How the U.S. accounting profession got where it is today: Part II

Accounting Horizons

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 267-286

  Zeff, Stephen A ^a  

^a RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 8644237735     PISSN: 08887993     EISSN: 15587975     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2308/acch.2003.17.4.267     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Accountants Turn Tougher. 1969. Business Week (October 18): 124-125, 128, 130.
2. Accounting and Auditing Practices and Procedures. 1977. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Reports, Accounting and Management of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, 95th Congress, 1st Session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
3. Accounting at the Half-Century Mark. 1951. Editorial. The Journal of Accountancy 91 (January): 65-66.
4. The Accounting Establishment. 1976. A staff study prepared by the Subcommittee on Reports, Accounting, and Management of the Committee on Government Operations, United States Senate, 94th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
5. Advisory Panel on Auditor Independence. 1994. Strengthening the Professionalism of the Independent Auditor. Stamford, CT: Public Oversight Board.
6. Allen, D. G., and K. McDermott. 1993. Accounting for Success: A History of Price Waterhouse in America 1890-1990. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
7. An Interview with Our New Management Team. 1984. World (Peat Marwick house organ) 18 (4): 3-5.
8. Annual Report 1985-1986. 1986. New York, NY: Public Oversight Board.
9. Anreder, S. S. 1979. Profit or Loss? Price-cutting is hitting accountants in the bottom line. Barron's (March 12): 9, 18, 20, 31.
10. Arnold, J. L. 1988. Proceedings of the October 8, 1987 Roundtable Discussion on Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Regulatory Accounting Practices. Los Angeles, CA: School of Accounting, University of Southern California.
11. Arthur Andersen is Set Back in Bid to Bar SEC Rulings. 1976. Wall Street Journal (September 7): 13.
12. Bernstein, A. 2002. Options: Middle managers will take the hit. Business Week (December 9): 120.
13. Bernstein, P. W. 1978. Competition comes to accounting. Fortune 98 (July 17): 88-92, 94, 96.
14. Berton, L. 1985a. Audit fees fall as CPA firms jockey for bids. Wall Street Journal (January 28): 31.
15. Berton, L. 1985b. Legerdemain: Accounting at thrifts provokes controversy as gimmickry mounts. Wall Street Journal (March 21): 1, 21.
16. Berton, L. 1985c. Peat Marwick departures indicate firm's chief isn't leading merely a routine efficiency drive. Wall Street Journal (March 21): 4.
17. Berton, L. 1985d. Total war: CPA firms diversify, cut fees, steal clients in battle for business. Wall Street Journal (September 20): 1, 12.
18. Berton, L. 1987. Wyatt quits FASB; some cite his views. Wall Street Journal (August 4): 32.
19. Bialkin, K. J. 1987. Government antitrust enforcement and the rules of conduct. Journal of Accountancy 163 (May): 105-109.
20. Block, M. 1982. Is there more than one accounting profession (U.S.A.)? In Annual Accounting Review, Volume 4, edited by S. Weinstein and M. A. Walker, 163-195. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.
21. Bowman, A. W. 1985. Statement reproduced in SEC and Corporate Audits (Part 1), Hearings before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, 99th Congress, 1st Session, March 6, 1985: 700-719. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
22. Bows, A. J. 1973. Arthur Andersen opens its books. The Arthur Andersen Chronicle 33 (September): 54-59.
23. Brenner, L. 1991. See no evil: Why do accountants keep giving their stamp of approval to unsound companies? Newsday (February 10).
24. Bricker, R. J., and G. J. Previts, eds. 2002. The Murphy-Kirk-Beresford Correspondence 1982-1996. Oxford, Kidlington, U.K.: JAI/Elsevier Science.
25. Briloff, A. J. 1967. Dirty pooling. The Accounting Review 42 (July): 489-496.
26. Briloff, A. J. 1970. Accounting practices and the merger movement. Notre Dame Lawyer 45 (Summer): 604-628.
27. Briloff, A. J. 1972. Unaccountable Accounting. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
28. Briloff, A. J. 1987. Do management services endanger independence and objectivity? The CPA Journal 57 (August): 22-24, 26-27, 29.
29. Brooks, J. 1973. The Go-Go Years: When Prices Went Topless. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
30. Burton, J. C. 1971. An educator views the public accounting profession. The Journal of Accountancy 132 (September): 47-53.
31. Briloff, A. J. 1974. Elephants, flexibility and the Financial Accounting Standards Board. The Business Lawyer 29 (March): 151-154.
