Inhuman bondage: The rise and fall of slavery in the New World

Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World

Volumn , Issue , 2023, Pages 1-440

  Davis, David Brion ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85200626933     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195140736.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (281)

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2. John T. Noonan Jr., A Church That Can and Cannot Change (Notre Dame, Ind., 2005), p. 123.
3. Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. Written by Himself, ed. Benjamin Quarles (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), pp. 94-95.
4. David Brion Davis, "At the Heart of Slavery, " in Davis, In the Image of God: Religion, Moral Values, and Our Heritage of Slavery (New Haven, 2001), pp. 123-36.
5. Howard Jones, Mutiny on the Amistad: The Saga of a Slave Revolt and its Impact on American Abolition, Law, and Diplomacy (New York, 1987; rev ed., 1988).
6. Robin Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800 (London, 1997), p. 1.
7. Leonard L. Richards, "Gentlemen of Property and Standing": Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America (New York, 1970).
8. Thomas Jefferson: Writings, Library of America (New York, 1984), pp. 1482-83.
9. Argument of John Quincy Adams, before the Supreme Court of the United States, in the Case of the United States, Appellants, vs. Cinque and Others, Africans, Captured in the Schooner Amistad, by Lieutenant Gedney, Delivered on the 24th of February and 1st of March, 1841 (New York: S. W. Benedict, 1841), pp. 79-83.
10. Colored American, September 28, October 5, 1839.
11. Argument of John Quincy Adams, pp. 8-9.
12. William Lee Miller, Arguing About Slavery: The Great Battle in the United StatesCongress(New York: Knopf, 1996).
13. Argument of John Quincy Adams, pp. 4, 6-7, 87.
14. Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (New York, 1998), pp. 208-9.
15. Colored American, October 12, November 23, 1839
16. North Star, August 4, 1848.
17. National Era, March 4, 1847, p. 3
18. North Star, June 8, 1849.
19. Muhammad A. Dandamaev, Slavery in Babylonia: From Nabopolassar to Alexander the Great (626-331 BC), trans. Victoria A. Powell, rev. ed. (DeKalb, Ill., 1984), pp. 345-68, 647-61.
20. Dylan C. Penningroth, The Claims of Kinfolk: African American Property and Community in the Nineteenth-Century South (Chapel Hill, 2003)
21. Robert Olwell, Masters, Slaves, and Subjects: The Culture of Power in the South Carolina Low Country, 1740-1790 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1998), pp. 141-80.
22. Orlando Patterson, Freedom, vol. 1, Freedom in the Making of Western Culture (New York, 1991), pp. 15-19
23. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), pp. 52, 81, 106-7, 402 n. 102.
24. "animalization" draws heavily on my essay "At the Heart of Slavery, " New York Review of Books, October 17, 1996, pp. 51-54
25. In the Image of God: Religion, Moral Values, and Our Heritage of Slavery (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 123-36
26. "Introduction: The Problem of Slavery, " in A Historical Guide to World Slavery, ed. Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman (New York, 1998), pp. ix-xviii
27. "Slaves by Nature? Domestic Animals and Human Slaves, " Slavery & Abolition 15 (April 1994): 89-97.
28. Leon F. Litwack, Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow (New York, 1998)
29. Orlando Patterson, Rituals of Blood: Consequences of Slavery in Two American Centuries (Washington, 1998), pp. 170-232.
30. Paul Finkelman, ed., Lynching, Racial Violence, and Law (New York, 1992)
31. Lynching and Vigilantism in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography, ed. Norton H. Moses (Westport, Conn., 1997)
32. David M. Oshinsky, "Worse Than Slavery": Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice (New York, 1996).
33. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York, 1999)
34. David M. Goldenberg, The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (Princeton, 2003), p. 345 n. 44.
35. G.W.F. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Mind, trans. J. B. Baille, 2nd ed. (New York, 1964).
36. The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1775-1823, rev. ed· (New York, 1999), pp. 557-64.
37. Walter Johnson, ed., The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas (New Haven, 2005)
38. Frederick Law Olmsted, The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveller's Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States, ed. Arthur Schlesinger Sr. (New York, 1984), p.452.
