 1994); Manuela Saragosa, "Floods Threaten Jakarta's Big Expansion Plan," Financial Times, January 13-14, 1996; impact on Egypt from Walter H. Corson, ed., The Global Ecology Handbook: What You Can Do About the Environmental Crisis, (Washington, D.C.: Global Tomorrow Coalition, 1990) as cited in Patricia Click, Global Warming: The High Cost of Inaction (Washington, D.C.: Sierra Club, 1996); Rene Bowser et al., Southern Exposure: Global Climate Change and Developing Countries (Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Change, 1992); David E. Pitt, "Computer Vision of Global Warming: Hardest on Have-Nots," New York Times, January 18, 1994; Norman Myers and Jennifer Kent, Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena (Washington, D.C.: Climate Institute, 1995) as cited in Click, op. cit. this note.
132. Ibid.; Asian Development Bank, Climate Change in Asia: The Thematic Overview (Manila, 1994); Manuela Saragosa, "Floods Threaten Jakarta's Big Expansion Plan," Financial Times, January 13-14, 1996; impact on Egypt from Walter H. Corson, ed., The Global Ecology Handbook: What You Can Do About the Environmental Crisis, (Washington, D.C.: Global Tomorrow Coalition, 1990) as cited in Patricia Click, Global Warming: The High Cost of Inaction (Washington, D.C.: Sierra Club, 1996); Rene Bowser et al., Southern Exposure: Global Climate Change and Developing Countries (Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Change, 1992); David E. Pitt, "Computer Vision of Global Warming: Hardest on Have-Nots," New York Times, January 18, 1994; Norman Myers and Jennifer Kent, Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena (Washington, D.C.: Climate Institute, 1995) as cited in Click, op. cit. this note.
133. Ibid.; Asian Development Bank, Climate Change in Asia: The Thematic Overview (Manila, 1994); Manuela Saragosa, "Floods Threaten Jakarta's Big Expansion Plan," Financial Times, January 13-14, 1996; impact on Egypt from Walter H. Corson, ed., The Global Ecology Handbook: What You Can Do About the Environmental Crisis, (Washington, D.C.: Global Tomorrow Coalition, 1990) as cited in Patricia Click, Global Warming: The High Cost of Inaction (Washington, D.C.: Sierra Club, 1996); Rene Bowser et al., Southern Exposure: Global Climate Change and Developing Countries (Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Change, 1992); David E. Pitt, "Computer Vision of Global Warming: Hardest on Have-Nots," New York Times, January 18, 1994; Norman Myers and Jennifer Kent, Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena (Washington, D.C.: Climate Institute, 1995) as cited in Click, op. cit. this note.
134. Ibid.; Asian Development Bank, Climate Change in Asia: The Thematic Overview (Manila, 1994); Manuela Saragosa, "Floods Threaten Jakarta's Big Expansion Plan," Financial Times, January 13-14, 1996; impact on Egypt from Walter H. Corson, ed., The Global Ecology Handbook: What You Can Do About the Environmental Crisis, (Washington, D.C.: Global Tomorrow Coalition, 1990) as cited in Patricia Click, Global Warming: The High Cost of Inaction (Washington, D.C.: Sierra Club, 1996); Rene Bowser et al., Southern Exposure: Global Climate Change and Developing Countries (Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Change, 1992); David E. Pitt, "Computer Vision of Global Warming: Hardest on Have-Nots," New York Times, January 18, 1994; Norman Myers and Jennifer Kent, Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena (Washington, D.C.: Climate Institute, 1995) as cited in Click, op. cit. this note.
135. Ibid.; Asian Development Bank, Climate Change in Asia: The Thematic Overview (Manila, 1994); Manuela Saragosa, "Floods Threaten Jakarta's Big Expansion Plan," Financial Times, January 13-14, 1996; impact on Egypt from Walter H. Corson, ed., The Global Ecology Handbook: What You Can Do About the Environmental Crisis, (Washington, D.C.: Global Tomorrow Coalition, 1990) as cited in Patricia Click, Global Warming: The High Cost of Inaction (Washington, D.C.: Sierra Club, 1996); Rene Bowser et al., Southern Exposure: Global Climate Change and Developing Countries (Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Change, 1992); David E. Pitt, "Computer Vision of Global Warming: Hardest on Have-Nots," New York Times, January 18, 1994; Norman Myers and Jennifer Kent, Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena (Washington, D.C.: Climate Institute, 1995) as cited in Click, op. cit. this note.
136. Ibid.; Asian Development Bank, Climate Change in Asia: The Thematic Overview (Manila, 1994); Manuela Saragosa, "Floods Threaten Jakarta's Big Expansion Plan," Financial Times, January 13-14, 1996; impact on Egypt from Walter H. Corson, ed., The Global Ecology Handbook: What You Can Do About the Environmental Crisis, (Washington, D.C.: Global Tomorrow Coalition, 1990) as cited in Patricia Click, Global Warming: The High Cost of Inaction (Washington, D.C.: Sierra Club, 1996); Rene Bowser et al., Southern Exposure: Global Climate Change and Developing Countries (Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Change, 1992); David E. Pitt, "Computer Vision of Global Warming: Hardest on Have-Nots," New York Times, January 18, 1994; Norman Myers and Jennifer Kent, Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena (Washington, D.C.: Climate Institute, 1995) as cited in Click, op. cit. this note.
137. Ibid.; Asian Development Bank, Climate Change in Asia: The Thematic Overview (Manila, 1994); Manuela Saragosa, "Floods Threaten Jakarta's Big Expansion Plan," Financial Times, January 13-14, 1996; impact on Egypt from Walter H. Corson, ed., The Global Ecology Handbook: What You Can Do About the Environmental Crisis, (Washington, D.C.: Global Tomorrow Coalition, 1990) as cited in Patricia Click, Global Warming: The High Cost of Inaction (Washington, D.C.: Sierra Club, 1996); Rene Bowser et al., Southern Exposure: Global Climate Change and Developing Countries (Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Change, 1992); David E. Pitt, "Computer Vision of Global Warming: Hardest on Have-Nots," New York Times, January 18, 1994; Norman Myers and Jennifer Kent, Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena (Washington, D.C.: Climate Institute, 1995) as cited in Click, op. cit. this note.
