Family-based therapies for adolescent alcohol and drug use: Research contributions and future research needs

Addiction

Volumn 99, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2004, Pages 76-92

  Liddle, Howard A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescent substance misuse; Adolescent treatment research; Family based interventions

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL USE DISORDER; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ALCOHOLISM; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; COMPETENCE; DRUG ABUSE; FAMILY; FAMILY INTERACTION; FAMILY THERAPY; GROUP PSYCHOLOGY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; JUVENILE DELINQUENCY; MEDICAL LITERATURE; META ANALYSIS; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; REVIEW; SCHOOL; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THEORY; TREATMENT RETENTION;

ADOLESCENT; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS; FAMILY THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; RESEARCH DESIGN; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 8544227673     PISSN: 09652140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00856.x     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Addiction Technology Transfer Centers (ATTC) (2000) The Change Book: A Blueprint for Technology Transfer. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.
2. Addis, M. E. & Waltz, J. (2002) Implicit and untested assumptions about the role of psychotherapy treatment manuals in evidence-based mental health practice: commentary. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 421-424.
3. Alexander, J. F. & Parsons, B. V. (1982) Functional Family Therapy: Principles and Procedures. Carmel, CA: Brooks/Cole.
4. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) (1997) Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 140-156.
5. Azrin, N. H., Donohue, B., Besalel, V. A., Kogan, E. S. & Acierno, R. (1994) Youth drug abuse treatment: a controlled outcome study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 3, 1-16.
6. Babor, T. (2002) Scribbling in the margins: comments on Humphreys & Tucker. Addiction, 97, 137-138.
7. Backer, T. E., ed. (2001) Finding the Balance: Program Fidelity and Adaptation in Substance Abuse Prevention. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention [available at: http://www.samhsa.gov].
8. Brook, J. S., Nomura, C. & Cohen, P. (1989) A network of influences on adolescent drug involvement: neighborhood, school, peer, and family. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 115, 123-145.
9. Brown, T. L., Henggeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Brondino, M. J. & Pickrel, S. G. (1999) Multisystemic treatment of substance abusing and dependent juvenile offenders: effects on school attendance at posttreatment and 6-month follow-up. Children's Services: Social Policy, Research, and Practice, 2, 81-93.
10. Catalano, R. F., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A. M., Lonczak, H. S. & Hawkins, J. D. (2004) Positive youth development in the United States; Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591, 98-124.
11. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) (1999a) Adolescent Treatment Models. GFA no. TI99-001. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
12. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) (1999b) Treatment of Adolescents with Substance Use Disorders. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, no. 32. DHHS publication no. (SMA) 01-3494. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
13. Coatsworth, J. D., Santisteban, D. A., McBride, C. K. & Szapocznik, J. (2001) Brief strategic family therapy versus community control: engagement, retention, and an exploration of the moderating role of adolescent symptom severity. Family Process, 40, 313-332.
14. Copello, A. & Orford, J. (2002) Addiction and the family: is it time for services to take notice of the evidence? Addiction, 97, 1361-1363.
15. Crits-Cristoph, P. & Siqueland, L. (1996) Psychosocial treatment for drug abuse: selected review and recommendations for national health care. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 749-756.
16. Dembo, R., Shemwell, M., Guida, J., Schmeidler, J., Pacheco, K. & Seeberger, W. A. (1998) A longitudinal study of the impact of a family empowerment intervention on juvenile offender psychosocial functioning: a first assessment. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 8, 15-54.
17. Dennis, M. L., Titus, J. C., Diamond, G., Donaldson, J., Godley, S. F., Frank, T., Webb, C., Kaminer, Y., Babor, T., French, M., Godley, M. D., Hamilton, N., Liddle, H. & Scott, C. (2004) The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) experiment: a multisite study of five approaches to outpatient treatment for adolescents. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, in press.
18. Dennis, M. L., Titus, J. C., Diamond, G., Donaldson, J., Godley, S. F., Frank, T., Webb, C., Kaminer, Y., Babor, T., Roebuck, M. C., Godley, M. D., Hamilton, N., Liddle, H. A., Scott, C. K. & the CYT Steering Committee (2002) The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) experiment: rationale, study design and analysis plans. Addiction, 97, 16-34.
