Electoral reform and partisan jugglery

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 119, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 499-520

  Argersinger, Peter H ^a  

^a SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 8644286827     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/20202393     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. For a sampling of scholarly reactions, see "What We'll Remember in 2050: 9 Views on Bush v. Gore," Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 January 2001, B15; and the entire issue of PS: Political Science and Politics, 34 (March 2001).
2. For a sampling of scholarly reactions, see "What We'll Remember in 2050: 9 Views on Bush v. Gore," Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 January 2001, B15; and the entire issue of PS: Political Science and Politics, 34 (March 2001).
3. Dana Canedy, "Florida Leaders Sign Agreement for Overhaul of Election System," New York Times, 4 May 2001; Howard Fineman, "A Whiff of Victory ... But Now It's War," Newsweek, 20 November 2000, 15.
4. Dana Canedy, "Florida Leaders Sign Agreement for Overhaul of Election System," New York Times, 4 May 2001; Howard Fineman, "A Whiff of Victory ... But Now It's War," Newsweek, 20 November 2000, 15.
5. Neal R. Peirce and Lawrence D. Longley, The People's President: The Electoral College in American History and the Direct Vote Alternative (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), 91, 94; Lawrence D. Longley and Neal R. Peirce, The Electoral College Primer (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 95, 99; Robert W. Cherny, American Politics in the Gilded Age, 1868-1900 (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1997); R. Hal Williams, Years of Decision: American Politics in the 1890s (New York: John Wiley, 1978).
6. Neal R. Peirce and Lawrence D. Longley, The People's President: The Electoral College in American History and the Direct Vote Alternative (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), 91, 94; Lawrence D. Longley and Neal R. Peirce, The Electoral College Primer (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 95, 99; Robert W. Cherny, American Politics in the Gilded Age, 1868-1900 (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1997); R. Hal Williams, Years of Decision: American Politics in the 1890s (New York: John Wiley, 1978).
7. Neal R. Peirce and Lawrence D. Longley, The People's President: The Electoral College in American History and the Direct Vote Alternative (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), 91, 94; Lawrence D. Longley and Neal R. Peirce, The Electoral College Primer (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 95, 99; Robert W. Cherny, American Politics in the Gilded Age, 1868-1900 (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1997); R. Hal Williams, Years of Decision: American Politics in the 1890s (New York: John Wiley, 1978).
8. Neal R. Peirce and Lawrence D. Longley, The People's President: The Electoral College in American History and the Direct Vote Alternative (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), 91, 94; Lawrence D. Longley and Neal R. Peirce, The Electoral College Primer (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 95, 99; Robert W. Cherny, American Politics in the Gilded Age, 1868-1900 (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1997); R. Hal Williams, Years of Decision: American Politics in the 1890s (New York: John Wiley, 1978).
9. See, for example, Lawrence D. Longley and James D. Dana, "The Biases of the Electoral College in the 1990s," Polity 25 (Fall 1992): 123-145; Elizabeth P. McCaughey, "Democracy at Risk: The Dangerous Flaws in the Electoral College," Policy Review 63 (Winter 1993): 79-81; Matthew Hoffman, "The Illegitimate President: Minority Vote Dilution and the Electoral College," Yale Law Journal 105 (January 1996): 935-1021.
10. See, for example, Lawrence D. Longley and James D. Dana, "The Biases of the Electoral College in the 1990s," Polity 25 (Fall 1992): 123-145; Elizabeth P. McCaughey, "Democracy at Risk: The Dangerous Flaws in the Electoral College," Policy Review 63 (Winter 1993): 79-81; Matthew Hoffman, "The Illegitimate President: Minority Vote Dilution and the Electoral College," Yale Law Journal 105 (January 1996): 935-1021.
11. See, for example, Lawrence D. Longley and James D. Dana, "The Biases of the Electoral College in the 1990s," Polity 25 (Fall 1992): 123-145; Elizabeth P. McCaughey, "Democracy at Risk: The Dangerous Flaws in the Electoral College," Policy Review 63 (Winter 1993): 79-81; Matthew Hoffman, "The Illegitimate President: Minority Vote Dilution and the Electoral College," Yale Law Journal 105 (January 1996): 935-1021.
12. See, for example, Haywood T. Sanders, "Paying for the 'Bloody Shirt': The Politics of Civil War Pensions" in Barry Rundquist, ed., Political Benefits: Empirical Studies of American Public Programs (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1980), 137-159; Charles Stewart III and Barry Weingast, "Stacking the Senate, Changing the Nation: Republican Rotten Boroughs, Statehood Politics, and American Political Development," Studies in American Political Development 6 (Fall 1992): 223-271; Scott C. James, "A Party System Perspective on the Interstate Commerce Act: The Democracy, Electoral College Competition, and the Politics of Coalition Maintenance," Studies in American Political Development 6 (Spring 1992): 163-200; Scott C. James and Brian L. Lawson, "The Political Economy of Voting Rights in America's Gilded Age: Electoral College Competition, Partisan Commitment, and the Federal Election Law," American Political Science Review 93 (March 1999): 115-131; Peter H. Argersinger, "The Transformation of American Politics: Political Institutions and Public Policy, 1865-1910" in Byron E. Shafer and Anthony J. Badger, eds., Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 117-147.
13. See, for example, Haywood T. Sanders, "Paying for the 'Bloody Shirt': The Politics of Civil War Pensions" in Barry Rundquist, ed., Political Benefits: Empirical Studies of American Public Programs (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1980), 137-159; Charles Stewart III and Barry Weingast, "Stacking the Senate, Changing the Nation: Republican Rotten Boroughs, Statehood Politics, and American Political Development," Studies in American Political Development 6 (Fall 1992): 223-271; Scott C. James, "A Party System Perspective on the Interstate Commerce Act: The Democracy, Electoral College Competition, and the Politics of Coalition Maintenance," Studies in American Political Development 6 (Spring 1992): 163-200; Scott C. James and Brian L. Lawson, "The Political Economy of Voting Rights in America's Gilded Age: Electoral College Competition, Partisan Commitment, and the Federal Election Law," American Political Science Review 93 (March 1999): 115-131; Peter H. Argersinger, "The Transformation of American Politics: Political Institutions and Public Policy, 1865-1910" in Byron E. Shafer and Anthony J. Badger, eds., Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 117-147.
14. See, for example, Haywood T. Sanders, "Paying for the 'Bloody Shirt': The Politics of Civil War Pensions" in Barry Rundquist, ed., Political Benefits: Empirical Studies of American Public Programs (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1980), 137-159; Charles Stewart III and Barry Weingast, "Stacking the Senate, Changing the Nation: Republican Rotten Boroughs, Statehood Politics, and American Political Development," Studies in American Political Development 6 (Fall 1992): 223-271; Scott C. James, "A Party System Perspective on the Interstate Commerce Act: The Democracy, Electoral College Competition, and the Politics of Coalition Maintenance," Studies in American Political Development 6 (Spring 1992): 163-200; Scott C. James and Brian L. Lawson, "The Political Economy of Voting Rights in America's Gilded Age: Electoral College Competition, Partisan Commitment, and the Federal Election Law," American Political Science Review 93 (March 1999): 115-131; Peter H. Argersinger, "The Transformation of American Politics: Political Institutions and Public Policy, 1865-1910" in Byron E. Shafer and Anthony J. Badger, eds., Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 117-147.
