Sea Ice: A critical habitat for polar marine mammals and birds

Sea Ice: An Introduction to its Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geology

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 240-266

  Ainley, David G ^a   Tynan, Cynthia T ^b   Stirling, Ian ^c  

^a H T HARVEY AND ASSOCIATES   (United States)

^b WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^c ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85216057220     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (96)

1. Ainley, D.G. (2002) The Adélie Penguin: Bellwether of Climate Change. Columbia University Press, New York.
2. Ainley, D.G., Fraser, W.R., Smith, W.O., Hopkins, T.L. & Torres, J.J. (1991) The structure of upper level pelagic food webs in the Antarctic: effect of phytoplankton distribution. Journal of Marine Systems, 2, 111-122.
3. Ainley, D.G., Ribic, C.A. & Fraser, W.R. (1994) Ecological structure among migrant and resident seabirds of the Scotia-Weddell Confluence region. Journal of Animal Ecology, 63, 347-364.
4. Ainley, D.G., Ribic, C.A. & Spear, L.B. (1993) Species-habitat relationships among Antarctic seabirds: a function of physical of biological factors. Condor, 95, 806-816.
5. Barbraud, C. & Weimerskirch, H. (2001) Emperor penguins and climate change. Nature, 411, 183-186.
6. Bester, M.N. & Odendaal, P.N. (2000) Abundance and distribution of Antarctic pack ice seals in the Weddell Sea. In: Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding, (Eds W. Davison, C. Howard-Williams & P. Broady), pp. 51-55. The Caxton Press, Christchurch, New Zealand.
7. Bornemann, H., Kreyscher, M., Ramdohr, S., Martin, T., Carlini, A., Seilmann, L. & Plötz, J. (2000) Southern elephant seal movements and Antarctic sea ice. Antarctic Science, 12, 3-15.
8. Bowen, W.D., Myers, R.A. & Hay, K. (1987) Abundance estimation of a dispersed, dynamic population: hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) in the Northwest Atlantic. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 44, 282-295.
9. Bradstreet, M.S. W (1980) Thick-billed murres and black guillemots in the Barrow Strait areas, NWT, during spring: diets and food availability along ice edges. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58, 2120-2140.
10. Brown, R.G.B. & Nettleship, D.N. (1981) The biological significance of polynyas to Arctic colonial seabirds. In: Polynyas in the Canadian Arctic, (Eds I. Stirling & H. Cleator), pp. 59-66. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper, 45, Ottawa.
11. Brown, S.G. & Lockyer, C.H. (1984) Whales. In: Antarctic Ecology, Vol. 2, (Ed. R.M. Laws), pp. 717-781. Academic Press, London.
12. Burns, J.J. (1981) Bearded seal Erignathus barbatus Erxleben, 1777. In: Handbook of Marine Mammals, Vol. 2, (Eds S.H. Ridgway & R.J. Harrison), pp. 145-170. Academic Press, London.
13. Davis, C.S., Stirling, I. & Strobeck, C. (2000) Genetic diversity of Antarctic pack ice seals in relation to life history characteristics. In: Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding, (Eds W. Davison, C. Howard-Williams & P. Broady), pp. 56-62. The Caxton Press, Christchurch, New Zealand.
14. Davis, R.W., Fuiman, L.A., Williams, T.M., Collier, S.O., Hagey, W.P., Kanatous, S.B., Kohin, S. & Horning, M. (1999) Hunting behavior of a marine mammal beneath the Antarctic fast ice. Science, 283, 993-996.
15. Dietz, R., Heide-JOrgensen, M.P., Richard, P.R. & Acquarono, M. (2001) Summer and fall movements of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) from northeastern Baffin Island towards northern Davis Strait. Arctic, 54, 244-261.
16. Digby, S.A. (1984) Remote sensing of drained ice areas around the breathing holes of iceinhabiting seals. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 62, 1011-1014.