19. Diamond, G. S. & Diamond, G. M. (2001) Studying a matrix of change mechanisms. An agenda for family-based process research. In: Liddle, H. A., Santisteban, D. A., Levant, R. F. & Bray, J. H., eds. Family Psychology: Science-Based Interventions, pp. 41-66. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
20. Diamond, G. S. & Liddle, H. A. (1996) Resolving a therapeutic impasse between parents and adolescents in Multidimensional Family Therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 481-488.
21. Diamond, G. S. & Liddle, H. A. (1999) Transforming negative parent-adolescent interactions: from impasse to dialogue. Family Process, 38, 5-26.
22. Diamond, G. M., Liddle, H. A., Hogue, A. & Dakof, G. A. (1999) Alliance building interventions with adolescents in family therapy: a process study. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, and Training, 36, 355-368.
23. DiClemente, C. C. & Prochaska, J. O. (1998) Toward a comprehensive, transtheoretical model of change: stages of change and addictive behaviors. In: Miller, W. R. & Heather, N., eds. Treating Addictive Behaviors, 2nd edn, pp. 3-24. New York: Plenum Publications.
24. Dishion, T. J. & McMahon, R. (1998) Parental monitoring and the prevention of problem behavior: a conceptual and empirical reformulation. In: Ashery, R., Robertson, E. & Kumpfer, K., eds. Drug Abuse Abuse Prevention Prevention Through Family Interventions. NIDA Research Monograph no. 177, pp. 229-259. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
25. Donohue, B., Azrin, N., Lawson, H., Friedlander, J., Teicher, G. & Rindsberg, J. (1998) Improving initial session attendance of substance abusing and conduct disordered adolescents: a controlled study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 8, 1-13.
26. Drug Strategies (2002) Treating Teens: a Guide to Adolescent Drug Programs. Washington, DC: Drug Strategies.
27. Duncan, S. C., Duncan, T. E., Biglan, A. & Ary, D. (1998) Contributions of the social context to the development of adolescent substance use: a multivariate latent growth modeling approach. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 50, 57-71.
28. Fals-Stewart, W. & Birchler, G. R. (2002) Behavioral couples therapy with alcoholic men and their intimate partners: the comparative effectiveness of bachelor's- and master's-level counselors. Behavior Therapy, 33, 123-147.
29. Flory, K., Lynam, D. R., Milich, R. & Leukefeld, C. (2004) Early adolescent through young adult alcohol and marijuana use trajectories: early predictors, young adult outcomes, and predictive utility. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 193-213.
30. Follette, W. C. & Beitz, K. (2003) Adding a more rigorous scientific agenda to the empirically supported treatment movement. Behavior Modification, 27, 369-386.
31. Friedman, A. S. (1989) Family therapy vs. parent groups: effects on adolescent drug abusers. American Journal of Family Therapy, 17, 335-347.
32. Godley, S. H., Meyers, R. J., Smith, J. E., Godley, M. D., Titus, J. M., Karvinen, T., Dent, G., Passetti, L. & Kelberg, P. (2000) The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (ACRA) for Adolescent Cannabis Users. Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) manual series, vol. 4. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [available at: http://www.samhsa.gov/csat/csat.htm].
33. Grella, C. E. (2005) The drug abuse treatment outcomes studies: outcomes with adolescent substance abusers. In: Liddle, H. A. & Rowe, C., eds. Treating Adolescent Substance Abuse: State of the Science. London: Cambridge University Press, in press.
34. Haley, J. (1976) Problem-solving Therapy. San Francisco: Jasey Bass.
35. Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F. & Miller, J. Y. (1992) Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64-105.
36. Health Technology Assessment (2003) Commissioning Brief 03/15. Family Therapy for Adolescent Substance Abuse. URL http://www.hta.nhsweb.nhs.uk/calls/ 03-15.htm
37. Henggeler, S. W. (1999) Multisystemic therapy: an overview of clinical procedures, outcomes and policy implications. Child and Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 4, 2-10.