32. Briloff, A. J. 1980. A critical look at professionalism and scope of services. The Journal of Accountancy 149 (April): 48-56.
33. Briloff, A. J., and R. J. Sack. 1990. Standard setting process in trouble (again). Editorial. Accounting Horizons 4 (December): 117-120.
34. Carey, J. L. 1967. The new pressures on the CPA. In Ernst & Ernst Symposium for Educators, Ernst & Ernst, 11-22. [n.p.]
35. Carey, J. L. 1969. The Rise of the Accounting Profession: From Technician to Professional 1896-1936. New York, NY: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
36. Carey, J. L. 1970. The Rise of the Accounting Profession: To Responsibility and Authority 1937-1969. New York, NY: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
37. Catlett, G. R. 1969. Better objectives needed to improve accounting principles. The Journal of Accountancy 128 (October): 62-65.
38. Certified Public Accountants. 1932. Fortune 5 (June): 62-66, 95-96, 98, 101-102.
39. Chapin, D. H. 1992. Changing the image of the CPA. The CPA Journal 92 (December): 16-18, 20, 22, 24.
40. Chatov, R. 1975. Corporate Financial Reporting: Public or Private Control? New York, NY: The Free Press.
41. Chenok, P. B. 2000. Foundations for the Future: The AICPA from 1980 to 1995. With A. Snyder. Stamford, CT: JAI Press Inc.
42. The Commission on Auditors' Responsibilities. 1978. Report, Conclusions, and Recommendations. New York, NY: The Commission on Auditors' Responsibilities.
43. Conglomerate Mergers and Acquisitions: Opinion & Analysis. 1970. St. John's Law Review 44 (Spring, Special Edition).
44. Cook, J. M., E. M. Freedman, R. J. Groves, J. C. Madonna, S. F. O'Malley, and L. A. Weinbach. 1992. The liability crisis in the United States: Impact on the accounting profession. Journal of Accountancy 174 (November): 18-23.
45. The CPA Journal Symposium on the Future of Assurance Services. 1996. The CPA Journal 66 (May): 14ff.
46. Cypert, S. A. 1991. Following the Money: The Inside Story of Accounting's First Mega-Merger. New York, NY: AMACOM, a division of American Management Association.
47. Depreciation and Obsolescence. 1920. Bulletin "F." Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
48. Elliott, R. K. 1995. Professional growth through new assurance services. Report of the Chairman of the AICPA Special Committee on Assurance Services to AICPA Council (October).
49. Employers' Accounting for Pensions. 1983. New York, NY: Touche Ross & Co.
50. Evans, J. R. 1984. An evaluation of SEC accounting policies and regulation. In The SEC and Accounting: The First 50 Years, edited by R. H. Mundheim and N. E. Leech, 155-167. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland.
51. Federal Regulation and Regulatory Reform. 1976. Report by the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
52. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). 1977. Statement of Position. Stamford, CT: FASB (April 14).
53. The First Sixty Years 1913-1973. 1974. Chicago, IL: Arthur Andersen & Co.
54. Gerth, J. 1990. The savings debacle: How safeguards failedóA blend of tragedy and farce. The New York Times (July 3): D1, D5.
55. Glickauf, J. S. 1971. Footsteps Toward Professionalism: The Development of an Administrative Services Practice over the Past Twenty-Five Years. Chicago, IL: Arthur Andersen & Co.
56. Gorton, D. E. 1991. The SEC decision not to support SFAS No. 19: A case study of the effect of lobbying on standard setting. Accounting Horizons 5 (March): 29-41.
57. Grady, P. 1971. Research in accounting principles. Letter. The Journal of Accountancy 131 (April): 24, 26.
58. Grant, E. L., and P. T. Norton, Jr. 1955. Depreciation. New York, NY: The Ronald Press Company.
59. Greenspan, A. 2002. Corporate Governance, a speech delivered at the Stern School of Business, New York University, March 26. Available at: http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2002.
60. Gregory, W. R. 1980. Letter to AICPA members attending the special meeting on July 11, 1980. The CPA Letter 60 (July): 3-6.
61. Hawkins, D. F. 1962. Corporate Financial Disclosure, 1900-1933: A Study of Management Inertia within a Rapidly Changing Environment. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, 1986.
62. Hayes, T. C. 1979. Accountants under scrutiny: Consulting jobs called risk to independence. The New York Times (June 25): D1, D4.