17. Doidge, D.W. & Finley, K.J. (1993) Status of the Baffin Bay population of beluga, Delphi-napterus lencas. The Canadian Field Naturalist, 107, 533-546.
18. Eicken, H., Krouse, H.R., Kadko, D. & Perovich, D.K. (2002) Tracer studies of pathways and rates of meltwater transport through Arctic summer sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research (in press).
19. Falk, K., Hjort, C., Andreasen, C., Christensen, K.D., Elander, M., Ericson, M., Kampp, K., Kristensen, R.M., Mpbjerg, N., Mpller, S. & Weslawski, J.M. (1997) Seabirds utilizing the Northeast Water polynya. Journal of Marine Systems, 10, 47-65.
20. Fay, F.H. (1981) Walrus. In: Handbook of Marine Mammals, Vol. 1, (Eds S.H. Ridgeway & R.J. Harrison), pp. 1-23. Academic Press, London.
21. Fay, F.H. (1982) Ecology and biology of the Pacific walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens Illiger. North American Fauna, 74, 1-279.
22. Ferguson, S.H., Taylor, M.K., Born, E.W., Rosing-Asvid, A. & Messier, F. (2001) Activity and movement patterns of polar bears inhabiting consolidated versus active pack ice. Arctic, 54, 49-54.
23. Finley, K.J. (2001) Natural history and conservation of the Greenland whale, or bowhead, in the Northwest Atlantic. Arctic, 54, 55-76.
24. Finley, K.J., Miller, G.W., Davis, R.A. & Koski, W.R. (1983) A distinctive large breeding population of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) inhabiting the Baffin Bay pack ice. Arctic, 36, 162-173.
25. Fraser, W.R., Trivelpiece, W.Z., Ainley, D.G. & Trivelpiece, S.G. (1992) Increases in Antarctic penguin populations: reduced competition with whales or a loss of sea ice due to environmental warming? Polar Biology, 11, 525-531.
26. Frost, K.J., Lowry, L.F., Gilbert, J.R. & Burns, J.J. (1988) Ringed seal monitoring: relationships of distribution and abundance to habitat attributes and industrial activities. Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, US Minerals Management Service, Department of the Interior, NOAA Project RU No. 667. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Anchorage, Alaska.
27. Gelatt, T.S. (2001) Male reproductive success, relatedness, and the mating system of Weddell seals in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota.
28. George, J.C., Clark, C., Carroll, G.M. & Ellison, W.T. (1989) Observations on the icebreaking and ice navigation behavior of migrating bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) near Point Barrow, Alaska, spring 1985. Arctic, 42, 24-30.
29. Gilchrist, H.G. & Robertson, G.J. (2000) Observations of marine birds and mammals wintering at polynyas and ice edges in the Belcher Islands, Nunavut, Canada. Arctic, 53, 61-68.
30. Gjertz, I. & Lydersen, C. (1983) Phoca hispida pupping in the Svalbard area. Fauna, 36, 65-67.
31. Gjertz, I. & Wiig, O. (1992) Feeding of walrus Odobenus rosmarus in Svalbard. Polar Record, 28, 57-59.
32. Grebmeier, J.M. & Barry, J.P. (1991) The influence of oceanographic processes on pelagic-benthic coupling in polar regions: a benthic perspective. Journal of Marine Systems, 2, 495-518.
33. Hammill, M.O., Kovacs, K.M. & Lydersen, C. (1994) Local movements by nursing bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) pups in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polar Biology, 14, 569-570.
34. Hammill, M.O. & Smith, T.G. (1989) Factors affecting the distribution and abundance of ringed seal structures in Barrow Strait, Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2212-2219.
35. Haney, J.C. & MacDonald, S.D. (1995) Ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea). In: The Birds of North America, No. 175, (Eds A. Poole & F. Gill), 24pp. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
36. Harwood, L.A., Innes, S., Norton, P. & Kingsley, M.C.S. (1996) Distribution and abundance of beluga whales in the Mackenzie estuary, southeast Beaufort Sea, and west Amundsen Gulf during late July 1992. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 53, 2262-2273.