15. See, for example, Haywood T. Sanders, "Paying for the 'Bloody Shirt': The Politics of Civil War Pensions" in Barry Rundquist, ed., Political Benefits: Empirical Studies of American Public Programs (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1980), 137-159; Charles Stewart III and Barry Weingast, "Stacking the Senate, Changing the Nation: Republican Rotten Boroughs, Statehood Politics, and American Political Development," Studies in American Political Development 6 (Fall 1992): 223-271; Scott C. James, "A Party System Perspective on the Interstate Commerce Act: The Democracy, Electoral College Competition, and the Politics of Coalition Maintenance," Studies in American Political Development 6 (Spring 1992): 163-200; Scott C. James and Brian L. Lawson, "The Political Economy of Voting Rights in America's Gilded Age: Electoral College Competition, Partisan Commitment, and the Federal Election Law," American Political Science Review 93 (March 1999): 115-131; Peter H. Argersinger, "The Transformation of American Politics: Political Institutions and Public Policy, 1865-1910" in Byron E. Shafer and Anthony J. Badger, eds., Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 117-147.
16. See, for example, Haywood T. Sanders, "Paying for the 'Bloody Shirt': The Politics of Civil War Pensions" in Barry Rundquist, ed., Political Benefits: Empirical Studies of American Public Programs (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1980), 137-159; Charles Stewart III and Barry Weingast, "Stacking the Senate, Changing the Nation: Republican Rotten Boroughs, Statehood Politics, and American Political Development," Studies in American Political Development 6 (Fall 1992): 223-271; Scott C. James, "A Party System Perspective on the Interstate Commerce Act: The Democracy, Electoral College Competition, and the Politics of Coalition Maintenance," Studies in American Political Development 6 (Spring 1992): 163-200; Scott C. James and Brian L. Lawson, "The Political Economy of Voting Rights in America's Gilded Age: Electoral College Competition, Partisan Commitment, and the Federal Election Law," American Political Science Review 93 (March 1999): 115-131; Peter H. Argersinger, "The Transformation of American Politics: Political Institutions and Public Policy, 1865-1910" in Byron E. Shafer and Anthony J. Badger, eds., Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 117-147.
17. The question of election fraud in the nineteenth century is a controversial one among scholars, but see Peter H. Argersinger, "New Perspectives on Election Fraud in the Gilded Age," Political Science Quarterly 100 (Winter 1985-86): 669-687; Howard W. Allen and Kay Warren Allen, "Vote Fraud and Data Validity" in Jerome M. Clubb, William H. Flanigan, and Nancy H. Zingale, eds., Analyzing Electoral History: A Guide to the Study of American Voting Behavior (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1981), 153-193; Walter Dean Burnham, "Those High Nineteenth-Century American Voting Turnouts: Fact or Fiction?" Journal of Interdisciplinary History 16 (Spring 1986): 613-644; Gary W. Cox and J. Morgan Kousser, "Turnout and Rural Corruption: New York as a Test Case," American Journal of Political Science 25 (November 1981): 646-663. For the 1888 election itself, see James Baumgardner, "The 1888 Presidential Election: How Corrupt?" Presidential Studies Quarterly 14 (Summer 1984): 416-427, which unfortunately confuses many of the issues and overlooks much of the evidence on election fraud but which effectively emphasizes the parties' strategic response to electoral college competition.
18. The question of election fraud in the nineteenth century is a controversial one among scholars, but see Peter H. Argersinger, "New Perspectives on Election Fraud in the Gilded Age," Political Science Quarterly 100 (Winter 1985-86): 669-687; Howard W. Allen and Kay Warren Allen, "Vote Fraud and Data Validity" in Jerome M. Clubb, William H. Flanigan, and Nancy H. Zingale, eds., Analyzing Electoral History: A Guide to the Study of American Voting Behavior (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1981), 153-193; Walter Dean Burnham, "Those High Nineteenth-Century American Voting Turnouts: Fact or Fiction?" Journal of Interdisciplinary History 16 (Spring 1986): 613-644; Gary W. Cox and J. Morgan Kousser, "Turnout and Rural Corruption: New York as a Test Case," American Journal of Political Science 25 (November 1981): 646-663. For the 1888 election itself, see James Baumgardner, "The 1888 Presidential Election: How Corrupt?" Presidential Studies Quarterly 14 (Summer 1984): 416-427, which unfortunately confuses many of the issues and overlooks much of the evidence on election fraud but which effectively emphasizes the parties' strategic response to electoral college competition.
19. The question of election fraud in the nineteenth century is a controversial one among scholars, but see Peter H. Argersinger, "New Perspectives on Election Fraud in the Gilded Age," Political Science Quarterly 100 (Winter 1985-86): 669-687; Howard W. Allen and Kay Warren Allen, "Vote Fraud and Data Validity" in Jerome M. Clubb, William H. Flanigan, and Nancy H. Zingale, eds., Analyzing Electoral History: A Guide to the Study of American Voting Behavior (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1981), 153-193; Walter Dean Burnham, "Those High Nineteenth-Century American Voting Turnouts: Fact or Fiction?" Journal of Interdisciplinary History 16 (Spring 1986): 613-644; Gary W. Cox and J. Morgan Kousser, "Turnout and Rural Corruption: New York as a Test Case," American Journal of Political Science 25 (November 1981): 646-663. For the 1888 election itself, see James Baumgardner, "The 1888 Presidential Election: How Corrupt?" Presidential Studies Quarterly 14 (Summer 1984): 416-427, which unfortunately confuses many of the issues and overlooks much of the evidence on election fraud but which effectively emphasizes the parties' strategic response to electoral college competition.
20. The question of election fraud in the nineteenth century is a controversial one among scholars, but see Peter H. Argersinger, "New Perspectives on Election Fraud in the Gilded Age," Political Science Quarterly 100 (Winter 1985-86): 669-687; Howard W. Allen and Kay Warren Allen, "Vote Fraud and Data Validity" in Jerome M. Clubb, William H. Flanigan, and Nancy H. Zingale, eds., Analyzing Electoral History: A Guide to the Study of American Voting Behavior (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1981), 153-193; Walter Dean Burnham, "Those High Nineteenth-Century American Voting Turnouts: Fact or Fiction?" Journal of Interdisciplinary History 16 (Spring 1986): 613-644; Gary W. Cox and J. Morgan Kousser, "Turnout and Rural Corruption: New York as a Test Case," American Journal of Political Science 25 (November 1981): 646-663. For the 1888 election itself, see James Baumgardner, "The 1888 Presidential Election: How Corrupt?" Presidential Studies Quarterly 14 (Summer 1984): 416-427, which unfortunately confuses many of the issues and overlooks much of the evidence on election fraud but which effectively emphasizes the parties' strategic response to electoral college competition.
