Improving indoor climate and comfort with wooden structures

VTT Publications

Volumn , Issue 431, 2001, Pages

  Simonson, Carey J ^a   Salonvaara, Mikael ^a   Ojanen, Tuomo ^a  

^a VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND   (Finland)

Author keywords

Apartment buildings; Building envelope; Construction, moisture; Fungi; Heat transfer; Indoor air quality; Indoor climate; Mass transfer; Thermal comfort; Ventilation; Wooden structures

Indexed keywords

EID: 8744312230     PISSN: 12350621     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. ANSI/ASHRAE 55a-1995, Addendum to Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy, ASHRAE, Atlanta.
2. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-1992, Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy, ASHRAE, Atlanta.
3. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-1989, Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality, ASHRAE, Atlanta.
4. ASHRAE, 1997, Fundamentals handbook, ASHRAE, Atlanta.
5. ASTM, 1994, Moisture control in buildings, (edited by H. R. Trechsel), ASTM, Philadelphia.
6. Berglund, L, 1998, Comfort and humidity, ASHRAE Journal, 40(8), 35-41.
7. Besant, R.W. and Simonson C.J., 2000, Air-to-air energy recovery, ASHRAE Journal, 42(5), 31-42.
8. Buss, H., 1994, Aktuelles Tabellenhandbuch, Feuchte, Wärme, Schall mit Formeln u. Erläuterungen - 2. Auflage 1994, Augsburg; WEKA Baufachverlage GmbH.
9. Clausen, G., Rode, C., Bornehag, C.-G. and Sundell J., 1999, Dampness in buildings and health. Interdisciplinary research at the International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Buildings Physics in the Nordic Countries, Göteborg, Sweden.
10. Cooper-Arnold, C., et al., 1997, Moisture and lung disease: Population attributable risk calculations, Proceedings of the ISIAQ 5th International Conference on Healthy Buildings, Vol. 1, 213-218.
11. Crawley, D.B., Lawrie, L.K., Pedersen, C.O. and Winkelmann, F.C., 2000. EnergyPlus: energy simulation program, ASHRAE Journal,. 42(4), 49-56.
12. Cunningham, M.J., 1992, Effective penetration depth and effective resistance in moisture transfer. Building and Environment, 27(3), 379-386.
13. Dales, R.E, et al., 1991, Adverse health effects among adults exposed to home humidity and mould, Am. Rev of Respiratory Diseases. 143, 505-509.
14. DIN 1946, 1994, Ventilation and air-conditioning, Technical health requirements, Beuth Verlag, Berlin.
15. Fang, L., Clausen, G. and Fanger, P.O., 1998a, Impact of temperature and humidity on the perception of indoor air quality, Indoor Air, 8, 80-90.
16. Fang, L., Clausen, G. and Fanger, P.O., 1998b, Impact of temperature and humidity on the perception of indoor air quality during immediate and longer whole-body exposures, Indoor Air, 8, 276-284.
17. Fang, L., Wargocki, P., Witterseh, T., Clausen, G., Fanger, P.O., 1999a, Field study on the impact of temperature, humidity and ventilation on perceived air quality, Proceedings of Indoor Air '99, Edinburgh, Vol. 2, 107-112.
18. Fang, L., Clausen, G., Fanger, P.O., 1999b, Impact of temperature and humidity on chemical and sensory emissions from building materials, Indoor Air, 9(4), 193-201.
19. Fanger, P.O., 1970, Thermal Comfort, Danish Technical Press.
20. Fountain, M.E., Arens, E., Xu, T., Bauman F.S. and Oguru, M., 1999, An investigation of thermal comfort at high humidities, ASHRAE Trans., 105(2), 94-103.
21. Grau, K. and Wittchen, K.B., 1999, Building design system and cad integration, Proceedings of IBPSA Building Simulations '99, Kyoto, Japan, http://wwvv.sbi.dk/english/publishing/software/bsim2000/mainmenu.htm.