37. Harwood, L.A., Smith, T.G. & Melling, H. (2000) Variation in reproduction and body condition of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) in Western Prince Albert Sound, NT, Canada, as assessed through a harvest-based sampling program. Arctic, 53, 422-431.
38. Harwood, L.A. & Stirling, I. (1992) Distribution of ringed seals in the southeastern Beaufort Sea during late summer. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 891-900.
39. Heide-JOrgensen, M.P., Richard, P.R. & Rosing-Asvid, A. (1998) Dive patterns of belugas (Delphinapterus lencas) in waters near Eastern Devon Island. Arctic, 51, 17-26.
40. Holt, B. & Digby, S.A. (1985) Processes and imagery of first-year fast sea ice during the melt season. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90, 5045-5062.
41. Hopkins, T.L., Ainley, D.G., Torres, J.J. & Landcraft, T.M. (1993) Trophic structure in open waters of the marginal ice zone in the Scotia-Weddell confluence region during spring (1983). Polar Biology, 13, 389-397.
42. Ichii, T., Shinohara, N., Fujise, Y., Nishiwaki, S. & Matsuoka, K. (1998) Interannual changes in body fat condition index of minke whales in the Antarctic. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 175, 1-12.
43. Kingsley, M.C.S., Stirling, I. & Calvert, W. (1985) The distribution and abundance of seals in the Canadian High Arctic, 1980-1982. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 42, 1189-1210.
44. Krajick, K. (2001) Arctic life, on thin ice. Science, 291, 424-425.
45. Laws, R.M. (1984) Seals. In: Antarctic Ecology, Vol. 2, (Ed. R.M. Laws), pp. 621-715. Academic Press, London.
46. Lydersen, C. & Kovacs, K.M. (1999) Behaviour and energetics of ice-breeding, North Atlantic phocid seals during the lactation period. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 187, 265-281.
47. Martin, A.R. & Smith, T.G. (1999) Strategy and capability of wild belugas Delphinapterus leucas during deep, benthic diving. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77, 1783-1793.
48. Massom, R.A., Harris, P.T., Michael, K.J. & Potter, M.J. (1998) The distribution and formative processes of latent-heat polynyas in East Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology, 27, 420-426.
49. Moore, S.E., DeMaster, D.P. & Dayton, P.K. (2000) Cetacean habitat selection in the Alaskan Arctic during summer and autumn. Arctic, 53, 432-447.
50. Morison, J., Aagaard, K. & Steele, M. (2000) Recent environmental changes in the Arctic: a review. Arctic, 53, 359-371.
51. Nicol, S. & Allison, I. (1997) The frozen skin of the Southern Ocean. American Scientist, 85, 426-439.
52. Niebauer, H.J., Bond, N.A., Yakunin, L.P. & Plotnikov, V.V. (1999) An update on the climatology and sea ice of the Bering Sea. In: Dynamics of the Bering Sea: A Summary of Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristics and a Synopsis of Research on the Bering Sea, (Eds T.R. Loughlin & K. Ohtani), pp. 29-59. North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), University of Alaska Sea Grant, Fairbanks, Alaska.
53. Payne, R.S. (1995) Among Whales. Scribner, New York.
54. Petersen, M.R., Larned, W.W. & Douglas, D.C. (1999) At-sea distribution of spectacled eiders: a 120-year-old mystery solved. The Auk, 116,1009-1020.
55. Peterson, R.G. & White, W.B. (1998) Slow teleconnections linking the Antarctic Circumpolar Oceanic Wave with the tropical El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 24573-24583.
56. Plötz, J., Bornemann, H., Knust, R., Schröder, A. & Bester, M. (2001) Foraging behaviour of Weddell seals, and its ecological implications. Polar Biology, 24, 901-909.