138. Ibid.; Asian Development Bank, Climate Change in Asia: The Thematic Overview (Manila, 1994); Manuela Saragosa, "Floods Threaten Jakarta's Big Expansion Plan," Financial Times, January 13-14, 1996; impact on Egypt from Walter H. Corson, ed., The Global Ecology Handbook: What You Can Do About the Environmental Crisis, (Washington, D.C.: Global Tomorrow Coalition, 1990) as cited in Patricia Click, Global Warming: The High Cost of Inaction (Washington, D.C.: Sierra Club, 1996); Rene Bowser et al., Southern Exposure: Global Climate Change and Developing Countries (Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Change, 1992); David E. Pitt, "Computer Vision of Global Warming: Hardest on Have-Nots," New York Times, January 18, 1994; Norman Myers and Jennifer Kent, Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena (Washington, D.C.: Climate Institute, 1995) as cited in Click, op. cit. this note.
139. Colin D. Woodroffe, "Preliminary Assessment of the Vulnerability of Kiribati to Accelerated Sea Level Rise," in Joan O'Callahan, ed., Global Climate Change and the Rising Challenge of the Sea, Proceedings of the IPCC Workshop Held at Margarita Island, Venezuela, March 9-13, 1992 (Silver Spring, MD: NOAA, 1994).
140. Fankhauser, op. cit. note 33; Jeremy Leggett, ed., Climate Change and the Financial Sector (Munich: Gerling Akademie Verlag, 1996).
141. Fankhauser, op. cit. note 33; Jeremy Leggett, ed., Climate Change and the Financial Sector (Munich: Gerling Akademie Verlag, 1996).
142. Figure 4 from Munich Re, op cit. note 41. Berlin insurance meeting description from author's observations, Berlin, March 26, 1995; H.R. Kaufmann, "Storm Damage Insurance - Quo Vadis?" unpublished paper produced by Swiss Re, Zurich, Switzerland, November 1990.
143. Gerhard A. Berz, "Global Warming and the Insurance Industry," Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1993.
144. William R. Cline, The Economics of Global Warming (Washington, D.C.: Institute of International Economics, 1992); Fankhauser, op. cit. note 33; Munich Re/Munchener Ruckversicherungs-Gesellschaft, op. cit. note 41.
145. William R. Cline, The Economics of Global Warming (Washington, D.C.: Institute of International Economics, 1992); Fankhauser, op. cit. note 33; Munich Re/Munchener Ruckversicherungs-Gesellschaft, op. cit. note 41.
146. North Korea's economic losses from Munich Re/Munchener Ruckversicherungs-Gesellschaft, op. cit. note 41.
147. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Text (Geneva: U.N. Environment Programme/World Meteorological Organization Information Unit on Climate Change, 1992); emissions from G. Marland, R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden, "Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emission Estimates From Fossil Fuel Burning, Cement Production, and Gas Flaring: 1950-1992" (electronic database) (Oak Ridge, TN.: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1995), and from Worldwatch estimates based on ibid, and on British Petroleum (BP), BP Statistical Review of World Energy (London: Group Media & Publications, 1995).
148. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Text (Geneva: U.N. Environment Programme/World Meteorological Organization Information Unit on Climate Change, 1992); emissions from G. Marland, R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden, "Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emission Estimates From Fossil Fuel Burning, Cement Production, and Gas Flaring: 1950-1992" (electronic database) (Oak Ridge, TN.: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1995), and from Worldwatch estimates based on ibid, and on British Petroleum (BP), BP Statistical Review of World Energy (London: Group Media & Publications, 1995).
149. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Text (Geneva: U.N. Environment Programme/World Meteorological Organization Information Unit on Climate Change, 1992); emissions from G. Marland, R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden, "Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emission Estimates From Fossil Fuel Burning, Cement Production, and Gas Flaring: 1950-1992" (electronic database) (Oak Ridge, TN.: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1995), and from Worldwatch estimates based on ibid, and on British Petroleum (BP), BP Statistical Review of World Energy (London: Group Media & Publications, 1995).
150. Emission figures in this paper are expressed in metric tons of carbon, even when the term carbon dioxide is used. As fossil fuels are burned, the carbon in them is combined with oxygen to become carbon dioxide which has a greater molecular weight. Carbon emission figures, including those in Figure 5, are from Marland et al., op. cit. note 52, and Worldwatch estimates based on ibid, and on BP, op. cit. note 52; Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1.
151. Worldwatch estimates based on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and International Energy Agency, Energy Balances of OECD Countries 1960-79; ibid., World Energy Statistics and Balances 1971-1987; and ibid., Energy Statistics and Balances of Non-OECD Countries 1991-1992 (Paris: OECD, 1991, 1989, and 1994 respectively).
152. Per capita carbon emission figures, including those in Table 2, are based on Marland et al., op. cit. note 52; Worldwatch estimates based on ibid., on BP, op. cit. note 52, and on Population Reference Bureau, 1994 World Population Data Sheet (Washington, D.C., 1994).
153. Ibid.; GNP data for 1993 adjusted for purchasing power parity from The World Bank Atlas 1995 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1995).
154. Ibid.; GNP data for 1993 adjusted for purchasing power parity from The World Bank Atlas 1995 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1995).
155. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, op. cit. note 52.
156. President William J. Clinton and Vice President Albert Gore, Jr., The Climate Change Action Plan (Washington, D.C.: The White House, 1993); William K. Stevens, "U.S. Prepares to Unveil Blueprint for Reducing HeatTrapping Gases," New York Times, October 12, 1993; Gary Lee, "Sorting Out the Sources of Greenhouse Gases," Washington Post, October 26, 1993; Joel Darmstadter, "The U.S. Climate Change Action Plan: Challenges and Prospects," Resources, Winter 1995.
157. President William J. Clinton and Vice President Albert Gore, Jr., The Climate Change Action Plan (Washington, D.C.: The White House, 1993); William K. Stevens, "U.S. Prepares to Unveil Blueprint for Reducing HeatTrapping Gases," New York Times, October 12, 1993; Gary Lee, "Sorting Out the Sources of Greenhouse Gases," Washington Post, October 26, 1993; Joel Darmstadter, "The U.S. Climate Change Action Plan: Challenges and Prospects," Resources, Winter 1995.
158. President William J. Clinton and Vice President Albert Gore, Jr., The Climate Change Action Plan (Washington, D.C.: The White House, 1993); William K. Stevens, "U.S. Prepares to Unveil Blueprint for Reducing HeatTrapping Gases," New York Times, October 12, 1993; Gary Lee, "Sorting Out the Sources of Greenhouse Gases," Washington Post, October 26, 1993; Joel Darmstadter, "The U.S. Climate Change Action Plan: Challenges and Prospects," Resources, Winter 1995.