22. Green, G.H, 1985, Indoor relative humidities in winter and the related absenteeism, ASHRAE Trans., 91(1B) 643-653.
23. Harderup, L-E, 1998, Humidity of the indoor air considering non stationary phenomena, Lund University, Department of Building Physics, Lund, Sweden (in Swedish).
24. Harderup, L-E, 1999, Humidity of the indoor air and on internal surface layers, research project started as a part of the nation wide key action project called the Healthy Building, December, Lund University, Sweden.
25. Harriman, L.G., Plager, D. and Kosar, D., 1997, Dehumidification and cooling loads from ventilation air, ASHRAE Journal, 39(11), 37-45.
26. Harriman, L.G., Witte, M.J., Czachorski, M. and Kosar, D.R., 1999, Evaluating active desiccant systems for ventilating commercial buildings, ASHRAE Journal, 41(10), 28-37.
27. Hens, H. and Janssens, A., 1993, Inquiry on HAMCAT CODES, IEA Annex 24 Report, Task 1, Modeling.
28. Hens, H., 2000, Minimizing fungal defacement, ASHRAE Journal, 42(10), 30-43.
29. Hukka, A. and Viitanen, H.A., 1999, A mathematical model of mould growth on wooden material, Wood Science and Technology, 33, 475-485.
30. IEA, 1991, Catalogue of Material Properties, IEA Annex 14, Vol.3.
31. Incropera, F.P. and Dewitt, D.P., 1996, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Fourth Edition, Wiley, Toronto.
32. ISO 7730-1994, Moderate thermal environments - Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort, International Organization for Standards, Geneva, Switzerland.
33. ITS, 1999, Information Technology Specialists Inc., The Residential Energy Efficiency Database (designed and created by B. J. Mitchell, M. Ryder and M. Mitchell): Indoor Air Quality - moisture and humidity, http://www.its-canada.com/reed/iaq/chart1.htm.
34. Jones, R., 1993, Modelling water vapour conditions in buildings. Building Serv. Eng. Res. Technol. 14(3), 99-106.
35. Kamel, A.A., Swami, M.V., Chandra, S. and Fairey, P.W., 1991, An experimental study of building-integrated off-peak cooling using thermal and moisture ("enthalpy") storage systems, ASHRAE Trans., 97(2), 240-244.
36. Karagiozis, A., Salonvaara, M. and Kumaran, K., 1994, LATENITE hygrothermal material property database, IEA Annex 24 Report T3-CA-94/03, Trondheim, Norway.
37. Kerestecioglu, A.A., Swami, M.V. and Kamel, A.A., 1990, Theoretical and computational investigation of simultaneous heat and moisture transfer in buildings: "effective penetration depth" theory, ASHRAE Trans., 96(1), 447-454.
38. Kokko, E., Ojanen, T., Salonvaara, M., Hukka, A. and Viitanen, H., 1999, Moisture physical behaviour of wooden structures, Espoo, VTT Research Notes, 1991, 160p., ISBN 951-38-5499-X, http://www.inf.vtt.fi/pdf/tiedotteet/1999/T1991.pdf, (in Finnish).
39. Künzel, H., 1979, Repräsentativumfrage über das Heizen und Lüften in Wohnungen, IBP-Mitteilung 7, Nr. 47.
40. Larsen A., Frost, L., Funch, L.W. and Jensen, L.K., 1999, Emission of volatile organic compounds from wood and wood-based materials, Danish EPA, Internet 12.07.1999, http://www.mst.dk/200002pubs/87-7909-504-6/default_eng.htm.
41. Nimmo, B. G., Collier, R. K. Jr. and Rengarajan, R., 1993, DEAC: Desiccant enhancement of cooling-based dehumidification, ASHRAE Trans., 99(1), 842-848.
42. Ojanen, T. and Kumaran, K., 1996, Effect of exfiltration on the hygrothermal behaviour of a residential wall assembly, J. Thermal Insul. and Bldg. Envs., 19(1), 215-227.
43. Ojanen, T. and Salonvaara, M., 2000, Numerical simulation of mould growth in timber frame walls, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol. 3, (edited by O. Seppänen and J. Säteri), SIY Indoor Air Information OY, 335-340.