21. The question of election fraud in the nineteenth century is a controversial one among scholars, but see Peter H. Argersinger, "New Perspectives on Election Fraud in the Gilded Age," Political Science Quarterly 100 (Winter 1985-86): 669-687; Howard W. Allen and Kay Warren Allen, "Vote Fraud and Data Validity" in Jerome M. Clubb, William H. Flanigan, and Nancy H. Zingale, eds., Analyzing Electoral History: A Guide to the Study of American Voting Behavior (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1981), 153-193; Walter Dean Burnham, "Those High Nineteenth-Century American Voting Turnouts: Fact or Fiction?" Journal of Interdisciplinary History 16 (Spring 1986): 613-644; Gary W. Cox and J. Morgan Kousser, "Turnout and Rural Corruption: New York as a Test Case," American Journal of Political Science 25 (November 1981): 646-663. For the 1888 election itself, see James Baumgardner, "The 1888 Presidential Election: How Corrupt?" Presidential Studies Quarterly 14 (Summer 1984): 416-427, which unfortunately confuses many of the issues and overlooks much of the evidence on election fraud but which effectively emphasizes the parties' strategic response to electoral college competition.
22. For the party ticket system, including bogus ballots, and efforts to reform it, see Peter H. Argersinger, Structure, Process, and Party: Essays in American Political History (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1992), 47-50, 52-57, 122-149. The Australian ballot, of course, did not end but merely changed the nature of partisan manipulation of the electoral structure.
23. Los Angeles Cactus clipping, Burnette G. Haskell Scrapbook, v. 4, p. 19, Haskell Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; Congressional Record, 52d Cong., 2d sess., 677-680; John G. Carlisle, "Dangerous Defects of Our Electoral System - I," Forum 24 (November 1897), 266.
24. Los Angeles Cactus clipping, Burnette G. Haskell Scrapbook, v. 4, p. 19, Haskell Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; Congressional Record, 52d Cong., 2d sess., 677-680; John G. Carlisle, "Dangerous Defects of Our Electoral System - I," Forum 24 (November 1897), 266.
25. Los Angeles Cactus clipping, Burnette G. Haskell Scrapbook, v. 4, p. 19, Haskell Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; Congressional Record, 52d Cong., 2d sess., 677-680; John G. Carlisle, "Dangerous Defects of Our Electoral System - I," Forum 24 (November 1897), 266.
26. John G. Carlisle, "Dangerous Defects of Our Electoral System: A Remedy-II," Forum 24 (February 1898), 651-654.
27. Charles R. Buckalew, "The Electoral Commission and Its Bearings," North American Review 124 (March-April 1877): 161-178; Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun, The Politics of Electoral College Reform, 2nd ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), 144, 146,154; Congressional Record 50th Cong., 2d sess., 481, and 52d Cong., 1st sess., 951.
28. Charles R. Buckalew, "The Electoral Commission and Its Bearings," North American Review 124 (March-April 1877): 161-178; Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun, The Politics of Electoral College Reform, 2nd ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), 144, 146,154; Congressional Record 50th Cong., 2d sess., 481, and 52d Cong., 1st sess., 951.
29. Charles R. Buckalew, "The Electoral Commission and Its Bearings," North American Review 124 (March-April 1877): 161-178; Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun, The Politics of Electoral College Reform, 2nd ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), 144, 146,154; Congressional Record 50th Cong., 2d sess., 481, and 52d Cong., 1st sess., 951.
30. Kalamzoo Weekly Telegraph, 8 April 1891; Detroit Evening News, 7 January 1891.
31. Kalamzoo Weekly Telegraph, 8 April 1891; Detroit Evening News, 7 January 1891.
32. Detroit Tribune, 25 February 1891.
33. Detroit Tribune, 26 February 1891; Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 4 March, 8 April 1891; Detroit Evening News, 25 February 1891; William R. Bates to James McMillan, 9 March 1891, James McMillan Papers, Detroit Public Library.
34. Detroit Tribune, 26 February 1891; Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 4 March, 8 April 1891; Detroit Evening News, 25 February 1891; William R. Bates to James McMillan, 9 March 1891, James McMillan Papers, Detroit Public Library.
35. Detroit Tribune, 26 February 1891; Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 4 March, 8 April 1891; Detroit Evening News, 25 February 1891; William R. Bates to James McMillan, 9 March 1891, James McMillan Papers, Detroit Public Library.
36. Detroit Tribune, 26 February 1891; Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 4 March, 8 April 1891; Detroit Evening News, 25 February 1891; William R. Bates to James McMillan, 9 March 1891, James McMillan Papers, Detroit Public Library.
37. Detroit Evening News, 25 February, 30 April 1891; New York Times, 9 April 1891.
38. Detroit Evening News, 25 February, 30 April 1891; New York Times, 9 April 1891.
39. Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 21 January 1891; Detroit Sunday News, 11 January 1891; Detroit Evening News, 2, 30 April 1891; New York Times, 3 April 1891.
40. Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 21 January 1891; Detroit Sunday News, 11 January 1891; Detroit Evening News, 2, 30 April 1891; New York Times, 3 April 1891.
41. Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 21 January 1891; Detroit Sunday News, 11 January 1891; Detroit Evening News, 2, 30 April 1891; New York Times, 3 April 1891.
42. Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 21 January 1891; Detroit Sunday News, 11 January 1891; Detroit Evening News, 2, 30 April 1891; New York Times, 3 April 1891.
43. Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 21 January 1891. Of course, as contemporary political scientists have argued, the district system neither eliminates the possibility of disfranchising minority voters nor prevents the election of a minority president and actually opens the possibility of disfranchising the majority of a state's voters. For a thoughtful analysis of the district plan, but one insufficiently attentive to historical variations in the geographic distribution of voters, see Longley and Braun. Politics of Electoral College Reform, 57-64,79-81. No less thoughtful, Democratic reformers in the nineteenth century also recognized these limitations of the district system; see Buckalew, "The Electoral Commission," 171.
44. Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 21 January 1891. Of course, as contemporary political scientists have argued, the district system neither eliminates the possibility of disfranchising minority voters nor prevents the election of a minority president and actually opens the possibility of disfranchising the majority of a state's voters. For a thoughtful analysis of the district plan, but one insufficiently attentive to historical variations in the geographic distribution of voters, see Longley and Braun. Politics of Electoral College Reform, 57-64,79-81. No less thoughtful, Democratic reformers in the nineteenth century also recognized these limitations of the district system; see Buckalew, "The Electoral Commission," 171.
45. Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 21 January 1891. Of course, as contemporary political scientists have argued, the district system neither eliminates the possibility of disfranchising minority voters nor prevents the election of a minority president and actually opens the possibility of disfranchising the majority of a state's voters. For a thoughtful analysis of the district plan, but one insufficiently attentive to historical variations in the geographic distribution of voters, see Longley and Braun. Politics of Electoral College Reform, 57-64,79-81. No less thoughtful, Democratic reformers in the nineteenth century also recognized these limitations of the district system; see Buckalew, "The Electoral Commission," 171.
46. Detroit Evening News, 2 April 1891; Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 21 January 1891. Ironically, in 1880, Republicans in New York and New Jersey, both of which leaned Democratic, had introduced legislation to choose electors by districts, favoring the measures as a way to decrease the importance of these swing states and make elections less disruptive. Democrats had successfully opposed the bills for breaking conservative traditions. The Nation 30 (22 January 1880): 51-52.
