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Volumn 11, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 171-189

The devil's children: Child witch-trials in early modern Germany

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EID: 8744275424     PISSN: 02684160     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0268416000003301     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (18)

References (99)
  • 3
    • 5844411871 scopus 로고
    • Kinderhexenprozesse. Zur Rolle von Kindern in der Geschichte der Hexenverfolgung
    • e siècles (Grenoble, 1993), 383-8; Hans Sebald, Der Hexenjunge. Fallstudie eines Inquisitionsprozeses (Marburg, 1992); Rainer Walz, 'Kinder in Hexenprozessen. Die Grafschaft Lippe, 1654-1663', in Gisela Wilbertz, Gerd Schwerhoff and Jürgen Scheffler eds., Hexenverfolgung und Regionalgeschichte. Die Grafschaft Lippe im Vergleich (Bielefeld, 1994), 211-31.
    • (1989) Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung , vol.16 , pp. 31-47
    • Behringer, W.1
  • 4
    • 8744301839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frankfurt
    • e siècles (Grenoble, 1993), 383-8; Hans Sebald, Der Hexenjunge. Fallstudie eines Inquisitionsprozeses (Marburg, 1992); Rainer Walz, 'Kinder in Hexenprozessen. Die Grafschaft Lippe, 1654-1663', in Gisela Wilbertz, Gerd Schwerhoff and Jürgen Scheffler eds., Hexenverfolgung und Regionalgeschichte. Die Grafschaft Lippe im Vergleich (Bielefeld, 1994), 211-31.
    • (1991) Kinderhexenprozesse
    • Weber, H.1
  • 5
    • 85087581007 scopus 로고
    • Les enfants au sabbat: Bilan provisoire
    • Nicole Jacques-Chaquin and Maxime Préaud eds., Grenoble
    • e siècles (Grenoble, 1993), 383-8; Hans Sebald, Der Hexenjunge. Fallstudie eines Inquisitionsprozeses (Marburg, 1992); Rainer Walz, 'Kinder in Hexenprozessen. Die Grafschaft Lippe, 1654-1663', in Gisela Wilbertz, Gerd Schwerhoff and Jürgen Scheffler eds., Hexenverfolgung und Regionalgeschichte. Die Grafschaft Lippe im Vergleich (Bielefeld, 1994), 211-31.
    • (1993) e Siècles , pp. 383-388
    • Monter, W.1
  • 6
    • 8744307781 scopus 로고
    • Marburg
    • e siècles (Grenoble, 1993), 383-8; Hans Sebald, Der Hexenjunge. Fallstudie eines Inquisitionsprozeses (Marburg, 1992); Rainer Walz, 'Kinder in Hexenprozessen. Die Grafschaft Lippe, 1654-1663', in Gisela Wilbertz, Gerd Schwerhoff and Jürgen Scheffler eds., Hexenverfolgung und Regionalgeschichte. Die Grafschaft Lippe im Vergleich (Bielefeld, 1994), 211-31.
    • (1992) Der Hexenjunge. Fallstudie Eines Inquisitionsprozeses
    • Sebald, H.1
  • 7
    • 8744231792 scopus 로고
    • Kinder in Hexenprozessen. Die Grafschaft Lippe, 1654-1663
    • Gisela Wilbertz, Gerd Schwerhoff and Jürgen Scheffler eds., Bielefeld
    • e siècles (Grenoble, 1993), 383-8; Hans Sebald, Der Hexenjunge. Fallstudie eines Inquisitionsprozeses (Marburg, 1992); Rainer Walz, 'Kinder in Hexenprozessen. Die Grafschaft Lippe, 1654-1663', in Gisela Wilbertz, Gerd Schwerhoff and Jürgen Scheffler eds., Hexenverfolgung und Regionalgeschichte. Die Grafschaft Lippe im Vergleich (Bielefeld, 1994), 211-31.