44. Olesen, B.W., 1997, Possibilities and Limitations of Radiant Floor cooling, ASHRAE Trans., 103(1), 42-48
45. Olesen, B.W., 2000, Low temperature heating and high temperature cooling of buildings using hydronic surface systems, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol. 2, (edited by O. Seppänen and J. Säteri), SIY Indoor Air Information OY, 635-640.
46. Padfield, T., 1998, The role of absorbent building materials in moderating changes of relative humidity, Ph.D. thesis in the Department of Structural Engineering and Materials, The Technical University of Denmark, Denmark, http://www.natmus.dk/cons/tp/phd/phd-indx.htm.
47. Padfield, T., 1999, Humidity buffering by absorbent materials in walls, http://www.natmus.dk/cons/tp/wallbuff/wallbuff.htm.
48. Plathner, P., Littler, J. and Cripps, A., 1998, Modelling water vapour conditions in dwellings, Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Humidity and Moisture, London. Vol. 2, 64-72.
49. Plathner, P., Littler, J. and Stephen, R., 1999, Dynamic water vapour sorption: measurement and modelling, Proceedings of IA99, 1, 720-725.
50. Rengarajan, K., Shirey, D. B. III and Raustad, R. A., 1996, Cost-effective HVAC technologies to meet ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 in hot and humid climates, ASHRAE Trans., 102(1), 166-182.
51. Rodriguez, E., Baaliña, A., Molina, M. Santaballa, J.A., Vázquez, A., Castellanos, L.R., Infante, C., 2000, Indoor/outdoor humidity in mild climate domestic buildings in A Coruña (Spain), Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol. 2, (edited by O. Seppänen and J. Säteri), SIY Indoor Air Information OY, 119-124.
52. Rudd, A.F., 1994, Development of moisture storage coatings for enthalpy storage wallboard, ASHRAE Trans., 100(1), 84-90.
53. Salonvaara, M. and Karagiozis, A, 1994, Moisture transport in building envelopes using an approximate factorization solution method, Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of the CFD Society of Canada, (edited by J. Gottlieb and C. Ethier), Toronto, Canada, June, 317-326.
54. Salonvaara, M. and Kokko, E., 1999, Sellukuiturakenteiden lämmön- ja aineensiirtotekninen toiminta (Heat and mass transfer in cellulose fibre insulation structures), Espoo, VTT Research Notes; 1946, 51p., ISBN 951-38-5650-X, 951-38-5651-8, http://www.inf.vtt.fi/pdf/tiedotteet/1999/T1946.pdf, (in Finnish).
55. Salonvaara, M.H. and Simonson, C.J., 2000, Mass transfer between indoor air and a porous building envelope: Part II - Validation and numerical studies, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol. 3, (edited by O. Seppänen and J. Säteri), SIY Indoor Air Information OY, 123-128.
56. Salonvaara, M.H., 1998, Prediction of hygrothermal performance of building envelope parts coupled with indoor climate, ASHRAE Trans., 104(2), 908-918
57. Sanders, C., 1996, Environmental conditions, Final report volume 2, IEA Annex 24, Leuven.
58. Seppänen, O. and Vuolle, M., 2000, Cost effectiveness of some remedial measures to control summer time temperatures in an office building, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol. 1 (edited by O. Seppänen and J. Säteri), SIY Indoor Air Information OY, 665-670.
59. Seppänen, O., 1999, Estimated cost of indoor climate in Finnish buildings, Proceedings of Indoor Air '99, Edingurgh, Vol. 4, 13-18.
60. 2-concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings, Indoor Air, 9(4), 226-252.
61. Simmonds, P., Gaw, W., Holst, S. and Reuss, S., 2000, Using Radiant Cooled Floors to Condition Large Spaces and Maintain Comfort Conditions, ASHRAE Trans., 106(1).
