Opportunities for reduction in acute toxicity testing via improved design

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

Volumn 32, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2004, Pages 73-80

  Whitehead, Anne ^a   Stallard, Nigel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Acute oral toxicity; Acute Toxic Class method; Fixed Dose Procedure; LD50 test; Reduction; Sequential testing; Up and Down Procedure

Indexed keywords

ACUTE TOXIC CLASS METHOD; ACUTE TOXICITY; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TESTING REDUCTION; ANIMAL TESTING REFINEMENT; CONFERENCE PAPER; DOSE RESPONSE; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL WELFARE; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; FATALITY; FIXED DOSE PROCEDURE; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LD 50; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBABILITY; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TECHNIQUE; TOXICITY TESTING; UP AND DOWN PROCEDURE;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 8744278324     PISSN: 02611929     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/026119290403202s15     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (11)

1. OECD (1987). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, No. 401: Acute Oral Toxicity, 7pp. Paris, France: OECD.
2. OECD (1981). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, No 401: Acute Oral Toxicity, 14pp. Paris, France: OECD.
3. OECD (1992). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, No. 420: Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dose Method, 7pp. Paris, France: OECD.
4. British Toxicology Society (1984). Special report: a new approach to the classification of substances and preparations on the basis of their acute toxicity. Human Toxicology 3, 85-92.
5. OECD (2001). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, No. 420: Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dose Procedure, 14pp. Paris, France: OECD.
6. OECD (2001). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of chemicals, No. 423: Acute Oral Toxicity - Acute Toxic Class Method, 14pp. Paris, France: OECD.
7. OECD (2001). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, No. 425: Acute Oral Toxicity -Up-and-Down Procedure, 26pp. Paris, France: OECD.
8. OECD (2001). Harmonised Integrated Classification System for Human Health and Environmental Hazards of Chemical Substances and Mixtures, 247pp. Paris, France: OECD.
9. Stallard, N., Whitehead, A. & Ridgway, P. (2002). Statistical evaluation of the revised fixed-dose procedure. Human and Experimental Toxicology 21, 183-196.
10. Stallard, N. & Whitehead, A. (1997). Improving the efficiency of fixed-dose procedures for the assessment of acute oral toxicity. Drug Information Journal 31, 369-385.
11. Russell, W.M.S. & Burch, R.L. (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, 238pp. London, UK: Methuen.