63. Hicks, E. L. 1969. APB: The first 3600 days. The Journal of Accountancy 128 (September): 56-60.
64. Ijiri, Y. 1980. An introduction to corporate accounting standards: A review. The Accounting Review 55 (October): 620-628.
65. The Institute Responds... 1977. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (April). [n.p.]
66. Isbell, D. B. 1970. Continental Vending case: Lessons for the profession. Journal of Accountancy 130 (August): 33-40.
67. Jaenicke, H. R. 1977. The Effect of Litigation on Independent Auditors. New York, NY: The Commission on Auditors' Responsibilities.
68. Keats, C. 1964. Magnificent Masquerade: The Strange Case of Dr. Coster and Mr. Musica. New York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls.
69. Kirk, D. J. 1984. Where is public accounting headed? World (Peat Marwick house organ) 18 (4): 29, 31.
70. Levitt, A. 1996. The guardians of financial truth. Speech delivered at the Financial Reporting Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, June 6. Available at: http://www.sec.gov/news/speech/speecharchive/1996/spch106.txt.
71. Levitt, A. 2002. Take on the Street. With P. Dwyer. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
72. Mason, E. 1985. Statement reproduced in SEC and Corporate Audits (Part 1), Hearings before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, 99th Congress, 1st Session, March 6, 730-760. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
73. Mason, E. 1994. Public accountingóNo longer a profession? The CPA Journal 64 (July): 34-37.
74. A Matter of Principle Splits CPAs. 1963. Business Week (January 26): 50, 55-57, 60.
75. May, G. O. 1926. Corporate publicity and the auditor. The Journal of Accountancy 62 (November): 321-326.
76. May, G. O. 1943. Financial Accounting: A Distillation of Experience. New York, NY: Macmillan.
77. McCarten, J. 1939. The greatest accountant in the world. The New Yorker 15 (December 16): 86-95.
78. The McKesson & Robbins Case. 1939. Editorial. The Journal of Accountancy 67 (February): 65.
79. McRoberts, F. 2002. The fall of Andersen. Chicago Tribune (September 1): 1, 16, 17.
80. Mednick, R. 1990. Independence: Let's get back to basics. Journal of Accountancy 169 (January): 86-88, 90, 92-93.
81. Mednick, R., and G. J. Previts. 1987. The scope of CPA services: A view of the future from the perspective of a century of progress. Journal of Accountancy 163 (May): 220ff.
82. Miller, P. B. W., R. J. Redding, and P. R Bahnson. 1998. The FASB: The People, the Process, and the Politics. Fourth edition. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
83. Miranti, P., Jr. 1990. Accountancy Comes of Age: The Development of an American Profession, 1886-1940. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.
84. Moonitz, M. 1966. Some reflections on the investment credit experience. Journal of Accounting Research 4 (Spring): 47-61.
85. Nelligan, J. L. 1980. Regulation and the accounting profession: The Congressional view. In Regulation and the Accounting Profession, edited by J. W. Buckley and J. F. Weston, 109-122. Belmont, CA: Lifetime Learning Publications.
86. Olson, W. E. 1982. The Accounting Profession, Years of Trial: 1969-1980. New York, NY: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
87. Orben, R. A. 1984. An evaluation of the SEC's performanceóA product of leadership. In The SEC and Accounting: The First 50 Years, edited by R. H. Mundheim and N. E. Leech, 141-148. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland.
88. Our Firm Files Petition with SEC. 1976. Executive News Briefs (of Arthur Andersen & Co.) 4 (June): 1-4.
89. The Palace Revolt at Arthur Andersen. 1979. Business Week (October 29): 52.
90. The Panel on Audit Effectiveness. 2000. Report and Recommendations. Stamford, CT: Public Oversight Board.
91. Paton, W. A. 1971. Earmarks of a professionóand the APB. The Journal of Accountancy 131 (January): 37-45.
92. Paton, W. A., and A. C. Littleton. 1940. An Introduction to Corporate Accounting Standards. American Accounting Association. [n.p.]
93. Previts, G. J. 1985. The Scope of CPA Services. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
94. Previts, G. J., and B. D. Merino. 1998. A History of Accountancy in the United States: The Cultural Significance of Accounting. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
95. The Public Accounting Profession: Meeting the Needs of a Changing World. 1991. Arthur Andersen & Co., Coopers & Lybrand, Deloitte & Touche, Ernst & Young, KPMG Peat Marwick and Price Waterhouse. [n.p.]