159. President William J. Clinton and Vice President Albert Gore, Jr., The Climate Change Action Plan (Washington, D.C.: The White House, 1993); William K. Stevens, "U.S. Prepares to Unveil Blueprint for Reducing HeatTrapping Gases," New York Times, October 12, 1993; Gary Lee, "Sorting Out the Sources of Greenhouse Gases," Washington Post, October 26, 1993; Joel Darmstadter, "The U.S. Climate Change Action Plan: Challenges and Prospects," Resources, Winter 1995.
160. Clinton and Gore, op. cit. note 58; Daniel Lashof, senior scientist at Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), as quoted in National Public Radio's "All Things Considered," December 11, 1995.
161. Clinton and Gore, op. cit. note 58; Daniel Lashof, senior scientist at Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), as quoted in National Public Radio's "All Things Considered," December 11, 1995.
162. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Annual Energy Outlook. 1996 (Washington, D.C., 1996); U.S. Climate Action Network (US CAN) and Climate Network Europe (CNE), Independent NGO Evaluations of National Plans for Climate Change Mitigation: OECD Countries, Third Review, January 1995 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Climate Action Network, 1995).
163. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Annual Energy Outlook. 1996 (Washington, D.C., 1996); U.S. Climate Action Network (US CAN) and Climate Network Europe (CNE), Independent NGO Evaluations of National Plans for Climate Change Mitigation: OECD Countries, Third Review, January 1995 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Climate Action Network, 1995).
164. Commission of the European Communities Second Evaluation of National Programmes Under the Monitoring Mechanism of Community CO2 and Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Brussels, March 14, 1996); "Commission Report Finds Current Policies on CO2 Emissions 'Clearly Insufficient'," International Environment Reporter, April 3, 1996.
165. Commission of the European Communities Second Evaluation of National Programmes Under the Monitoring Mechanism of Community CO2 and Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Brussels, March 14, 1996); "Commission Report Finds Current Policies on CO2 Emissions 'Clearly Insufficient'," International Environment Reporter, April 3, 1996.
166. Chancellor Helmut Kohl, speech delivered at the First Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Berlin, April 5, 1995; US CAN and CNE, op. cit. note 60; International Energy Agency (IEA), Climate Change Policy Initiatives, Volume 1: OECD Countries (Paris: OECD, 1994); emissions from Marland et al., op. cit. note 52, and Worldwatch estimates based on ibid, and on BP, op. cit. note 52.
167. Chancellor Helmut Kohl, speech delivered at the First Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Berlin, April 5, 1995; US CAN and CNE, op. cit. note 60; International Energy Agency (IEA), Climate Change Policy Initiatives, Volume 1: OECD Countries (Paris: OECD, 1994); emissions from Marland et al., op. cit. note 52, and Worldwatch estimates based on ibid, and on BP, op. cit. note 52.
168. Chancellor Helmut Kohl, speech delivered at the First Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Berlin, April 5, 1995; US CAN and CNE, op. cit. note 60; International Energy Agency (IEA), Climate Change Policy Initiatives, Volume 1: OECD Countries (Paris: OECD, 1994); emissions from Marland et al., op. cit. note 52, and Worldwatch estimates based on ibid, and on BP, op. cit. note 52.
169. US CAN and CNE, op. cit. note 60; IEA, op. cit. note 62; Christopher Flavin, "Wind Power Soars," in Lester R. Brown; Nicholas Lenssen, and Hal Kane, Vital Signs 1995 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1995).
170. Nathaniel Nash, "German High Court Bans Energy Subsidy on Utility Bills," New York Times, December 8, 1994; reverse carbon tax estimate by Worldwatch based on ibid, and on BP, op. cit. note 52; "Accord on German Coal Subsidies Highlights Bonn Coalition Rift," European Energy Report, March 17, 1995; Wilfrid Bach, "Coal Policy and Climate Protection: Can the Tough German CO2 Reduction Target Be Met By 2005?" Energy Policy, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1995; Stephan Singer and Manfred Treber, Report to the Commission on Sustainable Development, German NGO Forum on Environment and Development, Task Force on Climate, (Bonn, March 1996).
171. Nathaniel Nash, "German High Court Bans Energy Subsidy on Utility Bills," New York Times, December 8, 1994; reverse carbon tax estimate by Worldwatch based on ibid, and on BP, op. cit. note 52; "Accord on German Coal Subsidies Highlights Bonn Coalition Rift," European Energy Report, March 17, 1995; Wilfrid Bach, "Coal Policy and Climate Protection: Can the Tough German CO2 Reduction Target Be Met By 2005?" Energy Policy, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1995; Stephan Singer and Manfred Treber, Report to the Commission on Sustainable Development, German NGO Forum on Environment and Development, Task Force on Climate, (Bonn, March 1996).
172. Nathaniel Nash, "German High Court Bans Energy Subsidy on Utility Bills," New York Times, December 8, 1994; reverse carbon tax estimate by Worldwatch based on ibid, and on BP, op. cit. note 52; "Accord on German Coal Subsidies Highlights Bonn Coalition Rift," European Energy Report, March 17, 1995; Wilfrid Bach, "Coal Policy and Climate Protection: Can the Tough German CO2 Reduction Target Be Met By 2005?" Energy Policy, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1995; Stephan Singer and Manfred Treber, Report to the Commission on Sustainable Development, German NGO Forum on Environment and Development, Task Force on Climate, (Bonn, March 1996).
173. Nathaniel Nash, "German High Court Bans Energy Subsidy on Utility Bills," New York Times, December 8, 1994; reverse carbon tax estimate by Worldwatch based on ibid, and on BP, op. cit. note 52; "Accord on German Coal Subsidies Highlights Bonn Coalition Rift," European Energy Report, March 17, 1995; Wilfrid Bach, "Coal Policy and Climate Protection: Can the Tough German CO2 Reduction Target Be Met By 2005?" Energy Policy, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1995; Stephan Singer and Manfred Treber, Report to the Commission on Sustainable Development, German NGO Forum on Environment and Development, Task Force on Climate, (Bonn, March 1996).
174. Singer and Treber, op. cit. note 64; German Bundestas Enquete Commission on Protecting the Earth's Atmosphere Mobility and Climate: Developing Environmentally Sound Transport Policy Concepts (Bonn, Economica Verlag, 1995).
175. Singer and Treber, op. cit. note 64; German Bundestas Enquete Commission on Protecting the Earth's Atmosphere Mobility and Climate: Developing Environmentally Sound Transport Policy Concepts (Bonn, Economica Verlag, 1995).