47. Detroit Evening News, 2 April 1891; Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 21 January 1891. Ironically, in 1880, Republicans in New York and New Jersey, both of which leaned Democratic, had introduced legislation to choose electors by districts, favoring the measures as a way to decrease the importance of these swing states and make elections less disruptive. Democrats had successfully opposed the bills for breaking conservative traditions. The Nation 30 (22 January 1880): 51-52.
48. Detroit Evening News, 2 April 1891; Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 21 January 1891. Ironically, in 1880, Republicans in New York and New Jersey, both of which leaned Democratic, had introduced legislation to choose electors by districts, favoring the measures as a way to decrease the importance of these swing states and make elections less disruptive. Democrats had successfully opposed the bills for breaking conservative traditions. The Nation 30 (22 January 1880): 51-52.
49. LaCrosse (Wis.) Republican & Leader, 9 April 1892; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1892 (New York: Appleton's, 1893), 467; Washington Post, 1 July 1891, 2 February 1892. In several states, Republicans also hesitated to challenge recent Democratic legislative gerrymanders in court lest, in special session to revise the set-aside laws, the Democrats would then "Michiganize" the state. John C. Spooner to Henry Fink, 16 January 1892, Spooner Papers, Library of Congress.
50. LaCrosse (Wis.) Republican & Leader, 9 April 1892; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1892 (New York: Appleton's, 1893), 467; Washington Post, 1 July 1891, 2 February 1892. In several states, Republicans also hesitated to challenge recent Democratic legislative gerrymanders in court lest, in special session to revise the set-aside laws, the Democrats would then "Michiganize" the state. John C. Spooner to Henry Fink, 16 January 1892, Spooner Papers, Library of Congress.
51. LaCrosse (Wis.) Republican & Leader, 9 April 1892; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1892 (New York: Appleton's, 1893), 467; Washington Post, 1 July 1891, 2 February 1892. In several states, Republicans also hesitated to challenge recent Democratic legislative gerrymanders in court lest, in special session to revise the set-aside laws, the Democrats would then "Michiganize" the state. John C. Spooner to Henry Fink, 16 January 1892, Spooner Papers, Library of Congress.
52. LaCrosse (Wis.) Republican & Leader, 9 April 1892; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1892 (New York: Appleton's, 1893), 467; Washington Post, 1 July 1891, 2 February 1892. In several states, Republicans also hesitated to challenge recent Democratic legislative gerrymanders in court lest, in special session to revise the set-aside laws, the Democrats would then "Michiganize" the state. John C. Spooner to Henry Fink, 16 January 1892, Spooner Papers, Library of Congress.
53. Edwin B. Winans, "Michigan's Presidential Electors," North American Review 154 (April 1892): 439-446.
54. Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, 21 January, 4 April 1891; The Nation 52 (7 May 1891): 371; Washington Post, 10 February 1892; Congressional Record, 52d Cong., 1st Sess., p. 730; Detroit Evening News, 14 April 1891.
55. Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, 21 January, 4 April 1891; The Nation 52 (7 May 1891): 371; Washington Post, 10 February 1892; Congressional Record, 52d Cong., 1st Sess., p. 730; Detroit Evening News, 14 April 1891.
56. Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, 21 January, 4 April 1891; The Nation 52 (7 May 1891): 371; Washington Post, 10 February 1892; Congressional Record, 52d Cong., 1st Sess., p. 730; Detroit Evening News, 14 April 1891.
57. Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, 21 January, 4 April 1891; The Nation 52 (7 May 1891): 371; Washington Post, 10 February 1892; Congressional Record, 52d Cong., 1st Sess., p. 730; Detroit Evening News, 14 April 1891.
58. Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, 21 January, 4 April 1891; The Nation 52 (7 May 1891): 371; Washington Post, 10 February 1892; Congressional Record, 52d Cong., 1st Sess., p. 730; Detroit Evening News, 14 April 1891.
59. Detroit Evening News, 14 April 1891; Chicago Tribune, 20 June 1892. The Tribune's linkage of the Miner system to the South, of course, reflected a second, and brutal, political reality. While the Republicans' advantage in the electoral college was based on the influence of the general ticket on states divided in political sentiments, the Democrats' edge in the popular vote was based on their suppression of the votes of African American Republicans in the southern states. For a forceful Republican statement on this issue, see "The Suppressed Vote," Illinois State Journal (Springfield). 18 October 1892, 2.
60. Detroit Evening News, 14 April 1891; Chicago Tribune, 20 June 1892. The Tribune's linkage of the Miner system to the South, of course, reflected a second, and brutal, political reality. While the Republicans' advantage in the electoral college was based on the influence of the general ticket on states divided in political sentiments, the Democrats' edge in the popular vote was based on their suppression of the votes of African American Republicans in the southern states. For a forceful Republican statement on this issue, see "The Suppressed Vote," Illinois State Journal (Springfield). 18 October 1892, 2.
61. Detroit Evening News, 14 April 1891; Chicago Tribune, 20 June 1892. The Tribune's linkage of the Miner system to the South, of course, reflected a second, and brutal, political reality. While the Republicans' advantage in the electoral college was based on the influence of the general ticket on states divided in political sentiments, the Democrats' edge in the popular vote was based on their suppression of the votes of African American Republicans in the southern states. For a forceful Republican statement on this issue, see "The Suppressed Vote," Illinois State Journal (Springfield). 18 October 1892, 2.
62. Rocky Mountain News (Denver) quoted in Chicago Tribune, 10 December 1891; New York Times, 10 December 1891.
63. Rocky Mountain News (Denver) quoted in Chicago Tribune, 10 December 1891; New York Times, 10 December 1891.
64. Rocky Mountain News (Denver) quoted in Chicago Tribune, 10 December 1891; New York Times, 10 December 1891.
65. Baltimore Sun, 11, 14 December 1891; New York Times, 10 December 1891; Winans, "Michigan's Presidential Electors," 445-446; Edward J. Phelps, "The Choice of Presidential Electors," Forum 12 (February 1892): 702-713. Even so, Democratic Senator Buckalew had recognized the validity of the point that Harrison tried to assert. Preferring proportional election, Buckalew described the district system as only a "partial remedy" for the defective electoral college system, for it raised the prospect of "an evil and a scandal of the first magnitude-one fortunately unknown hitherto in presidential elections,-we mean the gerrymandering of States in the formation of electoral districts. The competition in injustice and outrage between parties which the plan would inevitably produce would soon become intolerable." Buckalew, "The Electoral Commission," 171.
66. Baltimore Sun, 11, 14 December 1891; New York Times, 10 December 1891; Winans, "Michigan's Presidential Electors," 445-446; Edward J. Phelps, "The Choice of Presidential Electors," Forum 12 (February 1892): 702-713. Even so, Democratic Senator Buckalew had recognized the validity of the point that Harrison tried to assert. Preferring proportional election, Buckalew described the district system as only a "partial remedy" for the defective electoral college system, for it raised the prospect of "an evil and a scandal of the first magnitude-one fortunately unknown hitherto in presidential elections,-we mean the gerrymandering of States in the formation of electoral districts. The competition in injustice and outrage between parties which the plan would inevitably produce would soon become intolerable." Buckalew, "The Electoral Commission," 171.
