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4
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8844245856
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note
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The current mass of the Kuiper belt is only 0.01 to 0.1 Earth masses, but a few tens of Earth masses had to exist in the region where the Kuiper belt bodies formed in order for the growth time scale to be short enough. Therefore, the current Kuiper belt apparently contains only 0.1 to 1.0% of its primordial mass.
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5
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8844252468
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note
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The inclination distribution of the nonresonant Kuiper belt objects is bimodal (13). A first component, called "cold population," has inclinations smaller than about 4°. A second component, called "hot population," has a much broader inclination distribution, extending up to 30° to 40°. The hot and cold populations seem to have different physical properties (14, 15).
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8
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0037298225
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R. S. Comes, Icarus 161, 404 (2003).
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(2003)
Icarus
, vol.161
, pp. 404
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Comes, R.S.1
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10
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8844227654
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note
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Four plausible explanations have been proposed: (i) The outer part of the disk was destroyed by the passage of a star (16). (ii) It was photo-evaporated, owing to the presence of massive stars in the neighborhood of the Sun (17). (iii) The gas disk was extended, but planetesimals beyond some threshold distance could not grow because of the enhanced turbulence in the outer disk (13). (iv) Distant dust particles and/or planetesimals migrated to a smaller heliocentric distance during their growth as a consequence of gas drag (19, 20).
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11
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0000934912
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R. Canup, K. Righter, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ)
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W. K. Hartmann, G. Ryder, L. Dones, D. Grinspoon, in Origin of the Earth and Moon, R. Canup, K. Righter, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 2000), pp. 493-512.
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Origin of the Earth and Moon
, pp. 493-512
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Hartmann, W.K.1
Ryder, G.2
Dones, L.3
Grinspoon, D.4
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12
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0001036935
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H. F. Levison, L. Dones, C. Chapman, A. Stern, M. Duncan, K. Zahnle, Icarus 151, 286 (2001).
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(2001)
Icarus
, vol.151
, pp. 286
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Levison, H.F.1
Dones, L.2
Chapman, C.3
Stern, A.4
Duncan, M.5
Zahnle, K.6
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17
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5644285726
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F. C. Adams, D. Hollenbach, D. Laughlin, U. Gurti, Astrophys. J. 611, 360 (2004).
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(2004)
Astrophys. J.
, vol.611
, pp. 360
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Adams, F.C.1
Hollenbach, D.2
Laughlin, D.3
Gurti, U.4
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18
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0000409910
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V. Mannings, A. P. Boss, S. S. Russell, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ)
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J. M. Stone, C. F. Gammie, S. A. Balbus, J. F. Hawley, in Protostars and Planets IV, V. Mannings, A. P. Boss, S. S. Russell, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1998), pp. 589-612.
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(1998)
Protostars and Planets IV
, pp. 589-612
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Stone, J.M.1
Gammie, C.F.2
Balbus, S.A.3
Hawley, J.F.4
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20
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0042139055
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M. Festou, H. U. Keller, H. Weaver, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, in press)
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S. Weidenschilling, in Comets II, M. Festou, H. U. Keller, H. Weaver, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, in press).
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Comets II
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Weidenschilling, S.1
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