176. Gasoline tax from International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Prices and Taxes, First Quarter, 1995 (Paris: OECD, 1995); carbon equivalent estimate by Worldwatch; "Industry Announces Voluntary Strategy for Cut CO2 Emissions 20 Percent by 2005," International Environment Reporter, April 3, 1996.
177. Gasoline tax from International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy Prices and Taxes, First Quarter, 1995 (Paris: OECD, 1995); carbon equivalent estimate by Worldwatch; "Industry Announces Voluntary Strategy for Cut CO2 Emissions 20 Percent by 2005," International Environment Reporter, April 3, 1996.
178. Singer and Treber, op. cit. note 64.
179. Danish Ministry of the Environment, Climate Protection in Denmark (Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 1994); U.S. Climate Action Network and Climate Network Europe, op. cit. note 60; International Energy Agency, op. cit. note 62.
180. US CAN and CNE, op. cit. note 60; IEA, op. cit. note 62; "Memorandum on Energy Use Targets 33 Percent Improvement in Efficiency by 2020," International Environment Reporter, January 24, 1996; CNE, CNE Report on EU Country-By-Country Situations (Brussels, March 1996); Commission of the European Communities Second Evaluation of National Programmes Under the Monitoring Mechanism of Community CO2 and Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Brussels, March 14, 1996).
181. US CAN and CNE, op. cit. note 60; IEA, op. cit. note 62; "Memorandum on Energy Use Targets 33 Percent Improvement in Efficiency by 2020," International Environment Reporter, January 24, 1996; CNE, CNE Report on EU Country-By-Country Situations (Brussels, March 1996); Commission of the European Communities Second Evaluation of National Programmes Under the Monitoring Mechanism of Community CO2 and Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Brussels, March 14, 1996).
182. US CAN and CNE, op. cit. note 60; IEA, op. cit. note 62; "Memorandum on Energy Use Targets 33 Percent Improvement in Efficiency by 2020," International Environment Reporter, January 24, 1996; CNE, CNE Report on EU Country-By-Country Situations (Brussels, March 1996); Commission of the European Communities Second Evaluation of National Programmes Under the Monitoring Mechanism of Community CO2 and Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Brussels, March 14, 1996).
183. Commission of the European Communities, op. cit. note 69.
184. US CAN and CNE, op. cit. note 60; IEA, op. cit. note 62; Dwight Van Winkle, "Japan's CO2 Emissions Rise Post-2000," Climate Forum (electronic Econet conference), June 12, 1995; "Agency Planning More Comprehensive Laws on Global Warming," Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) Report, December 27, 1995.
185. US CAN and CNE, op. cit. note 60; IEA, op. cit. note 62; Dwight Van Winkle, "Japan's CO2 Emissions Rise Post-2000," Climate Forum (electronic Econet conference), June 12, 1995; "Agency Planning More Comprehensive Laws on Global Warming," Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) Report, December 27, 1995.
186. Marland et al., op. cit. 52; Worldwatch estimates based on ibid., and on BP, op. cit. note 52; US CAN and CNE, Independent NGO Evaluations of National Plans for Climate Change Mitigation: Central and Eastern Europe, First Review, January 1995 (Washington, D.C.: US CAN, 1995).
187. Marland et al., op. cit. 52; Worldwatch estimates based on ibid., and on BP, op. cit. note 52; US CAN and CNE, Independent NGO Evaluations of National Plans for Climate Change Mitigation: Central and Eastern Europe, First Review, January 1995 (Washington, D.C.: US CAN, 1995).
188. Marland et al., op. cit. 52; Worldwatch estimates based on ibid., and on BP, op. cit. note 52.
189. Ibid.; Jessica Hamburger, China's Energy and Environment in the Roaring Nineties: A Policy Primer (Washington, D.C.: Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 1995).
190. Ibid.; Jessica Hamburger, China's Energy and Environment in the Roaring Nineties: A Policy Primer (Washington, D.C.: Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 1995).
191. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, op. cit. note 52.
192. "Little Progress at Climate Convention Meeting," Environment Watch: Western Europe, March 15, 1996.
193. International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook: 1996 Edition (Paris: OECD, 1996).
194. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, op. cit. note 52.
195. First Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, "Conclusion of Outstanding Issues and Adoption of Decisions: Proposal on Agenda Item 5 (a) (iii) Submitted by the President of the Conference; Review of the Adequacy of Article 4, Paragraph 2 (a) and (b) of the Convention, Including Proposals Related to a Protocol and Decisions on Follow-up," Berlin, April 7, 1995; Michael Zammit Cutajar, "Berlin Mandate Opens Way for Post-2000 Commitments," United Nations Climate Change Bulletin, Issue 7, 2nd Quarter, 1995.
196. First Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, "Conclusion of Outstanding Issues and Adoption of Decisions: Proposal on Agenda Item 5 (a) (iii) Submitted by the President of the Conference; Review of the Adequacy of Article 4, Paragraph 2 (a) and (b) of the Convention, Including Proposals Related to a Protocol and Decisions on Follow-up," Berlin, April 7, 1995; Michael Zammit Cutajar, "Berlin Mandate Opens Way for Post-2000 Commitments," United Nations Climate Change Bulletin, Issue 7, 2nd Quarter, 1995.
197. F.R. Rijsberman and R.J. Stewart, eds., "Targets and Indicators of Climate Change," Stockholm Environment Institute, 1990; German Bundestag Enquete Commission on Protecting the Earth's Atmosphere, Climate Change-A Threat to Global Development (Bonn, Economica Verlag, 1992); German Advisory Council on Global Change, Scenario for the derivation of Global CO2 Reduction Targets and Implementation Strategies (Bremerhaven, 1995).
198. F.R. Rijsberman and R.J. Stewart, eds., "Targets and Indicators of Climate Change," Stockholm Environment Institute, 1990; German Bundestag Enquete Commission on Protecting the Earth's Atmosphere, Climate Change-A Threat to Global Development (Bonn, Economica Verlag, 1992); German Advisory Council on Global Change, Scenario for the derivation of Global CO2 Reduction Targets and Implementation Strategies (Bremerhaven, 1995).
199. F.R. Rijsberman and R.J. Stewart, eds., "Targets and Indicators of Climate Change," Stockholm Environment Institute, 1990; German Bundestag Enquete Commission on Protecting the Earth's Atmosphere, Climate Change-A Threat to Global Development (Bonn, Economica Verlag, 1992); German Advisory Council on Global Change, Scenario for the derivation of Global CO2 Reduction Targets and Implementation Strategies (Bremerhaven, 1995).
200. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Wilfrid Bach and Atul K. Jain, "Toward Climate Conventions: Scenario Analysis for a Climatic Protection Policy," Ambio, November 1991; Joseph Alcamo and Eric Kreileman, The Global Climate System: Near Term Action for Long Term Protection (background paper) (the Netherlands: National Institute of Publice Health and the Environment (RIVM), February, 1996); Figure 6 data are from T.M.L. Wigley, R. Richels, and J.A. Edmonds, "Economic and Environmental Choices in the Stabilization of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations," Nature, January 18, 1996.
201. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Wilfrid Bach and Atul K. Jain, "Toward Climate Conventions: Scenario Analysis for a Climatic Protection Policy," Ambio, November 1991; Joseph Alcamo and Eric Kreileman, The Global Climate System: Near Term Action for Long Term Protection (background paper) (the Netherlands: National Institute of Publice Health and the Environment (RIVM), February, 1996); Figure 6 data are from T.M.L. Wigley, R. Richels, and J.A. Edmonds, "Economic and Environmental Choices in the Stabilization of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations," Nature, January 18, 1996.
202. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Wilfrid Bach and Atul K. Jain, "Toward Climate Conventions: Scenario Analysis for a Climatic Protection Policy," Ambio, November 1991; Joseph Alcamo and Eric Kreileman, The Global Climate System: Near Term Action for Long Term Protection (background paper) (the Netherlands: National Institute of Publice Health and the Environment (RIVM), February, 1996); Figure 6 data are from T.M.L. Wigley, R. Richels, and J.A. Edmonds, "Economic and Environmental Choices in the Stabilization of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations," Nature, January 18, 1996.
203. Houghton et al., eds., op. cit. note 1; Wilfrid Bach and Atul K. Jain, "Toward Climate Conventions: Scenario Analysis for a Climatic Protection Policy," Ambio, November 1991; Joseph Alcamo and Eric Kreileman, The Global Climate System: Near Term Action for Long Term Protection (background paper) (the Netherlands: National Institute of Publice Health and the Environment (RIVM), February, 1996); Figure 6 data are from T.M.L. Wigley, R. Richels, and J.A. Edmonds, "Economic and Environmental Choices in the Stabilization of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations," Nature, January 18, 1996.
204. Alcamo and Kreileman, op. cit. note 81; Figure 7 data are from Wigley et al., op. cit. note 81; the carbon emission figures in Figure 7 include carbon emissions from deforestation.
205. Alcamo and Kreileman, op. cit. note 81; Figure 7 data are from Wigley et al., op. cit. note 81; the carbon emission figures in Figure 7 include carbon emissions from deforestation.
206. Alcamo and Kreileman, op. cit. note 82.
207. Hal Kane, "Sulfur and Nitrogen Emissions Flat," in Lester Brown, Christopher Flavin, and Hal Kane, Vital Signs 1996 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Janusz Cofala, "Modeling Acid Rain in Southeast Asia," IIASA Options, Winter 1993.
208. Hal Kane, "Sulfur and Nitrogen Emissions Flat," in Lester Brown, Christopher Flavin, and Hal Kane, Vital Signs 1996 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Janusz Cofala, "Modeling Acid Rain in Southeast Asia," IIASA Options, Winter 1993.
209. United Nations, Long-range World Population Projections: Two Centuries of World Population Growth, 1950-2150 (New York, 1992).
210. Christopher Flavin and Nicholas Lenssen, Power Surge: Guide to the Coming Energy Revolution (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994); Thomas B. Johansson, et al., "Renewable Fuels and Electricity for a Growing World Economy: Defining and Achieving the Potential," in Laurie Burnham, ed., Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuels and Electricity (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993); Florentin Krause, Energy Policy in the Greenhouse (El Cerrito, CA.: International Project for Sustainable Energy Paths, 1993).
211. Christopher Flavin and Nicholas Lenssen, Power Surge: Guide to the Coming Energy Revolution (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994); Thomas B. Johansson, et al., "Renewable Fuels and Electricity for a Growing World Economy: Defining and Achieving the Potential," in Laurie Burnham, ed., Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuels and Electricity (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993); Florentin Krause, Energy Policy in the Greenhouse (El Cerrito, CA.: International Project for Sustainable Energy Paths, 1993).
212. Christopher Flavin and Nicholas Lenssen, Power Surge: Guide to the Coming Energy Revolution (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994); Thomas B. Johansson, et al., "Renewable Fuels and Electricity for a Growing World Economy: Defining and Achieving the Potential," in Laurie Burnham, ed., Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuels and Electricity (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993); Florentin Krause, Energy Policy in the Greenhouse (El Cerrito, CA.: International Project for Sustainable Energy Paths, 1993).
213. Jesse H. Ausubel, "Technical Progress and Climatic Change," Energy Policy, April/May 1995; World Energy Council (WEC) and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Global Energy Perspectives to 2050 and Beyond (London: World Energy Council, 1995).
214. Jesse H. Ausubel, "Technical Progress and Climatic Change," Energy Policy, April/May 1995; World Energy Council (WEC) and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Global Energy Perspectives to 2050 and Beyond (London: World Energy Council, 1995).
215. J.M. Martin, "L'intensité énergétique de l'activité économique dans les pays industrialisés: Les évolutions de très longue période livrent-elles des enseignements utiles?" Économies et Sociétés, No. 4, 1988; Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review: May 1996 (Washington, D.C., 1996).
216. J.M. Martin, "L'intensité énergétique de l'activité économique dans les pays industrialisés: Les évolutions de très longue période livrent-elles des enseignements utiles?" Économies et Sociétés, No. 4, 1988; Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review: May 1996 (Washington, D.C., 1996).
217. Lee Schipper and Stephen Meyers, Energy Efficiency and Human Activity: Past Trends, Future Prospects (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Hamburger, op. cit. note 74; Alcamo and Kreileman, op. cit. note 81.
218. Lee Schipper and Stephen Meyers, Energy Efficiency and Human Activity: Past Trends, Future Prospects (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Hamburger, op. cit. note 74; Alcamo and Kreileman, op. cit. note 81.
219. Lee Schipper and Stephen Meyers, Energy Efficiency and Human Activity: Past Trends, Future Prospects (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Hamburger, op. cit. note 74; Alcamo and Kreileman, op. cit. note 81.
220. Charles Duell quoted in Christopher Cerf and Victor Navasky, The Experts Speak: The Definitive Compendium of Authoritative Disinformation (New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 1984).
221. Flavin and Lenssen, op. cit. note 86; WEC and IIASA, op. cit. note 87; Robert H. Williams, "The LESS Constructions of the IPCC," Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Princeton University, September 1995.