67. Baltimore Sun, 11, 14 December 1891; New York Times, 10 December 1891; Winans, "Michigan's Presidential Electors," 445-446; Edward J. Phelps, "The Choice of Presidential Electors," Forum 12 (February 1892): 702-713. Even so, Democratic Senator Buckalew had recognized the validity of the point that Harrison tried to assert. Preferring proportional election, Buckalew described the district system as only a "partial remedy" for the defective electoral college system, for it raised the prospect of "an evil and a scandal of the first magnitude-one fortunately unknown hitherto in presidential elections,-we mean the gerrymandering of States in the formation of electoral districts. The competition in injustice and outrage between parties which the plan would inevitably produce would soon become intolerable." Buckalew, "The Electoral Commission," 171.
68. Baltimore Sun, 11, 14 December 1891; New York Times, 10 December 1891; Winans, "Michigan's Presidential Electors," 445-446; Edward J. Phelps, "The Choice of Presidential Electors," Forum 12 (February 1892): 702-713. Even so, Democratic Senator Buckalew had recognized the validity of the point that Harrison tried to assert. Preferring proportional election, Buckalew described the district system as only a "partial remedy" for the defective electoral college system, for it raised the prospect of "an evil and a scandal of the first magnitude-one fortunately unknown hitherto in presidential elections,-we mean the gerrymandering of States in the formation of electoral districts. The competition in injustice and outrage between parties which the plan would inevitably produce would soon become intolerable." Buckalew, "The Electoral Commission," 171.
69. Baltimore Sun, 11, 14 December 1891; New York Times, 10 December 1891; Winans, "Michigan's Presidential Electors," 445-446; Edward J. Phelps, "The Choice of Presidential Electors," Forum 12 (February 1892): 702-713. Even so, Democratic Senator Buckalew had recognized the validity of the point that Harrison tried to assert. Preferring proportional election, Buckalew described the district system as only a "partial remedy" for the defective electoral college system, for it raised the prospect of "an evil and a scandal of the first magnitude-one fortunately unknown hitherto in presidential elections,-we mean the gerrymandering of States in the formation of electoral districts. The competition in injustice and outrage between parties which the plan would inevitably produce would soon become intolerable." Buckalew, "The Electoral Commission," 171.
70. New York Times, 6 September 1892; Portland Morning Oregonian, 8 November 1892; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1892, 485; Detroit Evening News, 14 May 1892; Phelps, "Presidential Electors," 702; George F. Edmunds, "Perils of Our National Elections," Forum 12 (February 1892): 696-697; "Presidential Voting Methods," Century Magazine 42 (October 1891): 952-953.
71. New York Times, 6 September 1892; Portland Morning Oregonian, 8 November 1892; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1892, 485; Detroit Evening News, 14 May 1892; Phelps, "Presidential Electors," 702; George F. Edmunds, "Perils of Our National Elections," Forum 12 (February 1892): 696-697; "Presidential Voting Methods," Century Magazine 42 (October 1891): 952-953.
72. New York Times, 6 September 1892; Portland Morning Oregonian, 8 November 1892; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1892, 485; Detroit Evening News, 14 May 1892; Phelps, "Presidential Electors," 702; George F. Edmunds, "Perils of Our National Elections," Forum 12 (February 1892): 696-697; "Presidential Voting Methods," Century Magazine 42 (October 1891): 952-953.
73. New York Times, 6 September 1892; Portland Morning Oregonian, 8 November 1892; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1892, 485; Detroit Evening News, 14 May 1892; Phelps, "Presidential Electors," 702; George F. Edmunds, "Perils of Our National Elections," Forum 12 (February 1892): 696-697; "Presidential Voting Methods," Century Magazine 42 (October 1891): 952-953.
74. New York Times, 6 September 1892; Portland Morning Oregonian, 8 November 1892; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1892, 485; Detroit Evening News, 14 May 1892; Phelps, "Presidential Electors," 702; George F. Edmunds, "Perils of Our National Elections," Forum 12 (February 1892): 696-697; "Presidential Voting Methods," Century Magazine 42 (October 1891): 952-953.
75. New York Times, 6 September 1892; Portland Morning Oregonian, 8 November 1892; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1892, 485; Detroit Evening News, 14 May 1892; Phelps, "Presidential Electors," 702; George F. Edmunds, "Perils of Our National Elections," Forum 12 (February 1892): 696-697; "Presidential Voting Methods," Century Magazine 42 (October 1891): 952-953.
76. New York Times, 6 September 1892; Portland Morning Oregonian, 8 November 1892; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1892, 485; Detroit Evening News, 14 May 1892; Phelps, "Presidential Electors," 702; George F. Edmunds, "Perils of Our National Elections," Forum 12 (February 1892): 696-697; "Presidential Voting Methods," Century Magazine 42 (October 1891): 952-953.
77. Detroit Evening News, 8, 23, 24 February and 15 April 1892; Washington Post, 14, 15 April 1892.
78. Detroit Evening News, 8, 23, 24 February and 15 April 1892; Washington Post, 14, 15 April 1892.
79. Detroit Evening News, 3, 13 May 1892.
80. Detroit Evening News, 5 May 1892.
81. Detroit Evening News, 30 May 1892.
82. Detroit Evening News, 5, 19 May 1892; Detroit Free Press, 19, 20 May 1892.
83. Detroit Evening News, 5, 19 May 1892; Detroit Free Press, 19, 20 May 1892.
84. Detroit Free Press, 9 June 1892; Detroit Evening News, 19 May 1892.
85. Detroit Free Press, 9 June 1892; Detroit Evening News, 19 May 1892.
86. McPherson v. Blacker, 52 N.W. Rep., 469, 475; Detroit Evening News, 17,18 June 1892; Detroit Free Press, 18 June 1892.
87. McPherson v. Blacker, 52 N.W. Rep., 469, 475; Detroit Evening News, 17,18 June 1892; Detroit Free Press, 18 June 1892.
88. McPherson v. Blacker, 52 N.W. Rep., 469, 475; Detroit Evening News, 17,18 June 1892; Detroit Free Press, 18 June 1892.
89. Chicago Evening Post quoted in Detroit Free Press, 20 June 1892; Chicago Tribune, 18, 19 June 1892; New York Times, 19 June 1892.
90. Chicago Evening Post quoted in Detroit Free Press, 20 June 1892; Chicago Tribune, 18, 19 June 1892; New York Times, 19 June 1892.
91. Chicago Evening Post quoted in Detroit Free Press, 20 June 1892; Chicago Tribune, 18, 19 June 1892; New York Times, 19 June 1892.
92. Chicago Evening Post quoted in Detroit Free Press, 20 June 1892; Chicago Tribune, 18, 19 June 1892; New York Times, 19 June 1892.
93. Detroit Evening News, 22, 30 June 1892; Detroit Free Press, 23 June 1892; David Rothman, Politics and Power: The United States Senate, 1869-1901 (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 252.
94. Detroit Evening News, 22, 30 June 1892; Detroit Free Press, 23 June 1892; David Rothman, Politics and Power: The United States Senate, 1869-1901 (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 252.
95. Detroit Evening News, 22, 30 June 1892; Detroit Free Press, 23 June 1892; David Rothman, Politics and Power: The United States Senate, 1869-1901 (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 252.
96. Detroit Free Press, 30 June 1892; Detroit Tribune, 29 July 1892; Giddings v. Blacker, 52 N.W. Rep. 944; Board of Supervisors of Houghton County v. Blacker, 52 N.W. Rep. 951.