39. Friedrich Nietzsche, Der Antichrist: Fluch auf das Christentum, p. 48 (http:// homes.rhein-zeitung.de/~ahipler/kritik/antichr4.htm).
40. "Animalizing the Slave: The Truth of Fiction, " Journal of Roman Studies 90 (2000): 110-25.
41. Stanley L. Engerman, "Labor Incentives and Manumission in Ancient Greek Slavery, " in Essays in Economic Theory, Growth, and Labour Markets: A Festschrift in Honor of E. Drandakis, ed. George Bitros and Yannis Katsoulacos (Cheltenham, U.K., 2002), pp. 213-17.
42. Thomas Wiedemann, Greek and Roman Slavery (London, 1981), pp. 18-19.
43. Robert W. Harms, River of Wealth, River of Sorrow: The Central Zaire Basin in the Era of the Slave and Ivory Trade, 1500-1891 (New Haven, 1981), pp. 152-53, 185-86.
44. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture, rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 74.
45. Peter Garnsey, Ideas of Slavery From Aristotle to Augustine (Cambridge, U.K., 1996), pp. 80-85.
46. Christopher Leslie Brown and Philip D. Morgan, eds., Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age (New Haven, 2006).
47. Keith Bradley, "Roman Slavery and Roman Law, " Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 15, no. 3 (1988): 477-95.
48. Orlando Patterson's Freedom and in my own Slavery and Human Progress (New York, 1984)
49. Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America (New York, 1992), p. 35
50. Michael Walzer, Exodus and Revolution (New York, 1985).
51. E. G. Pulleyblank, "The Origins and Nature of Chattel Slavery in China, " Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1, pt. 2 (1958)
52. Yvon Garlan, Slavery in Ancient Greece, trans. Janet Lloyd, rev. ed. (Ithaca, N.Y., 1988), p. 46.
53. Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy (New York, 1986), pp. 76-100.
54. Isaac Mendelsohn, Slavery in the Ancient Near East: A Comparative Study of Slavery in Babylonia, Assyria, and Palestine, From the Middle of the Third Millennium to the End of the First Millennium (New York, 1949)
55. William L. Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity (Philadelphia, 1955)
56. Moses ben Maimonides, The Code of Maimonides, bk. 12, The Book of Acquisition, trans. Isaac Klein (New Haven, 1955), pp. 276-82.
57. John Churchill, A Collection of Voyages and Travels (London, 1732), vol. 5, pp. 47, 100.
58. Eugene D. Genovese puts it, with supporting evidence, "a slave could kill a white man in self-defense and escape conviction, provided that his own life stood in clear and imminent danger. " Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York, 1974), p. 34.
59. Victor Hanson, The Other Greeks: The Family Farm and the Agrarian Roots of Western Civilization (New York, 1995).
60. Bernard Knox, "The Greek Way, " New York Review of Books, November 18, 1993, p. 45.
61. Keith Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves: Sociological Studies in Roman History, vol. 1 (Cambridge, U.K., 1978)
62. Keith Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome (Cambridge, U.K., 1994)
63. K. R. Bradley, "On the Roman Slave Supply and Slavebreeding, " Slavery & Abolition 8 (May 1987): 42-59
64. Ramsay MacMullen, "Late Roman Slavery, " Historia 36, no. 3 (1987), 359-82
65. A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire (Oxford, 1964).
66. Michael O'Brien, Conjectures of Order: Intellectual Life in the American South, 1810-1860, 2 vols. (Chapel Hill, 2004)
67. Eugene D. Genovese, The Slaveholders' Dilemma: Freedom and Progress in Southern Conservative Thought, 1820-1860 (Columbia, S.C., 1992).
68. William D. Phillips Jr., Slavery From Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade (Minneapolis, 1985), p. 18.