222. Flavin and Lenssen, op. cit. note 86; WEC and IIASA, op. cit. note 87; Robert H. Williams, "The LESS Constructions of the IPCC," Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Princeton University, September 1995.
223. IEA, op. cit. note 77; WEC and IIASA, op. cit. note 87.
224. Christopher Flavin, "Power Shock," World Watch, January/February, 1996.
225. Brown, Flavin, and Kane, op. cit. note 84.
226. Flavin and Lenssen, op. cit. note 86; WEC and IIASA, op. cit. note 87; Denis Hayes, Rays of Hope (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977).
227. Flavin and Lenssen, op. cit. note 86; WEC and IIASA, op. cit. note 87; Denis Hayes, Rays of Hope (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977).
228. David G. Howell, ed., The Future of Energy Gases (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, 1993); Worldwatch Institute calculation, based on the fact that U.S coal plants emit 32 percent of U.S. emissions according to EIA, op. cit. note 60; gas-fired cogeneration could reduce these emissions by 80 percent.
229. EIA, op. cit. note 60.
230. Peter Kassler, Energy for Development (London: Royal Shell International Petroleum Company, 1994).
231. WEC and IIASA, op. cit. note 87.
232. Ibid.
233. William R. Cline, The Economics of Global Warming (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1992) ; J. Sathaye and J. Christensen, "Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options," Energy Policy, Special Issue, November 1994; R. Richels and J. Edmonds, "The Economics of Stabilizing Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations," Energy Policy, April/May 1995; Sylvia M. Rothen, "The Greenhouse Effect in Economic Modeling," unpublished paper produced for the Human Ecology Group, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland, October 1994.
234. William R. Cline, The Economics of Global Warming (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1992) ; J. Sathaye and J. Christensen, "Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options," Energy Policy, Special Issue, November 1994; R. Richels and J. Edmonds, "The Economics of Stabilizing Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations," Energy Policy, April/May 1995; Sylvia M. Rothen, "The Greenhouse Effect in Economic Modeling," unpublished paper produced for the Human Ecology Group, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland, October 1994.
235. William R. Cline, The Economics of Global Warming (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1992) ; J. Sathaye and J. Christensen, "Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options," Energy Policy, Special Issue, November 1994; R. Richels and J. Edmonds, "The Economics of Stabilizing Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations," Energy Policy, April/May 1995; Sylvia M. Rothen, "The Greenhouse Effect in Economic Modeling," unpublished paper produced for the Human Ecology Group, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland, October 1994.
236. William R. Cline, The Economics of Global Warming (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1992) ; J. Sathaye and J. Christensen, "Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options," Energy Policy, Special Issue, November 1994; R. Richels and J. Edmonds, "The Economics of Stabilizing Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations," Energy Policy, April/May 1995; Sylvia M. Rothen, "The Greenhouse Effect in Economic Modeling," unpublished paper produced for the Human Ecology Group, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland, October 1994.
237. A.J. McMichael, "Carbon Dioxide Emissions," Nature, February 29, 1996; Cline, op. cit., note 101; J. Bruce, Hoesung Lee, and E. Haites, eds., Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
238. A.J. McMichael, "Carbon Dioxide Emissions," Nature, February 29, 1996; Cline, op. cit., note 101; J. Bruce, Hoesung Lee, and E. Haites, eds., Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
239. A.J. McMichael, "Carbon Dioxide Emissions," Nature, February 29, 1996; Cline, op. cit., note 101; J. Bruce, Hoesung Lee, and E. Haites, eds., Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
240. John Palmisano, "The U.S. Acid Deposition Control. Program," unpublished draft, April 10, 1996; Greenpeace, "A Technology that Conquers the World! Hydrocarbons-Hightech Refrigeration" (a 14-page paper) "Greenfreeze: The World's First CFC- and HFC-free Household Refrigerators, and a Worldwide Success for Natural Gases," Hamburg, Germany, May 1994; Ozone Action, "Hydrocarbons: An Alternative to Ozone Depleting Chemicals in Refrigerators" (information sheet) Washington, D.C., November, 1995.
241. John Palmisano, "The U.S. Acid Deposition Control. Program," unpublished draft, April 10, 1996; Greenpeace, "A Technology that Conquers the World! Hydrocarbons-Hightech Refrigeration" (a 14-page paper) "Greenfreeze: The World's First CFC- and HFC-free Household Refrigerators, and a Worldwide Success for Natural Gases," Hamburg, Germany, May 1994; Ozone Action, "Hydrocarbons: An Alternative to Ozone Depleting Chemicals in Refrigerators" (information sheet) Washington, D.C., November, 1995.
242. John Palmisano, "The U.S. Acid Deposition Control. Program," unpublished draft, April 10, 1996; Greenpeace, "A Technology that Conquers the World! Hydrocarbons-Hightech Refrigeration" (a 14-page paper) "Greenfreeze: The World's First CFC- and HFC-free Household Refrigerators, and a Worldwide Success for Natural Gases," Hamburg, Germany, May 1994; Ozone Action, "Hydrocarbons: An Alternative to Ozone Depleting Chemicals in Refrigerators" (information sheet) Washington, D.C., November, 1995.
243. "Europe's Most Modern Combined-Cycle Plant," Electricity International, June/July 1993.
244. Flavin and Lenssen, op. cit. note 86.
245. Wigley et al., op. cit. 81; Fred Pearce, "Sit Tight for 30 Years, Argues Climate Guru," New Scientist, January 20, 1996.
246. Wigley et al., op. cit. 81; Fred Pearce, "Sit Tight for 30 Years, Argues Climate Guru," New Scientist, January 20, 1996.
247. Michael Grubb, "Technologies, Energy Systems, and the Timing of CO2 Emissions Abatement: An Overview of Economic Issues," presentation to a workshop at the Center for Global Change, University of Maryland, February 8-10, 1996.
248. First Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, op. cit. note 79.
249. Stephen Kinzer, "U.N. Parley Delegates Back Talks on Global Warming," New York Times, April 8, 1995; Timothy Noah, "Rio Summit Group Sets Date for Limits on Some Emissions," Wall Street Journal, April 10, 1995; Michael Grubb, "Viewpoint: The Berlin Climate Conference; Shifting Alliances Break Political Deadlock," EC Energy Monthly, April 21, 1995.
250. Stephen Kinzer, "U.N. Parley Delegates Back Talks on Global Warming," New York Times, April 8, 1995; Timothy Noah, "Rio Summit Group Sets Date for Limits on Some Emissions," Wall Street Journal, April 10, 1995; Michael Grubb, "Viewpoint: The Berlin Climate Conference; Shifting Alliances Break Political Deadlock," EC Energy Monthly, April 21, 1995.