    • (1994) Hexenverfolgung und Regionalgeschichte. Die Grafschaft Lippe im Vergleich , pp. 211-231
    • Walz, R.1
  • 8
    • 0004075474 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • For examples of this negative view of childhood, see Philippe Ariès, Centuries of childhood (New York, 1962); Lawrence Stone, Family, sex and marriage in England 1500-1800 (Harmondsworth, 1979).
    • (1962) Centuries of Childhood
    • Ariès, P.1
  • 9
    • 0003487684 scopus 로고
    • Harmondsworth
    • For examples of this negative view of childhood, see Philippe Ariès, Centuries of childhood (New York, 1962); Lawrence Stone, Family, sex and marriage in England 1500-1800 (Harmondsworth, 1979).
    • (1979) Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800
    • Stone, L.1
  • 13
    • 8744254486 scopus 로고
    • ed. and trans. Montague Summers London
    • Jacob Sprenger and Heinrich Kramer, Malleus maleficarum (1486), ed. and trans. Montague Summers (London, 1948), 140-3.
    • (1486) Malleus Maleficarum , pp. 140-143
    • Sprenger, J.1    Kramer, H.2
  • 21
    • 79953632037 scopus 로고
    • Munich
    • Peter Binsfeld, Tractatus de confessionibus maleficorum et sagarum (Trier, 1589; German translation : Tractat von Bekanntnuss der Zauberer und Hexen (Munich, 1591)).
    • (1591) Tractat von Bekanntnuss der Zauberer und Hexen
  • 22
    • 8744287393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Behringer, 'Kinderhexenprozesse', 34-6, for a summary of Binsfeld's views on child witches.
    • Kinderhexenprozesse , pp. 34-36
    • Behringer1
  • 24
    • 8744234844 scopus 로고
    • ed. Montague Summers, trans. E. A. Ashwin London, 1929; reprinted
    • Henri Boguet, An examen of witches (1602), ed. Montague Summers, trans. E. A. Ashwin (London, 1929; reprinted 1971), 234.
    • (1602) An Examen of Witches , pp. 234
    • Boguet, H.1
  • 30
    • 0041033615 scopus 로고
    • Mainz
    • Useful accounts of Würzburg's panic involving children can be found in the following studies: Johann Diefenbach, Der Hexenwahn vor und nach der Glaubensspaltung in Deutschland (Mainz, 1886), 124-7; Fridolin Solleder, 'Zu Würzburg brennen sie Kinder', Frankenwarte 34, 24 August 1933; Weber, Kinderhexenprozesse, 261-7.
    • (1886) Der Hexenwahn Vor und Nach der Glaubensspaltung in Deutschland , pp. 124-127
    • Diefenbach, J.1
  • 31
    • 8744232937 scopus 로고
    • Zu Würzburg brennen sie Kinder
    • 24 August
    • Useful accounts of Würzburg's panic involving children can be found in the following studies: Johann Diefenbach, Der Hexenwahn vor und nach der Glaubensspaltung in Deutschland (Mainz, 1886), 124-7; Fridolin Solleder, 'Zu Würzburg brennen sie Kinder', Frankenwarte 34, 24 August 1933; Weber, Kinderhexenprozesse, 261-7.
    • (1933) Frankenwarte , pp. 34
    • Solleder, F.1
  • 32
    • 8744301839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Useful accounts of Würzburg's panic involving children can be found in the following studies: Johann Diefenbach, Der Hexenwahn vor und nach der Glaubensspaltung in Deutschland (Mainz, 1886), 124-7; Fridolin Solleder, 'Zu Würzburg brennen sie Kinder', Frankenwarte 34, 24 August 1933; Weber, Kinderhexenprozesse, 261-7.
    • Kinderhexenprozesse , pp. 261-267
    • Weber1
  • 34
    • 8744303659 scopus 로고
    • ed. Arthur C. Howland 3 vols., New York
    • Henry Charles Lea, Materials toward a history of witchcraft, ed. Arthur C. Howland (3 vols., New York, 1957), vol. III, 1187-8.
    • (1957) Materials Toward a History of Witchcraft , vol.3 , pp. 1187-1188
    • Lea, H.C.1
  • 36
    • 8744307782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erving Goffman, Asylums: essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates (Harmondsworth, 1968). Walz, in 'Kinder in Hexenprozessen' (pp. 227-8), has used Goffman's arguments in his study of the Lippe child witch-trials.