97. Detroit Free Press, 30 June 1892; Detroit Tribune, 29 July 1892; Giddings v. Blacker, 52 N.W. Rep. 944; Board of Supervisors of Houghton County v. Blacker, 52 N.W. Rep. 951.
98. Detroit Free Press, 30 June 1892; Detroit Tribune, 29 July 1892; Giddings v. Blacker, 52 N.W. Rep. 944; Board of Supervisors of Houghton County v. Blacker, 52 N.W. Rep. 951.
99. Detroit Free Press, 30 June 1892; Detroit Tribune, 29 July 1892; Giddings v. Blacker, 52 N.W. Rep. 944; Board of Supervisors of Houghton County v. Blacker, 52 N.W. Rep. 951.
100. Detroit Free Press, 2, 5, 6 August 1892; Detroit Tribune, 7 August 1892; Chicago Tribune, 6, 7 August 1892; Detroit Evening News, 2, 6 August 1892; Wisconsin State Register (Portage), 12 August 1892; Henry Duffield to McMillan, 1 August 1892, McMillan Papers.
101. Detroit Free Press, 2, 5, 6 August 1892; Detroit Tribune, 7 August 1892; Chicago Tribune, 6, 7 August 1892; Detroit Evening News, 2, 6 August 1892; Wisconsin State Register (Portage), 12 August 1892; Henry Duffield to McMillan, 1 August 1892, McMillan Papers.
102. Detroit Free Press, 2, 5, 6 August 1892; Detroit Tribune, 7 August 1892; Chicago Tribune, 6, 7 August 1892; Detroit Evening News, 2, 6 August 1892; Wisconsin State Register (Portage), 12 August 1892; Henry Duffield to McMillan, 1 August 1892, McMillan Papers.
103. Detroit Free Press, 2, 5, 6 August 1892; Detroit Tribune, 7 August 1892; Chicago Tribune, 6, 7 August 1892; Detroit Evening News, 2, 6 August 1892; Wisconsin State Register (Portage), 12 August 1892; Henry Duffield to McMillan, 1 August 1892, McMillan Papers.
104. Detroit Free Press, 2, 5, 6 August 1892; Detroit Tribune, 7 August 1892; Chicago Tribune, 6, 7 August 1892; Detroit Evening News, 2, 6 August 1892; Wisconsin State Register (Portage), 12 August 1892; Henry Duffield to McMillan, 1 August 1892, McMillan Papers.
105. Detroit Free Press, 2, 5, 6 August 1892; Detroit Tribune, 7 August 1892; Chicago Tribune, 6, 7 August 1892; Detroit Evening News, 2, 6 August 1892; Wisconsin State Register (Portage), 12 August 1892; Henry Duffield to McMillan, 1 August 1892, McMillan Papers.
106. Detroit Free Press, 10 October 1892; Washington Post, 11 October 1892.
107. Detroit Free Press, 10 October 1892; Washington Post, 11 October 1892.
108. Detroit Evening News, 11 October 1892; The Nation 55 (20 October 1892): 293; New York Times, 12 October 1892; Washington Post, 12 October 1892.
109. Detroit Evening News, 11 October 1892; The Nation 55 (20 October 1892): 293; New York Times, 12 October 1892; Washington Post, 12 October 1892.
110. Detroit Evening News, 11 October 1892; The Nation 55 (20 October 1892): 293; New York Times, 12 October 1892; Washington Post, 12 October 1892.
111. Detroit Evening News, 11 October 1892; The Nation 55 (20 October 1892): 293; New York Times, 12 October 1892; Washington Post, 12 October 1892.
112. The Nation 55 (20 October 1892): 293; Washington Post, 12 October 1892.
113. The Nation 55 (20 October 1892): 293; Washington Post, 12 October 1892.
114. Chicago Tribune, 12 October 1892; Detroit Free Press, 12 October 1892; Linda Greenhouse, "Justices' Questions Underlie Divide on Whether Hand Recount Can Be Fair," New York Times, 12 December 2000; Washington Post, 12 October 1892.
115. Chicago Tribune, 12 October 1892; Detroit Free Press, 12 October 1892; Linda Greenhouse, "Justices' Questions Underlie Divide on Whether Hand Recount Can Be Fair," New York Times, 12 December 2000; Washington Post, 12 October 1892.
116. Chicago Tribune, 12 October 1892; Detroit Free Press, 12 October 1892; Linda Greenhouse, "Justices' Questions Underlie Divide on Whether Hand Recount Can Be Fair," New York Times, 12 December 2000; Washington Post, 12 October 1892.
117. Chicago Tribune, 12 October 1892; Detroit Free Press, 12 October 1892; Linda Greenhouse, "Justices' Questions Underlie Divide on Whether Hand Recount Can Be Fair," New York Times, 12 December 2000; Washington Post, 12 October 1892.
118. "Text of Supreme Court Ruling on Bush v. Gore Florida Recount Case," New York Times, 13 December 2000; Mark Samuels, "Last Word on Election," Southern Illinoisan (Carbondale), 28 December 2000; Deirdre Shesgreen, "Court Ruling Seems to Buck Growing States' Rights Trend," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 December 2000; "What We'll Remember," B15, B17; Jeffrey Rosen, "Disgrace: The Supreme Court Commits Suicide," New Republic, 25 December 2000,18-21; Jackie Calmes, "Citizens' Faith in National Core Remains Sound," Wall Street Journal, 14 December 2000. The Wall Street Journal poll understated public dismay, for it was taken after the Court's first ruling on 9 December stopping the Florida recount but before its final ruling on 12 December 2000.
119. "Text of Supreme Court Ruling on Bush v. Gore Florida Recount Case," New York Times, 13 December 2000; Mark Samuels, "Last Word on Election," Southern Illinoisan (Carbondale), 28 December 2000; Deirdre Shesgreen, "Court Ruling Seems to Buck Growing States' Rights Trend," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 December 2000; "What We'll Remember," B15, B17; Jeffrey Rosen, "Disgrace: The Supreme Court Commits Suicide," New Republic, 25 December 2000,18-21; Jackie Calmes, "Citizens' Faith in National Core Remains Sound," Wall Street Journal, 14 December 2000. The Wall Street Journal poll understated public dismay, for it was taken after the Court's first ruling on 9 December stopping the Florida recount but before its final ruling on 12 December 2000.
120. "Text of Supreme Court Ruling on Bush v. Gore Florida Recount Case," New York Times, 13 December 2000; Mark Samuels, "Last Word on Election," Southern Illinoisan (Carbondale), 28 December 2000; Deirdre Shesgreen, "Court Ruling Seems to Buck Growing States' Rights Trend," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 December 2000; "What We'll Remember," B15, B17; Jeffrey Rosen, "Disgrace: The Supreme Court Commits Suicide," New Republic, 25 December 2000,18-21; Jackie Calmes, "Citizens' Faith in National Core Remains Sound," Wall Street Journal, 14 December 2000. The Wall Street Journal poll understated public dismay, for it was taken after the Court's first ruling on 9 December stopping the Florida recount but before its final ruling on 12 December 2000.