96. Public Oversight Board (POB). 1979. Scope of Services by CPA Firms. New York, NY: POB.
97. Public Oversight Board (POB). 1993. In the Public Interest. A special report. Stamford, CT: POB.
98. Rappaport, L. H. 1963. Forces influencing accounting: The stock exchanges. 1963 Conference of Accountants: Accounting Papers, 33-43. The University of Tulsa. [n.p.]
99. Report of the Committee on Establishment of an Accounting Commission. 1971. The Accounting Review 46 (July): 609-616.
100. Report of the National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting. 1987. National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting. [n.p.]
101. Report of the Special Committee on Equity Funding. 1975. New York, NY: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
102. Report of the Study on Establishment of Accounting Principles. 1972. Establishing Financial Accounting Standards. New York, NY: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
103. Report to Congress on the Accounting Profession and the Commission's Oversight Role. 1978. July 1. Washington, D.C.: Securities and Exchange Commission.
104. Restructuring Professional Standards to Achieve Professional Excellence in a Changing Environment. 1986. Report of the Special Committee on Standards of Professional Conduct for Certified Public Accountants. New York, NY: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
105. Revenge of the Nerds. 2003. The Economist (May 31): 68, 73.
106. Revsine, L. 1991. The selective financial misrepresentation hypothesis. Accounting Horizons 5 (December): 16-27.
107. Ruder, D. S. 1989. Private sector accounting standards: The SEC's oversight role. Typescript speech before the AICPA Sixteenth National Conference on Current SEC Developments, Washington, D.C., January 10.
108. Sack, R. J., and R. Tangreti. 1987. ESM: Implications for the profession. Journal of Accountancy 163 (April): 94-100.
109. Savoie, L. M. 1968. The professional goals of the Institute. In Leonard M. Savoie: Words from the Past, Thoughts for Today, edited by D. E. Tidrick, 111-114. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, 1995.
110. Savoie, L. M. 1974. A view of the accounting profession and accounting education from a professional accountant in industry. In Leonard M. Savoie: Words from the Past, Thoughts for Today, edited by D. E. Tidrick, 57-66. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, 1995.
111. Schuetze, W. P. 1994. A mountain or a molehill? Accounting Horizons 8 (March): 69-75.
112. SEC and Corporate Audits (Part 1). 1985. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, 99th Congress, 1st Session, February 20. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
113. SEC Staff Analysis [of the AICPA White Paper]. 1997. Prepared by the Office of the Chief Accountant. December. Washington, D.C.: Securities and Exchange Commission.
114. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). 2002. Strengthening the Commission's Requirements Regarding Auditor Independence. Release Nos. 33-8154, 34-46934; 35-27610; IC-25838; IA-2088, FR-64. December 2. [Washington, D.C.: Securities and Exchange Commission.]
115. Securities and Exchange Commission Report to Congress on the Accounting Profession and the Commission's Oversight Role. 1978. Washington, D.C.: Securities and Exchange Commission.
116. Securities and Exchange Commission Report to Congress on the Accounting Profession and the Commission's Oversight Role. 1979. Prepared for the Subcommittee on Governmental Efficiency and the District of Columbia of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, by the Securities and Exchange Commission (96th Congress, 1st Session). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
117. Seidler, L. J., F. Andrews, and M. J. Epstein. 1977. The Equity Funding Papers: The Anatomy of a Fraud. Santa Barbara, CA: Wiley/Hamilton.
118. Seligman, J. 1982. The Transformation of Wall Street: A History of the Securities and Exchange Commission and Modern Corporate Finance. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
119. Shaplen, R. 1955. Annals of crime: The metamorphosis of Philip Musica. The New Yorker 31 (October 22): 49-81, (October 29): 39-79.
120. Simonetti, G., Jr., and A. R. Andrews. 1987. "RAP-man"óIt's devouring GAAP. Review (of Price Waterhouse) 31 (3): 55-58.
121. Sommerfeld, R. M., and J. E. Easton. 1987. The CPA's tax practice todayóAnd how it got that way. Journal of Accountancy 163 (May): 166-172, 174-176, 178-179.
122. Special Committee on Standards of Professional Conduct for CPAs. 1985. Interim Report to Council for Discussion at Break-Out Session. Typescript dated May 16. New York, NY: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
123. Staff Report on Auditor Independence. 1994. Prepared by the Office of the Chief Accountant. Securities and Exchange Commission. March. [n.p.]