251. Stephen Kinzer, "U.N. Parley Delegates Back Talks on Global Warming," New York Times, April 8, 1995; Timothy Noah, "Rio Summit Group Sets Date for Limits on Some Emissions," Wall Street Journal, April 10, 1995; Michael Grubb, "Viewpoint: The Berlin Climate Conference;
252. Karan Capoor and Annie Petsonk, "The Climate Summit: From Rio to Berlin and Beyond," Hotline, June 1995; Grubb, op. cit. note 109; Gummer quoted in Seth Dunn, "The Berlin Climate Change Summit: Implications for International Environmental Law," International Environment Reporter, May 31, 1995.
253. Karan Capoor and Annie Petsonk, "The Climate Summit: From Rio to Berlin and Beyond," Hotline, June 1995; Grubb, op. cit. note 109; Gummer quoted in Seth Dunn, "The Berlin Climate Change Summit: Implications for International Environmental Law," International Environment Reporter, May 31, 1995.
254. Karan Capoor and Annie Petsonk, "The Climate Summit: From Rio to Berlin and Beyond," Hotline, June 1995; Grubb, op. cit. note 109; Gummer quoted in Seth Dunn, "The Berlin Climate Change Summit: Implications for International Environmental Law," International Environment Reporter, May 31, 1995.
255. "Report of the Second Meeting of the Subsidiary Bodies of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (27 February-4 March, 1996)," Earth Negotiations Bulletin, March 11, 1996.
256. Christopher Flavin and Odil Tunali, "Getting Warmer: Looking for a Way Out of the Climate Impasse," World Watch, March/April, 1995.
257. David G. Victor and Julian E. Salt, "Keeping the Climate Treaty Relevant," Nature, January 26, 1995; David G. Victor, "The Uses and Design of Targets in International Environmental Agreements," paper presented at a conference on global change, Aspen Global Change Institute, Aspen, Colo., August 14, 1995.
258. David G. Victor and Julian E. Salt, "Keeping the Climate Treaty Relevant," Nature, January 26, 1995; David G. Victor, "The Uses and Design of Targets in International Environmental Agreements," paper presented at a conference on global change, Aspen Global Change Institute, Aspen, Colo., August 14, 1995.
259. Bruce N. Stram, "A Carbon Tax Strategy for Global Climate Change," in Henry Lee, ed., Shaping National Responses to Climate Change: A Post-Rio Guide (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1995); David Malin Roodman, "Harnessing the Market for the Environment," in State of the World 1996 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996).
260. Bruce N. Stram, "A Carbon Tax Strategy for Global Climate Change," in Henry Lee, ed., Shaping National Responses to Climate Change: A Post-Rio Guide (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1995); David Malin Roodman, "Harnessing the Market for the Environment," in State of the World 1996 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996).
261. Frank Muller, "Mitigating Climate Change: The Case for Energy Taxes," Environment, Vol. 38, No. 2, 1996.
262. Palmisano, op. cit. note 103; Dan Seligman, Air Pollution Emissions Trading: Opportunity or Scam? (Washington, D.C.: Sierra Club, 1995).
263. Palmisano, op. cit. note 103; Dan Seligman, Air Pollution Emissions Trading: Opportunity or Scam? (Washington, D.C.: Sierra Club, 1995).
264. Robert W. Hahn and Robert N. Stavins, "Trading in Greenhouse Permits: A Critical Examination of Design and Implementation Issues," in Lee, ed., op. cit. note 114; Randall Spalding-Fecher, "Joint Implementation and Energy Efficiency," unpublished course paper written at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, May 6, 1996.
265. Robert W. Hahn and Robert N. Stavins, "Trading in Greenhouse Permits: A Critical Examination of Design and Implementation Issues," in Lee, ed., op. cit. note 114; Randall Spalding-Fecher, "Joint Implementation and Energy Efficiency," unpublished course paper written at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, May 6, 1996.
266. Tim Jackson, "Joint Implementation and Cost-Effectiveness Under the Framework Convention on Climate Change," Energy Policy, February 1995; "Conflicts of Interest on the Greenhouse," Nature, April 6, 1995; Sierra Club, "Risky Business: Why Joint Implementation is the Wrong Approach to Global Warming Policy," Washington, D.C., April 1995; Jyoti K. Parikh, "Joint Implementation and North-South Cooperation for Climate Change," International Environmental Affairs, Winter 1995; "Eight New USIJI Projects Announced at White House Ceremony," International Partnerships Report, Winter 1996.
267. Tim Jackson, "Joint Implementation and Cost-Effectiveness Under the Framework Convention on Climate Change," Energy Policy, February 1995; "Conflicts of Interest on the Greenhouse," Nature, April 6, 1995; Sierra Club, "Risky Business: Why Joint Implementation is the Wrong Approach to Global Warming Policy," Washington, D.C., April 1995; Jyoti K. Parikh, "Joint Implementation and North-South Cooperation for Climate Change," International Environmental Affairs, Winter 1995; "Eight New USIJI Projects Announced at White House Ceremony," International Partnerships Report, Winter 1996.
268. Tim Jackson, "Joint Implementation and Cost-Effectiveness Under the Framework Convention on Climate Change," Energy Policy, February 1995; "Conflicts of Interest on the Greenhouse," Nature, April 6, 1995; Sierra Club, "Risky Business: Why Joint Implementation is the Wrong Approach to Global Warming Policy," Washington, D.C., April 1995; Jyoti K. Parikh, "Joint Implementation and North-South Cooperation for Climate Change," International Environmental Affairs, Winter 1995; "Eight New USIJI Projects Announced at White House Ceremony," International Partnerships Report, Winter 1996.
269. Tim Jackson, "Joint Implementation and Cost-Effectiveness Under the Framework Convention on Climate Change," Energy Policy, February 1995; "Conflicts of Interest on the Greenhouse," Nature, April 6, 1995; Sierra Club, "Risky Business: Why Joint Implementation is the Wrong Approach to Global Warming Policy," Washington, D.C., April 1995; Jyoti K. Parikh, "Joint Implementation and North-South Cooperation for Climate Change," International Environmental Affairs, Winter 1995; "Eight New USIJI Projects Announced at White House Ceremony," International Partnerships Report, Winter 1996.