121. "Text of Supreme Court Ruling on Bush v. Gore Florida Recount Case," New York Times, 13 December 2000; Mark Samuels, "Last Word on Election," Southern Illinoisan (Carbondale), 28 December 2000; Deirdre Shesgreen, "Court Ruling Seems to Buck Growing States' Rights Trend," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 December 2000; "What We'll Remember," B15, B17; Jeffrey Rosen, "Disgrace: The Supreme Court Commits Suicide," New Republic, 25 December 2000,18-21; Jackie Calmes, "Citizens' Faith in National Core Remains Sound," Wall Street Journal, 14 December 2000. The Wall Street Journal poll understated public dismay, for it was taken after the Court's first ruling on 9 December stopping the Florida recount but before its final ruling on 12 December 2000.
122. "Text of Supreme Court Ruling on Bush v. Gore Florida Recount Case," New York Times, 13 December 2000; Mark Samuels, "Last Word on Election," Southern Illinoisan (Carbondale), 28 December 2000; Deirdre Shesgreen, "Court Ruling Seems to Buck Growing States' Rights Trend," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 December 2000; "What We'll Remember," B15, B17; Jeffrey Rosen, "Disgrace: The Supreme Court Commits Suicide," New Republic, 25 December 2000,18-21; Jackie Calmes, "Citizens' Faith in National Core Remains Sound," Wall Street Journal, 14 December 2000. The Wall Street Journal poll understated public dismay, for it was taken after the Court's first ruling on 9 December stopping the Florida recount but before its final ruling on 12 December 2000.
123. "Text of Supreme Court Ruling on Bush v. Gore Florida Recount Case," New York Times, 13 December 2000; Mark Samuels, "Last Word on Election," Southern Illinoisan (Carbondale), 28 December 2000; Deirdre Shesgreen, "Court Ruling Seems to Buck Growing States' Rights Trend," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 December 2000; "What We'll Remember," B15, B17; Jeffrey Rosen, "Disgrace: The Supreme Court Commits Suicide," New Republic, 25 December 2000,18-21; Jackie Calmes, "Citizens' Faith in National Core Remains Sound," Wall Street Journal, 14 December 2000. The Wall Street Journal poll understated public dismay, for it was taken after the Court's first ruling on 9 December stopping the Florida recount but before its final ruling on 12 December 2000.
124. Terrance Sandalow quoted in Vincent Bugliosi, "None Dare Call It Treason," The Nation 272 (5 February 2001): 15; McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1 (1892); Washington Post, 18 October 1892.
125. Terrance Sandalow quoted in Vincent Bugliosi, "None Dare Call It Treason," The Nation 272 (5 February 2001): 15; McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1 (1892); Washington Post, 18 October 1892.
126. Terrance Sandalow quoted in Vincent Bugliosi, "None Dare Call It Treason," The Nation 272 (5 February 2001): 15; McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1 (1892); Washington Post, 18 October 1892.
127. New York Times, 18 October 1892; Detroit Evening News, 20 October 1892; St Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 October 1892; New York Post quoted in Detroit Free Press, 21 October 1892.
128. New York Times, 18 October 1892; Detroit Evening News, 20 October 1892; St Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 October 1892; New York Post quoted in Detroit Free Press, 21 October 1892.
129. New York Times, 18 October 1892; Detroit Evening News, 20 October 1892; St Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 October 1892; New York Post quoted in Detroit Free Press, 21 October 1892.
130. New York Times, 18 October 1892; Detroit Evening News, 20 October 1892; St Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 October 1892; New York Post quoted in Detroit Free Press, 21 October 1892.
131. New York Times, 18 October 1892; Detroit Evening News, 20 October 1892; St Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 October 1892; New York Post quoted in Detroit Free Press, 21 October 1892.
132. Chicago Tribune, 18 October 1892; William Hahn to E.W. Halford, 25 October 1892, Benjamin Harrison Papers, Library of Congress. The Chicago Tribune did concede that the Court's decision was sound. Other Republican newspapers avoided discussing the decision in order to sustain party morale. The New York Tribune, for example, after earlier reporting that the Court's ruling on "the celebrated Miner Law" was "awaited with deep interest all over the country," made no editorial mention of the decision itself. New York Tribune, 12 October 1892.
133. Chicago Tribune, 18 October 1892; William Hahn to E.W. Halford, 25 October 1892, Benjamin Harrison Papers, Library of Congress. The Chicago Tribune did concede that the Court's decision was sound. Other Republican newspapers avoided discussing the decision in order to sustain party morale. The New York Tribune, for example, after earlier reporting that the Court's ruling on "the celebrated Miner Law" was "awaited with deep interest all over the country," made no editorial mention of the decision itself. New York Tribune, 12 October 1892.
134. Chicago Tribune, 18 October 1892; William Hahn to E.W. Halford, 25 October 1892, Benjamin Harrison Papers, Library of Congress. The Chicago Tribune did concede that the Court's decision was sound. Other Republican newspapers avoided discussing the decision in order to sustain party morale. The New York Tribune, for example, after earlier reporting that the Court's ruling on "the celebrated Miner Law" was "awaited with deep interest all over the country," made no editorial mention of the decision itself. New York Tribune, 12 October 1892.
135. Detroit Evening News, 3, 11, 13 August, 10, 12 November 1892. Democratic-Populist fusion on legislative candidates, however, was common, although not universal. See Detroit Evening News, 1 October 1892.
136. Detroit Evening News, 3, 11, 13 August, 10, 12 November 1892. Democratic-Populist fusion on legislative candidates, however, was common, although not universal. See Detroit Evening News, 1 October 1892.
137. Kalamazoo Weekly Telegraph, 16 November, 21 December 1892.
138. Ibid., 28 December 1892; Detroit Free Press, 5, 6, 19 January, 1 February 1893; Detroit Evening News, 12, 14 January 1893.
139. Ibid., 28 December 1892; Detroit Free Press, 5, 6, 19 January, 1 February 1893; Detroit Evening News, 12, 14 January 1893.
140. Ibid., 28 December 1892; Detroit Free Press, 5, 6, 19 January, 1 February 1893; Detroit Evening News, 12, 14 January 1893.
141. Detroit Free Press, 19, 20, 21 January 1893; Journal of the Senate of the State of Michigan, 1893 (Lansing: State Printer, 1893), 141; Detroit Evening News, 20 January 1893.
142. Detroit Free Press, 19, 20, 21 January 1893; Journal of the Senate of the State of Michigan, 1893 (Lansing: State Printer, 1893), 141; Detroit Evening News, 20 January 1893.
143. Detroit Free Press, 19, 20, 21 January 1893; Journal of the Senate of the State of Michigan, 1893 (Lansing: State Printer, 1893), 141; Detroit Evening News, 20 January 1893.
144. Detroit Free Press, 21 January, 2, 3 February 1893; Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Michigan, 1893 (Lansing: State Printer, 1893), 241-242.
145. Detroit Free Press, 21 January, 2, 3 February 1893; Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Michigan, 1893 (Lansing: State Printer, 1893), 241-242.
146. Michigan House Journal, 2057-2058; Detroit Free Press, 3, 21 February 1893; Muskegon News and Big Rapids Bulletin quoted in Detroit Free Press, 24 January 1893.
