Uncovering the true picture: Evaluating crime reduction initiatives using disaggregate crime data

Crime Prevention and Community Safety

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 7-24

  Johnson, Shane D ^a   Bowers, Kate J ^a   Young, Chris ^a   Hirschfield, Alex F G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Crime prevention; evaluation; geographical displacement; GIS; repeat victimisation

Indexed keywords

EID: 8844241579     PISSN: 14603780     EISSN: 17434629     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.cpcs.8140102     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Kershaw, C., Budd, T., Kinshott, G., Mattinson, J., Mayhew, P. and Myhil, A. (2000) The 2000 British Crime Survey: England and Wales. Home Office Statistical Bulletin No. 18/00. London: Home Office.
2. Ekblom, P., Law, H. and Sutton, M. (1995) Domestic Burglary Schemes in the Safer Cities Programme. Research Findings, No. 42. Home Office Research and Statistics Directorate. London: Home Office.
3. Openshaw, S. (ed.) (1995) Census Users' Handbook. Cambridge: GeoInformation International
4. Bailey, T.C. and Gatrell, A.C. (1995) Interactive Spatial Data Analysis. Harlow: Longman.
5. Hope, T. (1995) The Flux of Victimisation. British Journal of Criminology. Vol. 35, No. 2, pp 327-42.
6. Jennings, J., Bowers, K. and Hirschfield, A. (forthcoming) Crime and Disorder Audit: A PostMortem of the First Round. Submitted to Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal.
7. Barr, R. and Pease, K. (1990) Crime Placement, Displacement and Deflection. In Tonry, M. (ed.) Crime and Justice: A Review of the Research. Vol. 12. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
8. Brown, P.J.B. (1991) Exploring Geodemographics. In Masser, I. and Blakemore, M. (eds) Handling Geographical Information: Methodology and Potential Applications. London: Longman.
9. Mayhew, P., Maung, N.A. and Mirrlees-Black, C. (1993) The 1992 British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Study No. 132. London: Home Office.
10. Bowers, K.J. and Hirschfield, A.F.G. (1999) Exploring Links between Crime and Disadvantage in North-West England: An Analysis Using Geographical Information Systems. International Journal of Geographical Information Science. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp 159-84
11. Brown, P.J., Hirschfield, A.F.G. and Batey, P.W.J. (1991) Applications of Geodemographic Methods in the Analysis of Health Condition Incidence Data. Papers in Regional Science. Vol. 70, No. 3, pp 329-44.
12. The Soundex algorithm essentially produces a four-character code that allows the user to identify whether the same individual has been the victim of a series of crimes, but does not allow the actual individual to be identified without the appropriate look-up table.
13. Johnson, S.D., Bowers, K.J. and Hirschfield, A.F.G. (1997) New Insights into the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Repeat Victimisation. British Journal of Criminology. Vol. 37, No. 2, pp 224-41.
14. An array is a form of data file that is stored in a computer's memory. It is referred to here as a 'dynamic' array to reflect the fact that the array increases in size as each new record is processed.
15. A complex address-matching algorithm was developed so that the program could determine whether two addresses were the same. This algorithm compensates, to some extent, for spelling mistakes and the inconsistency with which addresses are stored on most police databases. The algorithm is highly accurate, both in terms of the identification of matches (99 per cent) and in the rejection of very similar but not identical addresses (97 per cent).
16. Bowers, K.J. and Johnson, S.D. (forthcoming) Measuring the Geographical Displacement of Crime. Submitted to Journal of Quantitative Criminology.
17. Wiles, P. and Costello, A. (2000) The 'Road to Nowhere': The Evidence for Travelling Criminals. Home Office Research Study No. 207. Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. London: HMSO.
18. Brantingham, P.L. and Brantingham, P.J. (2000) A Conceptual Model for Anticipating Crime Diplacement. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA.
19. Bowers and Johnson, op cit.
20. NSPIS is a long-term programme set up by the Home Office and the Association of Chief Police Officers with the aim of providing common IT applications for England and Wales.
21. Pease, K. (2001) What to Do About It? Let's Turn Off Our Minds and GIS. In Hirschfield, A.F.G. and Bowers, K.J. (eds) Mapping and Analysing Crime Data: Lessons from Research and Practice. London: Taylor and Francis.
22. Crawford, A. (1998) Crime Prevention and Community Safety: Politics, Policies and Practices. London: Longman.
23. Kershaw et al, op cit.
24. Bowers, K.J. (2001) Small Business Crime: the Evaluation of a Crime Prevention Initiative. Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal. Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 23-42.
25. Brown et al, op cit.