270. Tim Jackson, "Joint Implementation and Cost-Effectiveness Under the Framework Convention on Climate Change," Energy Policy, February 1995; "Conflicts of Interest on the Greenhouse," Nature, April 6, 1995; Sierra Club, "Risky Business: Why Joint Implementation is the Wrong Approach to Global Warming Policy," Washington, D.C., April 1995; Jyoti K. Parikh, "Joint Implementation and North-South Cooperation for Climate Change," International Environmental Affairs, Winter 1995; "Eight New USIJI Projects Announced at White House Ceremony," International Partnerships Report, Winter 1996.
271. "Eight New USIJI Projects Announced at White House Ceremony," International Partnerships Report, Winter 1996.
272. EIA, op. cit. note 60; estimates of tree planting required are by Worldwatch Institute based on Robert N. Stavins, The Costs of Carbon Sequestration: A Revealed Preference Approach (Cambridge, MA.: John F. Kennedy School of Government, 1995).
273. Kilaparti Ramakrishna, Criteria for Joint Implementation Under the Framework Convention on Climate Change (Woods Hole, MA.: Woods Hole Research Center, 1994).
274. John Palmisano, "A Proposal to Evaluate Joint Implementation Before the 1997 Tokyo Conference of Parties," unpublished paper prepared for the Business Councils for a Sustainable Energy Future, May 1996.
275. Fiona Mullins, "Demand Side Efficiency: Product Standards" (draft) (Paris: OECD, March 25, 1996).
276. Ronald van de Krol, "Partners in Grime," Financial Times, May 1, 1996; Larry Mansueti, "The Electric Utility Industry/DOE Climate Challenge Program," U.S. Department of Energy, May 1996; Lee Solsberg and Peter Wiederkehr, "Voluntary Approaches for Energy-Related CO2 Abatement," OECD Observer, October/November, 1995; Wayne Tusa, "Understanding and Implementing ISO 14000, Developments in Federal and State Law, April 1996.
277. Ronald van de Krol, "Partners in Grime," Financial Times, May 1, 1996; Larry Mansueti, "The Electric Utility Industry/DOE Climate Challenge Program," U.S. Department of Energy, May 1996; Lee Solsberg and Peter Wiederkehr, "Voluntary Approaches for Energy-Related CO2 Abatement," OECD Observer, October/November, 1995; Wayne Tusa, "Understanding and Implementing ISO 14000, Developments in Federal and State Law, April 1996.
278. Ronald van de Krol, "Partners in Grime," Financial Times, May 1, 1996; Larry Mansueti, "The Electric Utility Industry/DOE Climate Challenge Program," U.S. Department of Energy, May 1996; Lee Solsberg and Peter Wiederkehr, "Voluntary Approaches for Energy-Related CO2 Abatement," OECD Observer, October/November, 1995; Wayne Tusa, "Understanding and Implementing ISO 14000, Developments in Federal and State Law, April 1996.
279. Ronald van de Krol, "Partners in Grime," Financial Times, May 1, 1996; Larry Mansueti, "The Electric Utility Industry/DOE Climate Challenge Program," U.S. Department of Energy, May 1996; Lee Solsberg and Peter Wiederkehr, "Voluntary Approaches for Energy-Related CO2 Abatement," OECD Observer, October/November, 1995; Wayne Tusa, "Understanding and Implementing ISO 14000, Developments in Federal and State Law, April 1996.
280. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Green Light: Fourth Annual Report (Washington, D.C., 1995).
281. Global Environment Facility (GEF), Quarterly Operational Report (Washington, D.C., December 1995).
282. Less than 5 percent estimate from Lara Helfer, International Institute for Energy Conservation, private communication, May 14, 1996. The World Bank, The World Bank and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Washington, D.C., 1995); The World Bank, Mainstreaming the Environment (Washington, D.C., 1995).
283. Less than 5 percent estimate from Lara Helfer, International Institute for Energy Conservation, private communication, May 14, 1996. The World Bank, The World Bank and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Washington, D.C., 1995); The World Bank, Mainstreaming the Environment (Washington, D.C., 1995).
284. Gelbspan, op. cit. note 14; Michael Grubb, "The Berlin Climate Conference: Outcome and Implications," FEEM Newsletter, No. 2, 1995; Grubb, op. cit. note 109; Dunn, op. cit. note 110.
285. Gelbspan, op. cit. note 14; Michael Grubb, "The Berlin Climate Conference: Outcome and Implications," FEEM Newsletter, No. 2, 1995; Grubb, op. cit. note 109; Dunn, op. cit. note 110.
286. Gelbspan, op. cit. note 14; Michael Grubb, "The Berlin Climate Conference: Outcome and Implications," FEEM Newsletter, No. 2, 1995; Grubb, op. cit. note 109; Dunn, op. cit. note 110.
287. Gelbspan, op. cit. note 14; Michael Grubb, "The Berlin Climate Conference: Outcome and Implications," FEEM Newsletter, No. 2, 1995; Grubb, op. cit. note 109; Dunn, op. cit. note 110.
288. Leggett, ed., op. cit. note 47.
289. Lloyds representative quoted in Jeremy Leggett, "A Looming Capital Crisis for Oil? Taking Bearings in the Greenhouse in a Post Brent-Spar World," presentation before the Aspen Environmental Roundtable, Aspen, CO, September 18, 1995.
290. Dunn, op. cit. note 110; Carol Werner and Jennifer Morgan, "Cities Endorse AOSIS Protocol," ECO, March 30, 1995; International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), Saving the Climate - Saving the Cities (Toronto: ICLEI, 1993).
291. Dunn, op. cit. note 110; Carol Werner and Jennifer Morgan, "Cities Endorse AOSIS Protocol," ECO, March 30, 1995; International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), Saving the Climate - Saving the Cities (Toronto: ICLEI, 1993).
292. Dunn, op. cit. note 110; Carol Werner and Jennifer Morgan, "Cities Endorse AOSIS Protocol," ECO, March 30, 1995; International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), Saving the Climate - Saving the Cities (Toronto: ICLEI, 1993).
293. Grubb, op. cit. notes 109 and 128; Dunn, op. cit. note 110.
294. Grubb, op. cit. notes 109 and 128; Dunn, op. cit. note 110.
295. Ibid.; Asian Development Bank, op. cit. note 45.
296. Grubb, op. cit. notes 109 and 128.
297. Hilary F. French, "Implementing the Ozone Treaty in Developing Countries: Is the Global Partnership Working?" unpublished course paper written at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, unpublished, May 7, 1995; Richard Elliot Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).
298. Hilary F. French, "Implementing the Ozone Treaty in Developing Countries: Is the Global Partnership Working?" unpublished course paper written at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, unpublished, May 7, 1995; Richard Elliot Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).