147. Michigan House Journal, 2057-2058; Detroit Free Press, 3, 21 February 1893; Muskegon News and Big Rapids Bulletin quoted in Detroit Free Press, 24 January 1893.
148. Michigan House Journal, 2057-2058; Detroit Free Press, 3, 21 February 1893; Muskegon News and Big Rapids Bulletin quoted in Detroit Free Press, 24 January 1893.
149. Michigan House Journal, 2057-2058; Detroit Free Press, 3, 21 February 1893; Muskegon News and Big Rapids Bulletin quoted in Detroit Free Press, 24 January 1893.
150. Detroit Free Press, 12 January, 10 March, 19 May 1893; Michigan Senate Journal, 80, 228, 656, 1318. The house tabled the measure without a roll call as the session expired. Michigan House Journal, 1990, 2178.
151. Detroit Free Press, 12 January, 10 March, 19 May 1893; Michigan Senate Journal, 80, 228, 656, 1318. The house tabled the measure without a roll call as the session expired. Michigan House Journal, 1990, 2178.
152. Detroit Free Press, 12 January, 10 March, 19 May 1893; Michigan Senate Journal, 80, 228, 656, 1318. The house tabled the measure without a roll call as the session expired. Michigan House Journal, 1990, 2178.
153. For just one sample of opinions anticipating democratic electoral reform as a consequence of the 2000 election, see the articles in The Nation 271 (4 December 2000), especially Lani Guinier, "Making Every Vote Count," 5-7; Theodore Lowi, "Deregulate the Duopoly," 7-8; and William Greider, "Stupefied Democracy," 11-14. For antifusion laws and Michigan's involvement, see Peter H. Argersinger, "'Place on the Ballot': Fusion Politics and Antifusion Laws," American Historical Review 85 (April 1980): 287-306. For the 1997 decision, see Linda Greenhouse, "Supreme Court Rules Against Fusion Tickets by Minor Parties," New York Times, 29 April 1997.
154. For just one sample of opinions anticipating democratic electoral reform as a consequence of the 2000 election, see the articles in The Nation 271 (4
155. For just one sample of opinions anticipating democratic electoral reform as a consequence of the 2000 election, see the articles in The Nation 271 (4 December 2000), especially Lani Guinier, "Making Every Vote Count," 5-7; Theodore Lowi, "Deregulate the Duopoly," 7-8; and William Greider, "Stupefied Democracy," 11-14. For antifusion laws and Michigan's involvement, see Peter H. Argersinger, "'Place on the Ballot': Fusion Politics and Antifusion Laws," American Historical Review 85 (April 1980): 287-306. For the 1997 decision, see Linda Greenhouse, "Supreme Court Rules Against Fusion Tickets by Minor Parties," New York Times, 29 April 1997.
156. For just one sample of opinions anticipating democratic electoral reform as a consequence of the 2000 election, see the articles in The Nation 271 (4 December 2000), especially Lani Guinier, "Making Every Vote Count," 5-7; Theodore Lowi, "Deregulate the Duopoly," 7-8; and William Greider, "Stupefied Democracy," 11-14. For antifusion laws and Michigan's involvement, see Peter H. Argersinger, "'Place on the Ballot': Fusion Politics and Antifusion Laws," American Historical Review 85 (April 1980): 287-306. For the 1997 decision, see Linda Greenhouse, "Supreme Court Rules Against Fusion Tickets by Minor Parties," New York Times, 29 April 1997.
157. For just one sample of opinions anticipating democratic electoral reform as a consequence of the 2000 election, see the articles in The Nation 271 (4 December 2000), especially Lani Guinier, "Making Every Vote Count," 5-7; Theodore Lowi, "Deregulate the Duopoly," 7-8; and William Greider, "Stupefied Democracy," 11-14. For antifusion laws and Michigan's involvement, see Peter H. Argersinger, "'Place on the Ballot': Fusion Politics and Antifusion Laws," American Historical Review 85 (April 1980): 287-306. For the 1997 decision, see Linda Greenhouse, "Supreme Court Rules Against Fusion Tickets by Minor Parties," New York Times, 29 April 1997.
158. For just one sample of opinions anticipating democratic electoral reform as a consequence of the 2000 election, see the articles in The Nation 271 (4 December 2000), especially Lani Guinier, "Making Every Vote Count," 5-7; Theodore Lowi, "Deregulate the Duopoly," 7-8; and William Greider, "Stupefied Democracy," 11-14. For antifusion laws and Michigan's involvement, see Peter H. Argersinger, "'Place on the Ballot': Fusion Politics and Antifusion Laws," American Historical Review 85 (April 1980): 287-306. For the 1997 decision, see Linda Greenhouse, "Supreme Court Rules Against Fusion Tickets by Minor Parties," New York Times, 29 April 1997.
159. Detroit Evening News, 23 May 1892, 19 May 1893; Detroit Free Press, 20 May 1893,2 March 1895; Michigan Senate Journal, 1364; Michigan House Journal, 1010-1011, 1578, 1918; Cheboygan Democrat, 5 March 1895.
160. Detroit Evening News, 23 May 1892, 19 May 1893; Detroit Free Press, 20 May 1893,2 March 1895; Michigan Senate Journal, 1364; Michigan House Journal, 1010-1011, 1578, 1918; Cheboygan Democrat, 5 March 1895.
161. Detroit Evening News, 23 May 1892, 19 May 1893; Detroit Free Press, 20 May 1893,2 March 1895; Michigan Senate Journal, 1364; Michigan House Journal, 1010-1011, 1578, 1918; Cheboygan Democrat, 5 March 1895.
162. Detroit Evening News, 23 May 1892, 19 May 1893; Detroit Free Press, 20 May 1893,2 March 1895; Michigan Senate Journal, 1364; Michigan House Journal, 1010-1011, 1578, 1918; Cheboygan Democrat, 5 March 1895.
163. Detroit Evening News, 23 May 1892, 19 May 1893; Detroit Free Press, 20 May 1893,2 March 1895; Michigan Senate Journal, 1364; Michigan House Journal, 1010-1011, 1578, 1918; Cheboygan Democrat, 5 March 1895.
164. See J. Morgan Kousser, The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974); Michael Perman, Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
165. See J. Morgan Kousser, The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974); Michael Perman, Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
166. Editorial, "Election Reform Stalls," New York Times, 30 April 2001; Katherine Q. Seelye, "Little Change Forecast for Election Process," New York Times, 26 April 2001; Anthony Man, "Legislative Winners and Losers," Southern Illinoisan, 3 June 2001.
167. Editorial, "Election Reform Stalls," New York Times, 30 April 2001; Katherine Q. Seelye, "Little Change Forecast for Election Process," New York Times, 26 April 2001; Anthony Man, "Legislative Winners and Losers," Southern Illinoisan, 3 June 2001.
168. Editorial, "Election Reform Stalls," New York Times, 30 April 2001; Katherine Q. Seelye, "Little Change Forecast for Election Process," New York Times, 26 April 2001; Anthony Man, "Legislative Winners and Losers," Southern Illinoisan, 3 June 2001.
169. B. Drummond Ayres, Jr., "Political Briefing." New York Times, 6 May 2001.
170. Katherine Q. Seelye, "Old Disagreements Emerge in Election Reform Hearing," New York Times, 4 May 2001.