38. Henggeler, S. W., Borduin, C. M., Melton, G. B., Mann, B. J., Smith, L. A., Hall, J. A., Cone, L. & Fucci, B. R. (1991) Effects of multisystemic therapy on drug use and abuse in serious juvenile offenders: a progress report from two outcome studies. Family Dynamics of Addiction Quarterly, 1, 40-51.
39. Henggeler, S. W., Pickrel, S. G. & Brondino, M. J. (1999) Multisystemic treatment of substance abusing and dependent delinquents: outcomes, treatment fidelity, and transportability. Mental Health Services Research, 1, 171-184.
40. Henggeler, S. W., Pickrel, S. G., Brondino, M. J. & Crouch, J. J. (1996) Eliminating (almost) treatment dropout of substance-abusing or dependent delinquents through home-based multisystemic therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 427-428.
41. Hibell, B. S., Anderson, B., Bjarnason, T., Kokkevi, A., Morgan, M., & Narusk, A. (1997) The 1995 ESPAD Report: Alcohol and other Drug Use among Students in 26 European Covntries. Stockholm: Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs.
42. Hogue, A., Liddle, H. A., Becker, D. & Johnson-Leckrone, J. (2002) Family-based prevention counseling for high-risk young adolescent: immediate outcomes. Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 1-22.
43. Hogue, A., Liddle, H. A., Rowe, C., Turner, R. M., Dakof, G. D. & LaPann, K. (1998) Treatment adherence and differentiation in individual versus family therapy for adolescent substance abuse. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 104-114.
44. Howard, K. I., Lueger, R. J., Maling, M. S. & Martinovich, Z. (1993) A phase model of psychotherapy outcome: casual mediation of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 678-685.
45. Hser, Y., Grella, C. E., Hubbard, R. L., Hsieh, S., Fletcher, B. W., Brown, B. & Anglin, D. (2001) An evaluation of drug treatments for adolescents in 4 US cities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 689-695.
46. Huey, S. J., Henggeler, S. W., Brondino, M. J. & Pickrel, S. G. (2000) Mechanisms of change in multisystemic therapy: reducing delinquent behavior through therapist adherence and improved family and peer functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 451-467.
47. Jackson-Gilfort, A., Liddle, H. A., Tejeda, M. J. & Dakof, G. A. (2001) Facilitating engagement of African American male adolescents in family therapy: a cultural theme process study. Journal of Black Psychology, 27, 321-340.
48. Jacobson, N. S. & Revenstorf, D. (1988) Statistics for the clinical significance of psychotherapy techniques: issues, problems, and new developments. Behavioral Assessment, 10, 133-146.
49. Joanning, H., Quinn, Q., Thomas, F. & Müllen, R. (1992) Treating adolescent drug abuse: a comparison of family systems therapy, group therapy, and family drug education. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 18, 345-356.
50. Kaminer, Y. (2000) Contingency management reinforcement procedures for adolescent substance abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1324-1326.
51. Kazdin, A. E. (1982) Symptom substitution, generalization, and response covariation: implications for psychotherapy outcome. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 349-365.
52. Kazdin, A. E. (1994) Methodology, design, and evaluation in psychotherapy research. In: Bergin, A. E. & Garfield, S. L., eds. Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change, pp. 19-71. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
53. Kazdin, A. E. (2001) Progression of therapy research and clinical application of treatment require better understanding of the change process. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 8. 143-151.
54. Kazdin, A. E., Siegel, T. C. & Bass, D. (1990) Drawing on clinical practice to inform research on child and adolescent psychotherapy: survey of practitioners. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 21, 189-198.
55. Klingman, H. & Hunt, G. (1998) Drug Treatment Systems in an International Perspective: Drugs, Demons, and Delinquents. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
56. Kraft, K., Schubert, K., Pond, A. & Aquire-Molina, M. (2005) Adolescent treatment services: the context of care. In: Liddle, H. A. & Rowe, C., eds. Treating Adolescent Substance Abuse: State of the Science, London: Cambridge University Press, in press.