    • Kinder in Hexenprozessen , pp. 227-228
    • Walz1
  • 37
    • 9944262438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For accounts of Calw's witch-panic, see Midelfort, Witch hunting, 158-63; Christof Ebinger, 'Zwei Kinderhexenprozesse in Calw (Württemberg) im 17. Jahrhundert' (unpublished thesis, Pädagogische Hochschule, Heidelberg, 1987); and Weber, Kinderhexenprozesse, 286-97.
    • Witch Hunting , pp. 158-163
    • Midelfort1
  • 38
    • 8744289522 scopus 로고
    • unpublished thesis, Pädagogische Hochschule, Heidelberg
    • For accounts of Calw's witch-panic, see Midelfort, Witch hunting, 158-63; Christof Ebinger, 'Zwei Kinderhexenprozesse in Calw (Württemberg) im 17. Jahrhundert' (unpublished thesis, Pädagogische Hochschule, Heidelberg, 1987); and Weber, Kinderhexenprozesse, 286-97.
    • (1987) Zwei Kinderhexenprozesse in Calw (Württemberg) im 17. Jahrhundert
    • Ebinger, C.1
  • 39
    • 8744243015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For accounts of Calw's witch-panic, see Midelfort, Witch hunting, 158-63; Christof Ebinger, 'Zwei Kinderhexenprozesse in Calw (Württemberg) im 17. Jahrhundert' (unpublished thesis, Pädagogische Hochschule, Heidelberg, 1987); and Weber, Kinderhexenprozesse, 286-97.
    • Weber, Kinderhexenprozesse , pp. 286-297
  • 41
    • 9944262438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ch.3
    • For a detailed examination of the providential view, see Midelfort, Witch hunting, ch. 3.
    • Witch Hunting
    • Midelfort1
  • 42
    • 8744259519 scopus 로고
    • unpublished M.Phil, thesis (Council for National Academic Awards), Portsmouth Polytechnic
    • This trial has been reproduced recently with a valuable critical commentary by Professor Hans Sebald with the title Der Hexenjunge (see n. 3 above). The trial manuscript disappeared from Bamberg at the end of the nineteenth century and is now deposited in the Rare Books Department of Cornell University. For a local study of Bamberg's witch-persecutions, based on source material in the city's archives, see Robert S. Walinski-Kiehl, 'Prosecuting witches in early modern Germany, with special reference to the bishopric of Bamberg, 1595-1680' (unpublished M.Phil, thesis (Council for National Academic Awards), Portsmouth Polytechnic, 1981).
    • (1981) Prosecuting Witches in Early Modern Germany, with Special Reference to the Bishopric of Bamberg, 1595-1680
    • Walinski-Kiehl, R.S.1
  • 44
    • 8744230703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Sebald, Der Hexenjunge, 28-41, for a High German version of the complete trial.
    • Der Hexenjunge , pp. 28-41
    • Sebald1
  • 46
    • 8744307782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For discussion of children's descriptions of the sabbat, see Walz, 'Kinder in Hexenprozessen', 216-17, and Sebald, Der Hexenjunge, 53, 106.
    • Kinder in Hexenprozessen , pp. 216-217
    • Walz1
  • 47
    • 8744230703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For discussion of children's descriptions of the sabbat, see Walz, 'Kinder in Hexenprozessen', 216-17, and Sebald, Der Hexenjunge, 53, 106.
    • Der Hexenjunge , pp. 53
    • Sebald1
  • 48
    • 8744295802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staatliche Bibliothek Bamberg, RB Msc. 148, nos. 452-4
    • Staatliche Bibliothek Bamberg, RB Msc. 148, nos. 452-4.
  • 49
    • 8744230703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ' Ich will nicht mehr Gott gehören; und im Namen des Teufels habe ich Ihm dreimal ins Gesicht gespuckt. Meine Seele ['mein stern'] soll im höllischen Feuer brennen und ich will immer und ewig dem Teufel gehören. Ich habe Gott im Himmel, die Seligste Jungfrau Maria und die vier Engel St. Andreas, St. Michael, St. Georg und St. Jakob verleugnet' (Sebald, Der Hexenjunge, 37).
