The Spider Phobia Card Sorting Test: An investigation of phobic fear and executive functioning

Cognition and Emotion

Volumn 18, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 939-960

  Mohlman, Jan ^a   Mangels, Jennifer ^b   Craske, Michelle G ^c  

^a SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTION; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENTAL FUNCTION; MOOD; NEGLECT; PHOBIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; QUESTIONNAIRE; SCORING SYSTEM; SENSORY STIMULATION; SPIDER; STANDARDIZATION; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; TASK PERFORMANCE; WISCONSIN CARD SORTING TEST;

EID: 8644254376     PISSN: 02699931     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02699930341000310     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Antony, M. M., Leeuw, I., Ing, N., & Swinson, R. P. (1998, November). Effect of distraction and coping style on in vivo exposure treatment for specific phobia of spiders. Poster presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, DC.
2. Basso, M. R., Schefft, B. K., Ris, M. D., & Dember, W. N. (1996). Mood and global-local visual processing. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 249-255.
3. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1987). Beck Depression Inventory: Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychiatric Corporation.
4. Benton, A. L., & Hamsher, K. deS. (1976). Multilingual aphasia examination. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa.
5. Boone, K. B., Ponton, M. O., Gorsuch, R. L., Gonzalea, J. J., & Miller, B. L. (1998). Factor analysis of four measures of prefrontal lobe functioning. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13, 585-595.
6. Bradley, M. M., Greenwald, M. K., Petry, M. C., & Lang, P. J. (1992). Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(2), 379-390.
7. Burgess, P. W., Alderman, N., Evans, J., Emslie, H., & Wilson, B. (1998). The ecological validity of tests of executive function. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4 547-558.
8. Burgess, P. W., & Shallice, T. (1996). Response suppression, initiation, and strategy use following frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychologia, 34, 263-273.
9. Burke, M., & Mathews, M. (1992). Autobiographical memory and clinical anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 23-35.
10. Chiarello, C., Church, K. L., & Hoyer, W. J. (1986). Automatic and controlled semantic priming: Accuracy, response bias, and aging. Journal of Gerontology, 40, 593-600.
11. Dagleish, T., & Watts, F. N. (1990). Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 589-604.
12. DeRuiter, C., & Brosschot, J. F. (1994). The emotional Stroop interference effect in anxiety: Attentional bias or cognitive avoidance? Behaviour Research & Therapy, 32, 315-319.
13. Ehlers, A., Margaf, J., Davies, S., & Roth, W. T. (1988). Selective processing of threat cues in subjects with panic attacks. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 201-219.
14. First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (1995). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-1, version 2.0, October 1995, Final Version) Biometrics Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA.
15. Foa, E. B., Ilai, D., McCarthy, P. R., Shoyer, B., & Murdock, T. (1993). Information processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 173-189.
16. Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99 1), 20-35.
17. Foa, E. B., McNally, R. J., & Murdock, T. B. (1989). Anxious mood and memory. Behaviour Research and Theapy, 27, 141-147.
18. Foster, J. K., Eskes, G. A., & Stuss, D. T. (1994). The cognitive neuropsychology of attention: A frontal lobe perspective. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 11, 133-147.
19. Fuster, J. M. (1997). The preftontal cortex (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.
20. Golden, C. J. (1976). The diagnosis of brain damage by the Stroop test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 654-658.
21. Grober, E., & Sliwinski, M. (1991). Development and validation of a model for estimating premorbid verbal intelligence in the elderly. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 933-949.
22. Guilford, J. P., & Guilford, J. S. (1980). Christensen-Guilford fluency tests. Manual of instructions and interpretations. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.
23. Hayes, S. C., Gifford, E. V., & Ruckstruhl, L. E. (1996). Relational frame theory and executive function: A behavioral approach. In G. R. Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp. 279-326). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
24. Heaton, R. K. (1981). Wisconsin card sorting test. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
25. Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin card sorting test manual: Revised and expanded. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
26. Hope, D. A., Rapee, R. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Dombeck, M. J. (1990). Representations of self in social phobia: Vulnerability to social threat. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 477-485.
27. Jensen-Campbell, L. A., Rosselli, M., Workman, K. A., Santisi, M., Rios, J. D., & Bojan, D. (2001). Agreeableness, conscientiousness, and effortfull control processes. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 476-489.
28. Johnson, M. K., Kounios, J., & Reeder, J. A. (1994). Time-course studies of reality monitoring and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1409-1419.
29. Kindt, M. (1998). Cognitive avoidance in phobia. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 43-55.
30. Kindt, M., & Brosschot, J. F. (1997). Phobia-related cognitive bias for pictorial and linguistic stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(4), 644-648.