57. Krausz, M. (2000) Editorial. European Addiction Research, 6, 161-162.
58. Latimer, W. W., Winters, K. C., D'Zurilla, T. & Nichols, M. (2003) Integrated family and cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescent substance abusers: a stage I efficacy study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 71, 303-317.
59. Lewis, R. A., Piercy, F. P., Sprenkle, D. H. & Trepper, T. S. (1990) Family-based interventions for helping drug-abusing adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 5, 82-95.
60. Liddle, H. A. (1999) Theory development in a family-based therapy for adolescent drug abuse. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 521-532.
61. Liddle, H. A. (2002a) Multidimensional Family Therapy Treatment (MDFT) for Adolescent Cannabis Users. The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Manual Series, 5. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [available at: http://www.samhsa.gov/csat/ csat.htm].
62. Liddle, H. A. (2002b) Advances in family-based therapy for adolescent substance abuse. In: Harris, L. S., ed. Problems of Drug Dependence 2001: Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Scientific Meeting, pp. 113-115. NIDA Monograph no. 182. NIH Publication no. 02-5097. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
63. Liddle, H. A. (2003) Graduate training: the next frontier in bridging the research-practice divide. Family Psychologist, 19, 40.
64. Liddle, H. A., Breunlin, D. C. & Schwartz, R. C., eds (1988) Handbook of Family Therapy Training and Supervision, New York: Guilford Press.
65. Liddle, H. A. & Dakof, G. A. (1995) Family-based treatment for adolescent drug use: state of the science. In; Rahdert, E. & Czechowicz, D., eds. Adolescent Drug Abuse: Clinical Assessment and Therapeutic Interventions. NIH Publication no. 95-3908. NIDA Research Monograph Series 156. pp. 218-254, Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
66. Liddle, H. A. & Dakof, G. A. (2002) A randomized controlled trial of intensive outpatient, family-based therapy vs. residential drug treatment for co-morbid adolescent drug abusers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 66, S2-S202, S103.
67. Liddle, H. A., Dakof, G. A., Parker, K., Diamond, G. S., Barrett, K. & Tejeda, M. (2001) Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent substance abuse: results of a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 27, 651-687.
68. Liddle, H. A. & Hogue, A. (2001) Multidimensional Family Therapy for adolescent substance abuse. In: Wagner, E. F. & Waldron, H. B., eds. Innovations in Adolescent Substance Abuse Interventions, pp. 229-261. London: Pergamon/Elsevier Science.
69. Liddle, H. A., Rowe, C. L., Dakof, G. A., Ungaro, R. A. & Henderson, C. (2004) Early intervention for adolescent substance abuse: pretreatment to posttreatment outcomes of a randomized controlled trial comparing multidimensional family therapy and peer group treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 36, 49-63.
70. Liddle, H. A., Rowe, C. L., Quille, T., Dakof, G., Mills, D., Sakran, E. & Biaggi, H. (2002) Transporting a research-developed adolescent drug abuse treatment into practice. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 22, 1-13.
71. Maisto, S. A., Pollock, N., Lynch, K., Martin, C. & Ammerman, R. (2001) Course of functioning in adolescents 1 year after alcohol and other drug treatment. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15, 68-76.
72. Mann, B. J., Borduin, C. M., Henggeler, S. W. & Blaske, D. M. (1990) An investigation of systemic conceptualizations of parent-child coalitions and symptoms change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 336-344.
73. McArdle, P., Wiegersma, A., Gilvarry, E., Kolte, B., McCarthy, S., Fitzgerald, M., Brinkley, A., Blom, M., Stoeckel, I., Pierolini, A., Michels, I., Johnson, R. & Quensel, S. (2002) European adolescent substance use: the roles of family structure, function and gender. Addiction, 97, 329-336.
74. McLellan, A. T., Arndt, I. O., Metzger, D. S., Woody, G. E. & O'Brien, C. P. (1993) The effects of psychosocial services in substance abuse treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 1953-1959.
