Isaac, Ishmael, and Janus: Past and future lessons regarding the ethnic categorization of faces

Applied Cognitive Psychology

Volumn 17, Issue 9, 2003, Pages 1129-1147

  Rice, Diana R ^a,b   Mullen, Brian ^a  

^a SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Tyndale University College   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARAB; ARTICLE; COGNITION; CULTURAL FACTOR; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; FACE; HUMAN; JEW; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; RECOGNITION; THEORETICAL MODEL;

EID: 8744228146     PISSN: 08884080     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/acp.990     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Advocate. (September 21, 2001). Cooksey backtracks on comment [On-line] Available: www.theadvocate.com/terror/cooksey/cooksey0921.htm
2. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
3. Allport, G. W., & Kramer, B. M. (1946). Some roots of prejudice. Journal of Psychology, 22, 9-39.
4. Appel, J. J. (1998). Jews in American caricature: 1820-1914. In J. S. Gurock (Ed.), Anti-Semitism in America (pp. 47-77). New York: Routledge.
5. Anthony, T., Copper, C., & Mullen, B. (1992). Cross-racial facial identification: a social cognitive integration. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 296-301.
6. Boehm, E. (1989). Behind enemy lines: WWII Allied/Axis propaganda. Secaucus, NJ: Wellfleet Press.
7. Carter, L. F. (1948). The identification of 'racial' membership. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, 279-286.
8. Chicago Tribune (October 13, 2001). Arab appearance isn't a crime [On-line]. Available: www.chicagotribune/chi-0110130055oct13.story?coll = chi-newsopinionhe
9. Dorfman, D. D., Keeve, S., & Saslow, C. (1971). Ethnic identification: a signal detection analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18, 373-379.
10. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2001). EEOC confers with minority groups on combating September 11 backlash discrimination. Press release accessed from www.eeoc.gov/press/12-21-01. html. Accessed on 10/31/02.
11. Elliott, D. N., & Wittenberg, B. H. (1955). Accuracy of identification of Jewish and Non-Jewish photographs. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 339-341.
12. Gescheider, G. A. (1976). Psychophysics: Method and Theory Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
13. Ghareeb, E., Jennings, P., Koven, R., McCartney, J., Eggerstrom, L., & Robinson, M. (1975/1976). The American media and the Palestine problem. Journal of Palestine Studies, 5, 127-149.
14. Hanks, P., & Hodges, F. (1988). A Dictionary of Surnames London, England: Oxford University Press.
15. Harrison, A. A. (1969). Exposure and popularity. Journal of Personality, 37, 359-377.
16. Higham, J. (Sept., 1957). Social discrimination against Jews in America, 1830-1930. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, 1-33.
17. Himmelfarb, S. (1966). Studies in the perception of ethnic group members: I. Accuracy, response bais, and anti-semitism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 347-355.
18. Hinkle, S., & Schopler, J. (1986). Bias in the evaluation of ingroup and outgroup performance. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
19. Jacobson, M. F. (1998). Whiteness of a different color: European immigrants and the alchemy of race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
20. Keane, A. H. (1908). The world's peoples: A popular account of their bodily and mental characters, beliefs, traditions, political and social institutions. New York, NY. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
21. Keen, S. (1986). Faces of the enemy: Reflections of the hostile imagination. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
22. Kirouac, G., & Dore, F. Y. (1983). Accuracy and latency of judgment of facial expressions of emotions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57, 683-686.
23. Koffka, K. (1935). Principles of Gestalt psychology. London, England: Lund Humphries.
24. Lehnus, D. J. (1980). Who's on Time?: A study of Time's covers from March 3, 1923 to January 3, 1977. New York, NY. Ocean Publications.
25. Lindzey, G., & Rogolsky, S. (1950). Prejudice and identification of minority group membership. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 45, 37-53.
26. Linville, P. W. (1998). The heterogeneity of homogeneity. In J. M. Darley, & J. Cooper (Eds.), Attribution processes, person perception, and social interactions: The legacy of Edward E. Jones (pp. 423-487). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
27. Linville, P. W., & Fischer, G. W. (1993). Exemplar abstraction models of perceived group variability and stereotypicality. Social Cognition, 11, 92-125.
28. Linville, P. W., Fischer, G. W., & Salovey, P. (1989). Perceived distributions of the characteristics of in-group and out-group members: empirical evidence and a computer simulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 165-188.
29. Lund, F. H., & Berg, W. C. (1946). Identifiability of nationality characteristics. Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 77-83.
30. MacLeod, C. M., & Nelson, T. O. (1984). Response latency and response accuracy as measures of memory. Acta Psychologica, 57, 215-235.
31. Markus, H., & Zajonc, R. B. (1985). The cognitive perspective in social psychology. In G. Lindzey, & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 137-230). New York: Random House.
32. Marsot, A. L. A.-S. (1971). The cartoon in Egypt. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 13, 2-15.