69. Keith Hopkins, "Novel Evidence for Roman Slavery, " Past and Present 138 (February 1993): 3-27.
70. Guillaume-Thomas Raynal, Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes (Geneva, 1781), vol. 6, pp. 17172.
71. C.L.R. James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution, 2nd ed. (New York, 1963), p. 171
72. Robin Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776-1848 (London, 1988), p. 233.
73. C. Peter Ripley, ed., The Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. 3, The United States, 1830-1846 (Chapel Hill, 1991), pp. 182-87
74. Robert K. Barnhart, The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology (New York, 1995), p. 630.
75. Charles Verlinden, "L'Origine de 'sclavus-esclave,' " Archivum latinitatis medii aevi 17 (1943): 97-128.
76. "Encounters, Identities, and Human Bondage: The Foundations of Racial Slavery in the Anglo-Atlantic World" (College of William and Mary, 2000).
77. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York, 1999), pp. 331-32
78. E. G. Pulleyblank, "The Origins and Nature of Chattel Slavery in China, " Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1, pt. 2 (1958): pp. 205-6, 213, 215
79. Edward H. Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics (Berkeley, 1963), pp. 15, 44-46.
80. Peter Kolchin, Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom (Cambridge, Mass., 1987), pp. 170-73
81. Paul Freedman, Images of the Medieval Peasant (Stanford, 1999), pp. 133-73, 300-303.
82. Ruth Mazo Karras, Slavery and Society in Medieval Scandinavia (New Haven, 1988), pp. 56-68.
83. David M. Goldenberg, The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (Princeton, 2003), pp. 111-28.
84. Peter Garnsey, Ideas of Slavery From Aristotle to Augustine (Cambridge, U.K., 1996), pp. 41-43.
85. Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), pp. 96, 299-333
86. Stanley Elkins, Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (Chicago, 1959), p. 82
87. Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Written by Himself, ed. Benjamin Quarles (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), pp. 94-95.
88. Alden T. Vaughan and Virginia Mason Vaughan, "Before Othello: Elizabethan Representations of Sub-Saharan Africans, " in "Constructing Race, " William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 54 (January 1997): 19-44
89. Keith Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave: The Truth of Fiction, " Journal of Roman Studies 20 (2000): 110
90. David Brion Davis, "At the Heart of Slavery, " in Davis, In the Image of God: Religion, Moral Values, and Our Heritage of Slavery (New Haven, 2001), pp. 123-36
91. onathan Schorsch, Jews and Blacks in the Early Modern World (Cambridge, U.K., 2004)
92. David Brion Davis, Slavery and Human Progress (New York, 1984), pp. 82-101.
93. Youval Rotman's Les Esclaves et l'esclavage de la Méditerranée antique a la Méditerranée médiévale, VI-XIsiècles (Paris, 2004).
94. Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 14401870 (New York, 1997), pp. 64-65.
95. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (New York, 1988), pp. 95-97, 104
96. Frank Snowden Jr., Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 1970)
97. Lloyd A. Thompson's Romans and Blacks (London, 1989)
98. Image of the Black in Western Art, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 161-85
99. Paul Kaplan, The Rise of the Black Magus in Western Art (Ann Arbor, 1993), passim.
100. Image of the Black in Western Art, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 149-205
101. Alexandre Popovic, The Revolt of African Slaves in Iraq in the Third/Ninth Century, trans. Léon King (Princeton, 1999)
102. Slavery and Human Progress (New York, 1984), pp. 321-22.
103. André Miquel, La géographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu'au milieu du 11 siècle, vol. 2 (Paris, 1975), pp. 3-11, 58, 90-133, 153-88.
104. Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry (New York, 1990), pp. 57-61.
105. Raymond Mauny, Les siècles obscures de l'Afrique noir: Histoire et archéologie (Paris, 1990)
106. Ralph A. Austen, "The Mediterranean Islamic Slave Trade out of Africa: A Tentative Census, " in "The Human Commodity: Perspectives on the Trans-Saharan Slave Trade, " ed. Elizabeth Savage, special issue, Slavery & Abolition 13 (April 1992): 214-48; Austen, "The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade: A Tentative Census, " in The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, ed. Henry A. Gemery and Jan S. Hogendorn (New York, 1979), pp. 23-76.
107. Bernard Lewis, ed. and trans., Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople, vol. 1, Politics and War (London, 1976), pp. 232-34.
108. Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800 (New York, 2003), pp. xiv-xix, 3-26.
109. Bernard Lewis, Race and Color in Islam (New York, 1971), pp. 15-18
110. Gernot Rotter, Die Stellung des Negers in der islamisch-arabischen Gesellschaft bis zum XVI. Jahrhundert (Bonn, 1967), pp. 162-63
111. Jean Fagan Yellin, Harriet Jacobs, a Life: The Remarkable Adventures of the Woman Who Wrote Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (New York, 2004).
112. Scott Poulson-Bryant, Hung: A Meditation on the Measure of Black Men in America (New York, 2005)
113. Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Williamsburg, Va., 1968), pp. 30, 34-35, 158-59, 163, 464, 501.
114. James H. Sweet, "The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought, " in "Constructing Race, " William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 54 (January 1997): 159, 166
115. George Fredrickson, Racism, pp. 31-42.
116. Tanakh: A New Translation of the Holy Scriptures According to the Traditional Hebrew Text (Philadelphia, 1985), pp. 14-15
117. David Goldenberg, "What Did Ham Do to Noah?" in "The Words of a Wise Mouth Are Gracious": Festschriftfor Günter Stemberger on the Occasion of his Sixty fifth Birthday, Studia Judaica, ed. Mauro Perani (Berlin, 2005), pp. 265-74.
118. Morris J. Raphall, Bible View ofSlavery: A Discourse Delivered at the Jewish Synagogue, "B'nai Jeshurum, " New York, on the Day of the National Fast, January 4, 1861 (New York, 1861).
119. Stephen R. Haynes, Noah's Curse: The Biblical Justification of American Slavery (New York, 2002), pp. 161-221.
120. Benjamin Braude, "The Sons of Noah and the Construction of Ethnic and Geographical Identities in the Medieval and Early Modern Periods, " in "Constructing Race, " William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 54 (January 1997): 111-42.
121. Nation of Islam's The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews (Boston, 1991)
122. Ephraim Isaac, "Genesis, Judaism, and 'Sons of Ham,'" Slavery & Abolition 1 (May 1980): 3-17.
123. "Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought, " p. 161.
124. María Elena Martínez, "The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico, " William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 51 (July 2004): 479-520.
125. Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism, vol. 2, From Mohammed to the Marranos, trans. Natalie Gerardi (New York, 1973), pp. 117-25
126. Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, "Assimilation and Racial Anti-Semitism: The Iberian and the German Models, " The Leo Baeck Memorial Lecture, no. 26 (New York, 1982), pp. 8-11.
127. Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: An Historical Revision (London, 1997), pp. 231-50.
128. James Carroll, Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews, a History (Boston, 2001), pp. 333-62
129. Henry Kamen, Inquisition and Society in Spain: In the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Bloomington, Ind., 1985).
130. Fray Prudencio de Sandoval, Historia de la vida y hechos del emperator Carlos V, vol. 82, Biblioeca de autores españoles (Madrid, 1956), p. 319
131. Jerome Friedman, "Jewish Conversion, the Spanish Pure Blood Laws, and Reformation: A Revisionist View of Racial and Religious Antisemitism, " Sixteenth Century Journal 18 (1987): 3-29.
132. Werner Sollors, ed., Interracialism: Black-White Intermarriage in American History, Literature, and Law (New York, 2000).
133. David Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas (Cambridge, U.K., 2000), pp. 15, 24-25
134. Seymour Drescher, From Slavery to Freedom: Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery (Basingstoke, U.K., 1999), pp. 291300
135. Seymour Drescher, The Mighty Experiment: Free Labor versus Slavery in British Emancipation (New York, 2002), pp. 76-81, 219.
136. The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, 11th ed., vol. 19 (New York, 1911), p. 344.
137. David Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas (Cambridge, U.K., 2000), pp. 1-84
138. Stanley L. Engerman, ed., Terms of Labor: Slavery, Serfdom, and Free Labor (Stanford, 1999).
139. Robert C. Davis (no relation), Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800 (Basingstoke, Hampshire, U.K. and New York, 2003)
140. Linda Colley, Captives: Britain, Empire, and the World, 1600-1850 (New York, 2002)
141. Giles Milton, White Gold: the Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and Islam's One Million White Slaves (New York, 2005).