75. Miller, W. R. (2000) Rediscovering fire: small interventions, large effects. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14, 6-18.
76. Miller, W. R. (2003) A collaborative approach to working with families [Commentary]. Addiction, 98, 5-6.
77. Miller, W. R. & Hester, R. K. (1986) The effectiveness of alcoholism treatment: what research reveals. In: Miller, W. R. & Heather, N., eds. Treating Addictive Behaviors: Processes of Change Applied Clinical Psychology, pp. 121-174. New York: Plenum Press.
78. Moffitt, T. E. (1993) Life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674-701.
79. Muthén, B. (2004) Latent variable analysis: Growth mixture modeling and related techniques for longitudinal data. In: Kaplan, D. ed. Handbook of Quantitative Methodology for the Social Sciences, pp. 345-368, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Pubilications.
80. Najavits, L. M., Ghinassi, F., Van Horn, A., Weiss, R. D., Siqueland, L., Frank, A., Thase, M. E. & Luborsky, L. (2004) Therapist satisfaction with four manual-based treatments on a national multisite trial; an exploratory study. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 26-37.
81. Onken, L. S., Blaine, J. D. & Battjes, R. (1997) Behavioral therapy research: a conceptualization of a process. In: Henggeler, S. W. & Amentos, R., eds. Innovative Approaches from Difficult to Treat Populations, pp. 477-485. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
82. Ozechowski, T. J. & Liddle, H. A. (2000) Family-based therapy for adolescent drug abuse: knowns and unknowns. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 269-298.
83. Price, R. H. (2003) Systems within systems: putting program implementation in organizational context. Prevention and Treatment, 6, Article 20 [available at: http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume6/pre0060020i.html].
84. Randall, J., Henggeler, S. W., Pickrel, S. G. & Brondino, M. J. (1999) Psychiatric comorbidity and the 16-month trajectory of substance-abusing and substance-dependent juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1118-1124.
85. Randall, J., Henggeler, S. W., Cunningham, P. B., Rowland, M. D. & Swenson, C. C. (2001) Adapting multisystemic therapy to treat adolescent substance abuse more effectively. Cognitive & Behavioural Practice, 8(4), 359-366.
86. Rankin, B. H. & Quane, J. M. (2002) Social contexts and urban adolescent outcomes: the interrelated effects of neighborhoods, families, and peers on African-American youth. Social Problems, 49, 79-100.
87. Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E. & Seeman, T. (2002) Risky families: family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 330-366.
88. Robbins, M. S., Turner, C., Alexander, J. F. & Perez, G. (2003) Alliance and dropout in family therapy for adolescents with behavior problems: individual and systemic effects. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 534-544.
89. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2001) Reclaiming Futures: Building Community Solutions to Substance Abuse and Delinquency. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
90. Rogers, E. M. (1995) Diffusion of Innovations, 4th edn. New York: The Free Press.
91. Rowe, C. L., Liddle, H. A., Caruso, J. & Dakof, G. A. (2004) Clinical variations of adolescent substance abuse: an empirically based typology. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, in press.
92. Rowe, C. L, Liddle, H. A. & Dakof, G. A. (2001) Classifying clinically referred adolescent substance abusers by level of externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 11, 41-65.
93. Rowe, C. L., Liddle, H. A., Greenbaum, P. E. & Henderson, C. E. (2004) Impact of psychiatric comorbidity on treatment of adolescent drug abusers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26, 1-12.
94. Rowe, C. L., Liddle, H. A., McClintic, K. & Quille, T. J. (2002) Integrative treatment development: Multidimensional Family Therapy for adolescent substance abuse. In: Kaslow, F. W. & Lebow, J., eds. Comprehensive Handbook of Psychotherapy: Integrative/Eclectic, pp. 133-161. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
95. Sanderson, W. C. (2003) Why empirically supported psychological treatments are important. Behavior Modification, 27, 290-299.
96. Santisteban, D. A., Coatsworth, J. D., Perez-Vidal, A., Kurtines, W. M., Schwartz, S. J., LaPerriere, A. & Szapocznik, J. (2003) Efficacy of brief strategic family therapy in modifying Hispanic adolescent behavior problems and substance use. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 121-133.