    • Der Hexenjunge , pp. 37
    • Sebald1
  • 50
    • 8744288444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sebald emphasizes the sadistic elements of the boy's confession (ibid., 84).
    • Der Hexenjunge , pp. 84
  • 51
    • 8744288444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Wenn ich ein Inquisitor ['examinator'] wäre, und es mit Hexen, die nicht gestehen wollten, zu tun hätte, würde ich sie solange strecken ['dehnen'] lassen, bis die Sonne durch sie scheinen könnte' (ibid., 40).
    • Der Hexenjunge , pp. 40
  • 53
  • 54
    • 0009158782 scopus 로고
    • Chicago
    • Emile Dupré, Pathologie de l'imagination et de l'émotion (Paris, 1925). An English summary of Dupré's ideas can be found in Julio Caro Baroja, The world of the witches (Chicago, 1964), 250-2.
    • (1964) The World of the Witches , pp. 250-252
    • Baroja, J.C.1
  • 56
    • 8744230703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For discussion of the essential features of 'brainwashing', see Sebald, Der Hexenjunge, 84-6, and Henningsen, The witches' advocate, 20-2.
    • Der Hexenjunge , pp. 84-86
    • Sebald1
  • 57
    • 0009130119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For discussion of the essential features of 'brainwashing', see Sebald, Der Hexenjunge, 84-6, and Henningsen, The witches' advocate, 20-2.
    • The Witches' Advocate , pp. 20-22
    • Henningsen1
  • 61
    • 8744301839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a range of possible motives, see Weber, Kinderhexenprozesse, 37-40, 57-9 and 246-9; Behringer, 'Kinderhexenprozesse', 43-4; and Walz, 'Kinder in Hexenprozessen', 211-15.
    • Kinderhexenprozesse , pp. 37-40
    • Weber1
  • 62
    • 8744287393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a range of possible motives, see Weber, Kinderhexenprozesse, 37-40, 57-9 and 246-9; Behringer, 'Kinderhexenprozesse', 43-4; and Walz, 'Kinder in Hexenprozessen', 211-15.
    • Kinderhexenprozesse , pp. 43-44
    • Behringer1
  • 63
    • 8744307782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a range of possible motives, see Weber, Kinderhexenprozesse, 37-40, 57-9 and 246-9; Behringer, 'Kinderhexenprozesse', 43-4; and Walz, 'Kinder in Hexenprozessen', 211-15.
    • Kinder in Hexenprozessen , pp. 211-215
    • Walz1
  • 67
    • 8744301839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Po - Chia Hsia, Social discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe 1550-1750 (London, 1989), 147; Weber, Kinderhexenprozesse, 89.
    • Kinderhexenprozesse , pp. 89
    • Weber1
  • 69
    • 9944262438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Newer Tractat von der Verführten Kinder Zauberey (Aschaffenburg, 1629). For a summary of this treatise, see Midelfort, Witch hunting, 140.
    • Witch Hunting , pp. 140
    • Midelfort1
  • 70
    • 8744271141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Die Kinder seindt unser grost unnd kostlicher Schatz, last uns sie mit groster Sorgfaltigkeit bewahren...' (Newer Tractat, 18).
    • Newer Tractat , pp. 18
  • 71
    • 0011522753 scopus 로고
    • Baton Rouge
    • See especially Robert Muchembled, Popular and elite culture in France, 1400-1750 (Baton Rouge. 1985) and Hsia, Social discipline . For critical observations about the process of 'social disciplining', see the stimulating essay by Lyndal Roper, 'Drinking, whoring and gorging: brutish indiscipline and the formation of Protestant identity', in her Oedipus and the devil: witchcraft, sexuality and religion in early modern Europe (London, 1994), 145-67.