31. Klorman, R., Weerts, T. C., Hastings, J. E., Melamed, B. G., & Lang, P. J. (1974). Psychometric description of some specific fear questionnaires. Behavior Therapy, 5, 401-409.
32. Lavy, E., & Van den Hout, M. (1993). Selective attention evidenced by pictorial and linguistic Stroop tasks. Behavior Therapy, 24, 645-657.
33. Lavy, E., Van den Hout, M., & Arntz, A. (1993). Attentional bias and facilitated escape: A pictorial test. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 15, 279-289.
34. Lezak, M. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
35. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203.
36. MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1991). Biased cognitive operations in anxiety: Accessibility of information or assignment of processing priorities? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 599-610.
37. Martin, D. J., Oren, Z., & Boone, K. B. (1991). Major depressives' and dysthymics' performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 684-690.
38. Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1985). Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 563-569.
39. Mattia, J. I., Heimberg, R. G., & Hope, D. A. (1993). The revised Stroop color-naming task in social phobics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 305-313.
40. McNally, R. J., English, G. E., & Lipke, H. J. (1993). Assessment of intrusive cognition in PTSD: Use of the modified Stroop paradigm. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 33-41.
41. McNally, R. J., Kaspi, S. P., Riemann, B. C., & Zeitlin, S. B. (1990). Selective processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 398-402.
42. Milham, M. P., Banich, M. T., Webb, A., Barad, N. J., Cohen, T., Wszalek, A. F. K. (2001). The relative involvement of anterior cingulated and prefrontal cortex in attentional control depends on nature of conflict. Cognitive Brain Research, 12, 467-473.
43. Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100.
44. Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., DeBono, J., & Painter, M. (1997). Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 297-303.
45. Mogg, K., Mathews, A., Weinman, J. (1987). Memory bias in clinical anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 94-98.
46. Mogg, K., Mathews, A., & Weinman, J. (1989). Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 317-323.
47. Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1996). A comparison of two spider fear questionnaires. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27, 241-244.
48. Ober, B., Vinogradov, S., & Shenaut, G. (1997). Automatic versus controlled semantic priming in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, 11, 506-513.
49. Paolo, A. M., Troster, A. I., Axelrod, B. N., & Koller, W. C. (1995). Construct validity of the WCST in normal elderly and persons with Parkinson's disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 10, 463-473.
50. Pihlajamaki, M., Tanila, H., Hanninen, T., Kononen, M., Laakso, M., Partanen, K., Soininen, H., & Aronen, H. J. (2000). Verbal fluency activates the left medial temporal lobe: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Annals of Neurology, 47, 470-476.
51. Richards, A., & Whitaker, T. (1990). Effects of anxiety and mood manipulation in autobiographical memory. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29, 145-154.
52. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. (1983). State-trait anxiety inventory test manual for form Y. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychological Press.
53. Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1998). A compendium of neuropsychological tests. New York: Oxford University Press.
54. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 225, 643-662.
55. Stuss, D. T., & Benson, D. F. (1986). The frontal lobes New York: Raven.
56. Stuss, D. T., Alexander, M. P., Hamer, L., Palumbo, C., Dempster R., Binns, M., Levine, B., & Izukawa, D. (1998). The effects of focal anterior and posterior brain lesions on verbal fluency. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 265-278.
57. Thorpe, S. J., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1997). Information processing in spider phobics: The Stroop colour naming task may indicate strategic but not automatic attentional bias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 131-144.
58. Thorpe, S. J., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1998). Selective attention to real phobic and safety stimuli. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 471-481.
59. Tolin, D. F., Sawchuk, C. N., Lee, T. C., Mount, M. K., & Lohr, J. M. (1996, November). Attentional bias and perceptual avoidance in specific phobia. Poster presented at the 30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New York, USA.
60. Watts, F. N. (1986). Cognitive processing in phobias. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 14, 295-301.
61. Watts, F. N. (1990). The cohesiveness of phobic concepts. In K. J. Gilhooly (Ed.), Lines of thinking: Reflections on the psychology of thought (Vol. 2, pp. 145-155). Oxford, UK: John Wiley.
62. Watts, F. N., & Dagleish, T. (1991). Memory for phobia-related words in spider phobics. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 513-529.
63. Watts, F. N., McKenna, F. P., Sharrock, R., & Trezise, L. (1986). Colour naming of phobia-related words. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 97-108.
64. Wenzel, A., & Holt, C. S. (1999). Brief report: Dot probe performance in two specific phobias. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 407-410.
65. Williams, J. M. G., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1996). The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 120 3-24.