124. Status Report No. 50. 1977. Stamford, CT: Financial Accounting Standards Board.
125. Staub, W. A. 1942. Auditing Developments during the Present Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
126. Sterling, R. R. 1967. Conservatism: The fundamental principle of valuation in traditional accounting. Abacus 3 (December): 329-352.
127. Stevens, M. 1981. The Big Eight. New York, NY: Macmillan.
128. Stevens, M. 1985. The Accounting Wars. New York, NY: Macmillan.
129. Stevens, M. 1991. The Big Six: The Selling Out of America's Top Accounting Firms. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
130. Strait, A. M. 1993. A call for change. Research in Accounting Regulation 7: 183-186.
131. Study Group on Business Income. 1952. Changing Concepts of Business Income. New York, NY: Macmillan.
132. Swanson, T. 1972. Touche Ross: A Biography. Touche Ross & Co. [n.p.]
133. Tietjen, A. C. 1970. Financial reporting responsibilities. The Price Waterhouse Review 15 (Spring): 6-15.
134. Traub, J. 1990. Too Good to be True: The Outlandish Story of Wedtech. New York, NY: Doubleday.
135. Users and Abusers: Here's The Bottom Line on the Accounting Profession. 1987. Interview with Arthur R. Wyatt. Barron's (September 14): 13ff.
136. Van Riper, R. 1994. Setting Standards for Financial Reporting: FASB and the Struggle for Control of a Critical Process. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
137. A Vision of Grandeur. 1988. Arthur Andersen & Co., S.C. [n.p.]
138. Walters, R. E. 1984. Looking Back in Sorrow. International Accounting Bulletin Special Report (January): S/ 6-S/9.
139. Weinstein, G. W. 1987. The Bottom LineóInside Accounting Today. New York, NY: NAL Books/New American Library.
140. Wiesen, J. 1978. The Securities Acts and Independent Auditors: What Did Congress Intend? New York, NY: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
141. Williams, H. M. 1980. The 1980s: The future of the accounting profession. In The Development of SEC Accounting, edited by G. J. Previts, 418-427. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1981.
142. Williams, P. D. 1971. In Footsteps Toward Professionalism: The Development of an Administrative Services Practice over the Past Twenty-five Years, edited by J. S. Glickauf, v-vi. Chicago, IL: Arthur Andersen & Co.
143. Wise, T. A. 1960. The auditors have arrived. Fortune 62 (November): 151ff., (December): 144ff.
144. Wise, T. A. 1982. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. 85 Years. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. [n.p.]
145. Wootton, C. W., and C. M. Wolk. 1992. The development of "The Big Eight" accounting firms in the United States, 1900 to 1990. The Accounting Historians Journal 19 (June): 1-27.
146. Wootton, C. W., C. M. Wolk, and C. Normand. 2003. An historical perspective on mergers and acquisitions by major US accounting firms. Accounting History 8 (May): 25-60.
147. Wyatt, A. R. 1988. Professionalism in standard-setting. The CPA Journal 58 (July): 20ff.
148. Wyatt, A. R. 1989. Accounting standards and the professional auditor. Accounting Horizons 3 (June): 96-102.
149. Wyatt, A. R. 1991. Accounting standard setting at a crossroads. Accounting Horizons 5 (September): 110-114.
150. Zeff, S. A. 1966. The American Accounting Association: Its First 50 Years. American Accounting Association. [n.p.]
151. Zeff, S. A. 1972. Forging Accounting Principles in Five Countries: A History and an Analysis of Trends. Champaign, IL: Stipes Publishing Co.
152. Zeff, S. A. 1978. The rise of "economic consequences." Stanford Lectures in Accounting 1978, 11-19. Stanford, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University.
153. Zeff, S. A. 1986. Big Eight firms and the accounting literature: The falloff in advocacy writing. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance (new series, 1) (Spring): 131-154.
154. Zeff, S. A. 1987. Does the CPA belong to a profession? Accounting Horizons 1 (June): 65-68.
155. Zeff, S. A. 1992. The decline of professionalism. De Accountant (The Netherlands) 98 (January): 264-267.
156. Zeff, S. A. 1998a. Whither the independent audit? Chartered Accountants Journal 77 (February): 41.
157. Zeff, S. A. 1998b. Independence and standard setting. Critical Perspectives on Accounting 9 (October): 535-543.
158. Zeff, S. A. 2001. The work of the Special Committee on Research Program. The Accounting Historians Journal 28 (December): 141-186.