    • (1985) Popular and Elite Culture in France, 1400-1750
  • 72
    • 8744267206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See especially Robert Muchembled, Popular and elite culture in France, 1400-1750 (Baton Rouge. 1985) and Hsia, Social discipline . For critical observations about the process of 'social disciplining', see the stimulating essay by Lyndal Roper, 'Drinking, whoring and gorging: brutish indiscipline and the formation of Protestant identity', in her Oedipus and the devil: witchcraft, sexuality and religion in early modern Europe (London, 1994), 145-67.
    • Social Discipline
    • Hsia1
  • 73
    • 8744305827 scopus 로고
    • Drinking, whoring and gorging: Brutish indiscipline and the formation of Protestant identity
    • London
    • See especially Robert Muchembled, Popular and elite culture in France, 1400-1750 (Baton Rouge. 1985) and Hsia, Social discipline . For critical observations about the process of 'social disciplining', see the stimulating essay by Lyndal Roper, 'Drinking, whoring and gorging: brutish indiscipline and the formation of Protestant identity', in her Oedipus and the devil: witchcraft, sexuality and religion in early modern Europe (London, 1994), 145-67.
    • (1994) Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Sexuality and Religion in Early Modern Europe , pp. 145-167
    • Roper, L.1
  • 74
    • 8744267206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hsia, Social discipline, 144-5; Weber, Kinderhexenprozesse, 66-71.
    • Social Discipline , pp. 144-145
    • Hsia1
  • 77
    • 0347626377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London
    • Christina Lamer, in Enemies of God: the witch-hunt in Scotland (London, 1981), observed that 'witchcraft was imagined as the summation of all possible forms of disorder and evil' (p. 195). See also Wiesner, Women and gender, 229. For an excellent examination of inversion and witchcraft, see Stuart Clark, 'Inversion, misrule and the meaning of witchcraft', Past and Present 87 (1980). 98-127.
    • (1981) Enemies of God: the Witch-hunt in Scotland , pp. 195
    • Lamer, C.1
  • 78
    • 0347626377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Christina Lamer, in Enemies of God: the witch-hunt in Scotland (London, 1981), observed that 'witchcraft was imagined as the summation of all possible forms of disorder and evil' (p. 195). See also Wiesner, Women and gender, 229. For an excellent examination of inversion and witchcraft, see Stuart Clark, 'Inversion, misrule and the meaning of witchcraft', Past and Present 87 (1980). 98-127.
    • Women and Gender , pp. 229
    • Wiesner1
  • 79
    • 0347626377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inversion, misrule and the meaning of witchcraft
    • Christina Lamer, in Enemies of God: the witch-hunt in Scotland (London, 1981), observed that 'witchcraft was imagined as the summation of all possible forms of disorder and evil' (p. 195). See also Wiesner, Women and gender, 229. For an excellent examination of inversion and witchcraft, see Stuart Clark, 'Inversion, misrule and the meaning of witchcraft', Past and Present 87 (1980). 98-127.
    • (1980) Past and Present , vol.87 , pp. 98-127
    • Clark, S.1
  • 85
    • 0015436238 scopus 로고
    • Der Zauberer-Jackl-Prozeß. Hexenprozesse im Erzstift Salzburg, 1675-1690
    • A comprehensive examination of this series of prosecutions can be found in Heinz Nagl, 'Der Zauberer-Jackl-Prozeß. Hexenprozesse im Erzstift Salzburg, 1675-1690', Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Salzburger Landeskunde 112/113 (1972/1973), 385-541, and 114 (1974), 79-243. For a useful summary of these prosecutions, see Hans-Jürgen Wolf, Hexenwahn. Hexen in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Dornstadt, 1990), 293-5. See also Norbert Schindler, 'Die Entstehung der Unbarmherzigkeit. Zur Kultur und Lebensweise der Salzburger Bettler am Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts', in his Widerspenstige Leute, 258-314, for a fascinating study of the culture and way of life of the Salzburg vagrants.