57. Ribic, C.A. & Ainley, D.G. (1988/89) Constancy of seabird species assemblages: an exploratory look. Biological Oceanography, 6,175-202.
58. Ribic, C.A., Ainley, D.G. & Fraser, W.R. (1991) Habitat selection by marine mammals in the marginal ice zone. Antarctic Science, 3, 181-186.
59. Richard, P.R., Heide-Jprgensen, M.P. & St. Aubin, D. (1998a) Fall movements of belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) with satellite-linked transmitters in Lancaster Sound, Jones Sound, and Northern Baffin Bay. Arctic, 51, 5-16.
60. Richard, P.R., Heide-Jorgensen, M.P., Orr, J.R., Dietz, R. & Smith, T.G. (2001a) Summer and autumn movements and habitat use by belugas in the Canadian High Arctic and adjacent areas. Arctic, 54, 207-222.
61. Richard, P.R., Martin, A.R. & Orr, J.R. (2001b) Summer and autumn movements of belugas of the eastern Beaufort Sea stock. Arctic, 54, 223-226.
62. Richard, P.R., Orr, J.R., Dietz, R. & Dueck, L. (1998b) Sightings of belugas and other marine mammals in the North Water, late March 1993. Arctic, 51,1-4.
63. Sakshaug, E., Bjorge, A., Gulliksen, B., Loeng, H. & Mehlum, F. (1994) Structure, biomass distribution, and energetics of the pelagic ecosystem in the Barents Sea: a synopsis. Polar Biology, 14, 405-411.
64. Schledermann, P. (1980) Polynyas and prehistoric settlement patterns. Arctic, 33, 292-302.
65. Sergeant, D.E. (1976) Research on hooded seals Cystophora cristata Erxleben in 1976. ICNAF Research Document 76/126, Ser. No. 4012. International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Canada.
66. Siegel, V. & Loeb, V. (1995) Recruitment of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba and possible causes for its variability. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 123, 45-56.
67. Siniff, D.B. & Bengtson, J.L. (1977) Observations and hypotheses concerning interactions among crabeater seals, leopard seals, and killer whales. Journal of Mammalogy, 58, 414-416.
68. Siniff, D.B., Stirling, I., Bengtson, J.L. & Reichle, R.A. (1979) Social and reproductive behavior of crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) during the austral spring. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 57, 2243-2255.
69. Sjare, B. & Stirling, I. (1996) The breeding behavior of Atlantic walruses, Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus, in the Canadian High Arctic. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 897-911.
70. Smith, R.C., Stammerjohn, S.E. & Baker, K.S. (1996) Surface air temperature variations in the western Antarctic Peninsula region. Antarctic Research Series, 70,105-121.
71. Smith, T.G. & Harwood, L.A. (2001) Observations of neonate ringed seals, Phoca hispida, after early break-up of the sea ice in Prince Albert Sound, Northwest Territories, Canada, spring 1998. Polar Biology, 24, 215-219.
72. Smith, T.G. & Stirling, I. (1975) The breeding habitat of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida): the birth lair and associated structures. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53,1297-1305.
73. Stewart, B.S., Yochem, P.K., Gelatt, T.S. & Siniff, D.B. (2000) First-year movements of Weddell seal pups in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica. In: Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding, (Eds W. Davison, C. Howard-Williams & P. Broady), pp. 71-76. The Caxton Press, Christchurch, New Zealand.
74. Stirling, I. (1969) Tooth wear as a mortality factor in the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes wed-dellii). Journal of Mammalogy, 50, 559-565.
75. Stirling, I. (1997) The importance of polynyas, ice edges, and leads to marine mammals and birds. Journal of Marine Systems, 10, 9-21.
76. Stirling, I., Archibald, W.R. & DeMaster, D. (1977) Distribution and abundance of seals in the eastern Beaufort Sea. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 34, 976-988.