97. Santisteban, D. A., Szapocznik, J., Perez-Vidal, A., Kurtines, W. M., Murray, E. J. & LaPerriere, A. (1996) Efficacy of intervention for engaging youth and families into treatment and some variables that may contribute to differential effectiveness. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 35-44.
98. Scheier, L. M., Botvin, G. J. & Miller, N. L. (1999) Life events, neighborhood stress, psychosocial functioning, and alcohol use among urban minority youth. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 9, 19-50.
99. Schmidt, S. E., Liddle, H. A. & Dakof, G. A. (1996) Changes in parental practices and adolescent drug abuse during Multidimensional Family Therapy. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 12-27.
100. Selman, R., Watts, C. & Schultz, L. (1997) Fostering Friendship: Pair Therapy for Treatment and Prevention. New York/Germany: Aldine de Gruyter.
101. Shortt, J. W., Capaldi, D. M., Dishion, T. J., Bank, L. & Owen, L. D. (2003) The role of adolescent friends, romantic partners, and siblings in the emergence of the adult antisocial lifestyle. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 521-533.
102. Simpson, D. D. (2002) A conceptual framework for transferring research to practice. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 22, 171-182.
103. Solarz, A. L., ed. (2002) Going to Scale: Multisector Models for Dissemination. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association [available at: http://www.apa.org/pi/pii/goingtoscale.pdf].
104. Stanton, M. D. & Shadish, W. R. (1997) Outcome, attrition, and family-couples treatment for drug abuse: a meta-analysis and review of the controlled, comparative studies. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 170-191.
105. Stanton, M. D. & Todd, T. C. (1981) Engaging 'resistant' families in treatment: principles and techniques in recruitment. Family Process, 20, 261-270.
106. Steinberg, L. (1987) Familial factors in delinquency: a developmental perspective. Journal of Adolescent Research, 2, 255-268.
107. Sutherland, I. & Shepherd, J. P. (2001) The prevalence of alcohol, cigarette and illicit drug use in a stratified sample of English adolescents. Addiction, 96, 637-640.
108. Szapocznik, J., Kurtines, W. M., Foote, F. H., Perez-Vidal, A. & Hervis, O. (1983) Conjoint versus one-person family therapy: some evidence for the effectiveness of conducting family therapy through one person. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 889-899.
109. Szapocznik, J., Kurtines, W. M., Foote, F., Perez-Vidal, A. & Hervis, O. (1986) Conjoint versus one-person family therapy: further evidence for the effectiveness of conducting family therapy through one person with drug-abusing adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 395-397.
110. Szapocznik, J., Perez-Vidal, A., Brickman, A. L., Foote, F. H., Santisteban, D. & Hervis, O. (1988) Engaging adolescent drug abusers and their families in treatment: a strategic structural systems approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 552-557.
111. Tarter, R. & Vanyukov, M. (1994) Alcoholism: a development disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 1096-1107.
112. Vega, W. A. & Gil, A. G. (1999) A model of explaining drug use behavior among Hispanic adolescents. Drugs Society, 14, 57-74.
113. Waldron, H. B. (1997) Adolescent substance abuse and family therapy outcome: a review of randomized trials. In: Ollendick, T. H. & Prinz, R. J., eds. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, pp. 199-234. New York: Plenum Press.
114. Waldron, H. B., Slesnick, N., Brody, J. L, Turner, C. W. & Peterson, T. R. (2001) Treatment outcomes for adolescent substance abuse at 4- and 7-month assessments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 802-813.
115. Weinberg, N.Z., Rahdert, E., Colliver, J. D. & Glantz, M. D. (1998) Adolescent substance abuse: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 252-261.
116. Williams, R. & Chang, S. (2000) A comprehensive and comparative review of adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 138-166.
117. Zucker, R. A. (1986) The four alcoholisms: a developmental account of the etiologic process. In: Dienstbier, R. A. & Rivers, P. C., eds. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, vol. 34, pp. 27-83. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.