142. Youval Rotman, Les Esclaves et l'esclavage de la Méditerranée antique à la Méditerranée médiévale, VI-XI siècles (Paris, 2004), pp. 171-84
143. William Dalrymple, "The Truth about Muslims, " New York Review of Books, November 4, 2004, pp. 31-34.
144. Winthrop D. Jordan's classic work, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1968), pp. 3-265.
145. Benjamin Isaac's Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity (Princeton, 2004).
146. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture, rev. ed. (New York, 1988), pp. 144-50.
147. David Eltis, "Free and Coerced Migrations From the Old World to the New, " in Coerced and Free Migration: Global Perspectives, ed. D. Eltis (Stanford, 2002), pp. 33-74
148. [Malachy Postlethwayt], The Natural and Private Advantages of the African Trade Considered: Being an Enquiry how far it Concerns the Trading Interest of Great Britain, Effectually to Support and Maintain the Forts and Settlements in Africa; Belonging to the Royal African Company of England... (London, 1746), pp. 1-2
149. Jean Barbot, A Description of the Coasts of North and South-Guinea..., in John Churchill, A Collection of Voyages and Travels (London, 1732), vol. 5, pp. 47, 110, 271-72, 547-48
150. William L. Sherman, Forced Labor in Sixteenth-Century Central America (Lincoln, Neb., 1979), pp. 39-67.
151. David Brion Davis, Slavery and Human Progress (New York, 1984), pp. 52-57
152. William D. Phillips Jr., Slavery From Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade (Minneapolis, 1985)
153. Charles Verlinden, The Beginnings of Modern Colonization: Eleven Essays with an Introduction, trans. Yvonne Freccero (Ithaca, N.Y., 1970), pp. 35-40, 79-97 (and works by Verlinden cited in note 14).
154. Charles Verlinden, "L'esclavage en Sicile au bas moyen âge, " Institut historique belge de Rome 35 (1963): 42-43, 68-79, 90-93
155. Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade (New York, 1997), pp. 1011, 13-14, 84-86.
156. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, The Canary Islands After Conquest: The Making of a Colonial Society in the Early Sixteenth Century (Oxford, 1982), passim.
157. T. Bentley Duncan, Atlantic Islands: Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-century Commerce and Navigation (Chicago, 1972), pp. 9-11
158. Sidney M. Greenfield, "Madeira and the Beginnings of New World Sugar Cane Cultivation and Plantation Slavery: A Study in Institution Building, " in Comparative Perspectives on Slavery in New World Plantation Societies, ed. Vera Rubin and Arthur Tuden (New York, 1977), pp. 536-52
159. John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making ofthe Atlantic World, 14001680 (Cambridge, U.K., 1992), pp. 96-97
160. Stuart B. Schwartz, Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society, Bahia, 1550-1835 (Cambridge, U.K., 1985), pp. 13-17
161. Joseph C. Miller, Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730-1830 (Madison, Wisc., 1988), pp. 19-21.
162. J. H. Elliott, "The World After Columbus, " New York Review of Books, October 10, 1991
163. Kenneth Maxwell, "¡Adiós Columbus!, " ibid., January 28, 1993.
164. J. H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance (London, 1963), chaps. 3-6
165. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonization From the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229-1492 (London, 1987), passim.
166. C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825 (New York, 1969), pp. 16-17, 36-37.
167. John Huxtable Elliott, Imperial Spain, 1469-1716 (London, 1963), pp. 17378, 188, 198-99
168. A.J.R. Russell-Wood, "Iberian Expansion and the Issue of Black Slavery: Changing Portuguese Attitudes, 1440-1770, " American Historical Review 83 (February 1978), p. 18
169. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (Ithaca, N.Y., 1973), chap. 14
170. Richard Ehrenberg, Capital and Finance in the Age of the Renaissance: A Study of the Fuggers and Their Connections (New York, 1981), passim
171. Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York, 1985), pp. 37-38, 74-150
172. Ralph A. Austen and Woodruff D. Smith, "Private Tooth Decay as Public Economic Virtue: The Slave-Sugar Triangle, Consumerism, and European Industrialization, " in The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe, ed. Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman (Durham, N.C., 1992), pp. 183-203.