33. Mayo, L. A. (1988). The ambivalent image: 19th century America's perception of the Jew. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses.
34. Mazur, A. (1973). The role of predisposition in identifying Jews. Jewish Social Studies, 35, 290-291.
35. McGuire, W. J., & McGuire, C. V. (1982). Signiticant others in self-space: sex differences and developmental trends in the social self. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 1: pp. 71-96).
36. Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy & Law, 7, 3-35.
37. Miller, A. (1945). Focus. New York, NY. Reynal & Hitchcock.
38. Mullen, B. (1989). Advanced BASIC meta-analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
39. Mullen, B. (in press). Advanced BASIC meta-analysis (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
40. Mullen, B. (1991). Group composition, salience, and cognitive representations: the phenomenology of being in a group. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 297-323.
41. Mullen, B., Brown, R., & Smith, C. (1992). Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: an integration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 103-122.
42. Mullen, B., & Copper, C. (1994). The relation between group cohesiveness and performance: an integration. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 210-227.
43. Mullen, B., & Hu, L. (1988). Social projection as a function of cognitive mechanisms: two meta-analytic integrations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 333-356.
44. Mullen, B., & Johnson, C. (1990). Distinctiveness-based illusory correlation in stereotyping: a meta-analytic integration. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 11-28.
45. Mullen, B., Johnson, C., & Anthony, T. (1994). Relative group size and cognitive representations of ingroup and outgroup. Small Group Research, 25, 250-266.
46. Mullen, B., Pizzuto, C., & Foels, R. (2002). Altering ingroup, perceptions by altering prevailing mode of cognitive representation: 'they look like people.' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1333-1343.
47. Mullen, B., & Rice, D. R. (2003). Ethnophaulisms and exclusion: cognitive representation of ethnic immigrant groups and social distance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1057-1067.
48. Mullen, B., & Rosenthal, R. (1995) BASIC meta-analysis: Procedures and programs. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
49. Mullen, B., Rozell, D., & Johnson, C. (2000). Ethnophaulisms for ethnic immigrant groups: cognitive representation of 'the minority' and 'the foreigner.' Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 3, 5-24.
50. Mullen, B., Rozell, D., Johnson, C. (2001). Ethnophaulisms for ethnic immigrant groups: the contributions of group size and familiarity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 231-246.
51. Pulos, L., & Spilka, B. (1961). Perceptual selectivity, memory, and anti-Semitism. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 690-692.
52. Quanty, M. B., Keats, J. A., & Harkins, S. G. (1975). Prejudice and criteria for identification of ethnic photographs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 449-454.
53. Rice, D. R. (2003). The social cognition of ingroup and outgroup faces: The paradox of categorization and recognition. Manuscript in preparation.
54. Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
55. Rush, M. A., & Moede, G. (1964). Ethnic background identification from kodachrome slides. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 19 925-926.
56. Savitz, L. D., & Tomasson, R. F. (1959). The identifiability of Jews. American Journal of Sociology, 64, 468-475.
57. Scodel, A., & Austrin, H. (1957). The perception of Jewish photographs by non-Jews and Jews. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54, 278-280.
58. Slyomovics, S. (1993). Cartoon commentary: Algerian and Moroccan caricatures from the Gulf War. Middle East Report, Jan /Feb (180). 21-24.
59. Smith, E. R., & Zarate, M. A. (1990). Exemplar and prototype use in social categorization. Social Cognition, 8, 243-262.
60. Steiner, I. (1972). Group process and productivity. New York, NY. Academic Press.
61. Stewart, D. (1964). The Arab world. New York, NY Time, Inc.
62. Sun-Times (September 22, 2001). 4 Arab-Americans removed from flight [On-line]. Available: www.suntimes.com/terror/stories/cst-nws-minn21.html.
63. Thomson, D. (9/16/2001). Arab Americans feel backlash [On-line]. Available: www.ABCNEWS.com.
64. Toch, H. H., Rabin, A. I., & Wilkins, D. M. (1962). Factors entering into ethnic identifications: an experimental study. Sociometry, 25, 297-312.
65. Tumin, M. M. (1961). An inventory and appraisal of research on American anti-semitism. New York: Freedom Press.
66. Upmeyer, A. (1976/1988). Ethnic identification. In W. Bergmann (Ed.), Error without trial: Psychological research on antisemitism (pp. 382-399). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
67. Webster's New World Dictionary (1988). 3rd ed. New York, NY Simon & Schuster.
68. Whitfield, S. J. (1999). In search of American Jewish culture. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.
69. Wigoder, G. (1992). The new standard Jewish encyclopedia New York, NY: Checkmark Books.
70. Woodward, C. V. (1938). Tom Watson, agrarian rebel. New York: Rinehart and Co.
71. Yzerbyt, V. Y., Leyens, J.-Ph., & Bellour, F. (1995). The ingroup overexclusion effect: identity concerns in decisions about group membership. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 1-16.
72. Zanuck, D. F. (Producer), & Kazan, E. (Director). (1947). Gentleman's Agreement [Motion picture]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.