    • (1972) Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Salzburger Landeskunde , vol.112-113 , pp. 385-541
    • Nagl, H.1
  • 86
    • 8744254487 scopus 로고
    • A comprehensive examination of this series of prosecutions can be found in Heinz Nagl, 'Der Zauberer-Jackl-Prozeß. Hexenprozesse im Erzstift Salzburg, 1675-1690', Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Salzburger Landeskunde 112/113 (1972/1973), 385-541, and 114 (1974), 79-243. For a useful summary of these prosecutions, see Hans-Jürgen Wolf, Hexenwahn. Hexen in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Dornstadt, 1990), 293-5. See also Norbert Schindler, 'Die Entstehung der Unbarmherzigkeit. Zur Kultur und Lebensweise der Salzburger Bettler am Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts', in his Widerspenstige Leute, 258-314, for a fascinating study of the culture and way of life of the Salzburg vagrants.
    • (1974) Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Salzburger Landeskunde , vol.114 , pp. 79-243
  • 87
    • 8744270026 scopus 로고
    • Dornstadt
    • A comprehensive examination of this series of prosecutions can be found in Heinz Nagl, 'Der Zauberer-Jackl-Prozeß. Hexenprozesse im Erzstift Salzburg, 1675-1690', Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Salzburger Landeskunde 112/113 (1972/1973), 385-541, and 114 (1974), 79-243. For a useful summary of these prosecutions, see Hans-Jürgen Wolf, Hexenwahn. Hexen in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Dornstadt, 1990), 293-5. See also Norbert Schindler, 'Die Entstehung der Unbarmherzigkeit. Zur Kultur und Lebensweise der Salzburger Bettler am Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts', in his Widerspenstige Leute, 258-314, for a fascinating study of the culture and way of life of the Salzburg vagrants.
    • (1990) Hexenwahn. Hexen in Geschichte und Gegenwart , pp. 293-295
    • Wolf, H.-J.1
  • 88
    • 84888189412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die Entstehung der Unbarmherzigkeit. Zur Kultur und Lebensweise der Salzburger Bettler am Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts
    • A comprehensive examination of this series of prosecutions can be found in Heinz Nagl, 'Der Zauberer-Jackl-Prozeß. Hexenprozesse im Erzstift Salzburg, 1675-1690', Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Salzburger Landeskunde 112/113 (1972/1973), 385-541, and 114 (1974), 79-243. For a useful summary of these prosecutions, see Hans-Jürgen Wolf, Hexenwahn. Hexen in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Dornstadt, 1990), 293-5. See also Norbert Schindler, 'Die Entstehung der Unbarmherzigkeit. Zur Kultur und Lebensweise der Salzburger Bettler am Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts', in his Widerspenstige Leute, 258-314, for a fascinating study of the culture and way of life of the Salzburg vagrants.
    • Widerspenstige Leute , pp. 258-314
    • Schindler, N.1
  • 90
    • 8744294663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, in particular, Muchembled, Popular and elite culture, 235-78, for an interpretation that relates witch-hunting specifically to cultural conquest and repression.
    • Popular and Elite Culture , pp. 235-278
    • Muchembled1
  • 93
    • 8744230703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sebald, Der Hexenjunge, 109. For an examination of reforming zeal in Bamberg and the territory's witch-hunts, see Walinski-Kiehl, '"Godly states", confessional conflict and witch-hunting in early modern Germany', Mentalities / Mentalités 5 2 (1988), 13-24.
    • Der Hexenjunge , pp. 109
    • Sebald1
  • 94
    • 8744264815 scopus 로고
    • "Godly states", confessional conflict and witch-hunting in early modern Germany
    • Sebald, Der Hexenjunge, 109. For an examination of reforming zeal in Bamberg and the territory's witch-hunts, see Walinski-Kiehl, '"Godly states", confessional conflict and witch-hunting in early modern Germany', Mentalities / Mentalités 5 2 (1988), 13-24.
    • (1988) Mentalities / Mentalités , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 13-24
    • Walinski-Kiehl1
  • 96
    • 8744301839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of rebellion among child witches has perhaps been over-estimated by Weber, in his Kinderhexenprozesse, 92-106.
    • Kinderhexenprozesse , pp. 92-106
    • Weber1
  • 98


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