77. Stirling, I., Cleator, H. & Smith, T.G. (1981) Marine mammals. In: Polynyas in the Canadian Arctic, (Eds I. Stirling & H. Cleator), pp. 45-58. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper, 45, Ottawa.
78. Stirling, I. & Derocher, A.E. (1993) Possible impacts of climatic warming on polar bears. Arctic, 46, 240-245.
79. Stirling, I. & Lunn, N.J. (1997) Environmental fluctuations in arctic marine ecosystems as reflected by variability in reproduction of polar bears and ringed seals. In: Ecology of Arctic Environments, (Eds S.J. Woodin & M. Marquiss), pp. 167-181. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
80. Stirling, I., Lunn, N.J. & lacozza, J. (1999) Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climatic change. Arctic, 52, 294-306.
81. Suydam, R.S., Lowry, L.F., Frost, K.J., O'Corry-Crowe, G.M. & Pikok, D., Jr (2001) Satellite tracking of eastern Chukchi Sea beluga whales into the Arctic Ocean. Arctic, 54, 237-243.
82. Taylor, R.H. & Wilson, P.R. (1990) Recent increase and southern expansion of Adelie penguin populations in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, related to climate warming. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 14, 25-29.
83. Testa, J.W. (1994) Over-winter movements and diving behavior of female Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in the southwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 1700-1710.
84. Testa, J.W., Oehlert, G., Ainley, D.G., Bengtson, J.L., Siniff, D.B., Laws, R.M. & Rounsevell, D. (1991) Temporal variability in Antarctic marine ecosystems: periodic fluctuations in the phocid seals. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 48, 631-639.
85. Tynan, C.T. (1997) Cetacean distributions and oceanographic features near the Kerguelen Plateau. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 2793-2796.
86. Tynan, C.T. (1998) Ecological importance of the Southern Boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Nature, 392, 708-710.
87. Tynan, C.T. & DeMaster, D.P. (1997) Observations and predictions of Arctic climatic change: potential effects on marine mammals. Arctic, 50, 308-322.
88. Vergani, D.F., Stanganelli, Z.B. & Bilenca, D. (2001) Weaning mass variation of southern elephant seals at King George Island and its possible relationships with 'El Niño' and 'La Niña' events. Antarctic Science, 13, 37-40.
89. Vinje, T. & Kvambekk, A.S. (1991) Barents Sea drift ice characteristics. Polar Research, 10, 59-68.
90. Wang, J., Mysak, L.A. & Ingram, R.G. (1994) Interannual variability of sea-ice cover in Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea. Atmosphere-Ocean, 32, 421-447.
91. Welch, H.E., Bergmann, M.A., Siferd, T.D., Martin, K.A., Curtis, M.F., Crawford, R.E., Conover, R.J. & Hop, H. (1992) Energy flow through the marine ecosystem of the Lancaster Sound region, arctic Canada. Arctic, 45, 343-357.
92. White, W.B. & Peterson, R.G. (1996) An Antarctic circumpolar wave in surface pressure, wind, temperature, and sea-ice extent. Nature, 380, 699-702.
93. Wiig, O., Derocher, A.E. & Belikov, S.E. (1999) Ringed seal (Phoca hispida) breeding in the drifting pack ice of the Barents Sea. Marine Mammal Science, 15, 595-598.
94. Wiig, O., Gjertz, I. & Griffiths, D. (1996) Migration of walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) in the Svalbard and Franz Josef Land area. Journal of Zoology (Lndn), 238, 769-784.
95. Wiig, O. & Isaksen, K. (1995) Seasonal distribution of harbour seals, bearded seals, white whales and polar bears in the Barents Sea. Norsk Polarinstitutt Meddelelser, 136, 47-59.
96. Wilson, P.R., Ainley, D.G., Nur, N., Jacobs, S.S., Barton, K.J., Ballard, G. & Comiso, J.C. (2001) Adelie penguin population change in the Pacific sector of Antarctica: relation to sea-ice extent and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 213, 301-309.