62. Simonson, C.J. and Ojanen, T., 2000, Moisture performance of buildings with no plastic vapour retarder in cold climates, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol. 3, (edited by O. Seppänen and J. Säteri), SIY Indoor Air Information OY, 477-482.
63. Simonson, C.J. and Salonvaara, M.H., 2000, Mass transfer between indoor air and a porous building envelope: Part I - Field measurements, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol. 3, (edited by O. Seppänen and J. Säteri), SIY Indoor Air Information OY, 117-122.
64. Simonson, C.J., Salonvaara, M. and Ojanen, T., 2001, Moisture content of indoor air and structures in buildings with vapor permeable envelopes, to be published in Performance of Exterior Envelopes of Buildings VIII - Integration of Building Envelopes, December.
65. Simonson, C.J., 2000, Moisture, thermal and ventilation performance of Tapanila ecological house, Espoo, VTT Research Notes; 2069, 143 p. + app. 5 p., http://www.inf.vtt.fi/pdf/tiedotteet/2000/T2069.pdf.
66. Teischinger, A., 1990, Relations between sorption activity of wood and air relative humidity, Wood, 45(9), 249-254 (In Slovak).
67. Ten Wolde, A., 1992, Ventilation, humidity, and condensation in manufactured houses during winter. ASHRAE Trans., 104, 103-115.
68. Toftum J. and Fanger, P.O., 1999, Air humidity requirements for human comfort, ASHRAE Trans., 105(2), 641-647.
69. Toftum J., Jorgensen, A.S. and Fanger, P.O., 1998a, Upper limits for indoor air humidity to avoid uncomfortably humid skin, Energy and Buildings, 28, 1-13.
70. Toftum J., Jorgensen, A.S. and Fanger, P.O., 1998b, Upper limits of air humidity for preventing warm respiratory discomfort, Energy and Buildings, 28, 15-23.
71. Tolstoy N., 1993, Humidity levels in the Swedish housing stock, Proceedings of Indoor Air '93, Helsinki, Vol. 6.
72. Tsuchiya, T. and Sakano, K., 1993, Computer simulation of multi room temperature and humidity variation under variable infiltration conditions, Proceedings of the 3rd international building performance simulation conference, 401-406.
73. Tuomaala, P. and Piira, K., 2000, A new application for predicting thermal comfort, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol. 2, (edited by O. Seppänen and J. Säteri), SIY Indoor Air Information OY, 605-610.
74. Viitanen, H., 1996, Factors affecting the development of mould and brown rot decay in wooden material and wooden structures. Effect of humidity, temperature and exposure time, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
75. Virtanen M.J., Kunzel, H.M. and Simonson, C.J., 2000, WS10 The effect of wood based materials on indoor air quality and climate, Healthy Buildings 2000 Workshop Summaries, Espoo, Finland, (edited by O. Seppänen, M. Tuomainen and J. Säteri), SIY Indoor Air Information OY, 55 - 60.
76. Wargocki, P., Wyon, D.P., Baik, Y.K., Clausen, G. and Fanger P.O., 1999, Perceived air quality, sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms and productivity in an office with two different pollution loads, Indoor Air, 9(3), 165-179.
77. Wolkoff, P., 1998, Impact of air velocity, temperature, humidity, and air on long-term VOC emissions from building products, Atmospheric Environment, 32, 2659-2668.
78. Wyon, D, 2000, Individual control at each workplace: the means and the potential benefits, Creating the productive workplace, (edited by D. Clements-Croome), E & FN Spon, London and New York.
79. Wyon, D.P., 1996, Indoor environmental effects on productivity, Proceedings of IAQ 96 - Paths to better building environments, (edited by K. Y. Teichman), ASHRAE, Atlanta, 5-15.