173. Elizabeth Donnan, ed., Documents Illustrative of the Slave Trade to America, 4 vols. (Washington, 1935), vol. 2, p. 255
174. John Thornton, "Africa: The Source, " in Captive Passage: The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Making of the Americas (Washington, 2002), pp. 36-37
175. Philip D. Curtin, Economic Change in Precolonial Africa: Senegambia in the Era of the Slave Trade (Madison, Wisc., 1974), table 8.10, p. 336 (copy sent to me with e-mails from Professor Robert Harms, October 5 and 6, 2004)
176. A.C. de C.M. Saunders, A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441-1555 (Cambridge, U.K., 1982), pp. 11-12
177. Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade (Cambridge, U.K., 1999), pp. 85-86.
178. David Eltis, Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York, 1987), p. 136.
179. An Abstract of the Evidence Delivered Before a Select Committee of the House of Commons in the Years 1790 and 1791; on the Part of Petitioners for the Abolition of the Slave-Trade (London, 1791), pp. 33-36, 39.
180. John T. Noonan Jr., A Church That Can and Cannot Change: The Development of Catholic Moral Teaching (Notre Dame, Ind., 2005), pp. 62-101.
181. Henry Kamen, Early Modern European Society (London, 2000)
182. Alison Rowlands, "The Condition of Life for the Masses, " in Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History, ed. Euan Cameron (Oxford and New York, 1999), pp. 31-62
183. Mary Lindemann, Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, U.K., 1999)
184. Tomás de Mercado, Summa de tratos, y contratos... (Seville, 1587), chap. 20
185. Bartolomé de Albornoz, "De la esclavitud, " rpt. from Arte de los contratos, in Biblioteca de autores españoles, vol. 65, pp. 232-33.
186. Lesley Byrd Simpson, The Encomienda in New Spain (1950; rev. ed., Berkeley, 1966)
187. Alfred W. Crosby Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, Conn., 1972)
188. Neal Salisbury, "The Indians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of the Europeans, " William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 53 (July 1996): 435-58
189. Noble David Cook, Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492-1650 (Cambridge, U.K., 1998)
190. Serafim Leite, História da Companhia de Jesus no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro and Lisbon, 1938-50), vol. 2, pp. 227, 346-47; VI, 350-51.
191. Michael A. Gomez, Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South (Chapel Hill, 1998), p. 37.
192. Robert Harms, whose book The Diligent: A Voyage Through the Worlds of the Slave Trade (New York, 2002)
193. Patrick Manning, Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades (Cambridge, U.K., 1990)
194. Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, U.K., 2000), pp. 36-43, 49-61
195. John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, U.K., 1998), pp. 320-34.
196. Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York, 1985)
197. Stuart B. Schwartz, "Colonial Brazil, c. 1580-1750: Plantations and Peripheries, " in Leslie Bethell, ed., The Cambridge History of Latin America (Cambridge, U.K., 1984), vol. 2, pp. 423-30
198. Joseph Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1997), p. 141
199. David Brion Davis, In the Image of God: Religion, Moral Values, and Our Heritage of Slavery (New Haven, 2001), pp. 156-57.
200. David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, Mass., 2001)
201. David Brion Davis, "The Enduring Legacy of the South's Civil War Victory, " New York Times, "Week in Review, " August 26, 2001, sec. 4, pp. 1, 6.
202. C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825 (New York, 1969), pp. 104-5.
203. Verene A. Shepherd, Slavery Without Sugar: Diversity in Caribbean Economy and Society Since the Seventeenth Century (Gainesville, Fla., 2002).
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205. Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713 (Chapel Hill, 1972), pp. 190-92
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217. David Brion Davis, "The Perils of Doing History by Ahistorical Abstraction, " in The Antislavery Debate: Capitalism and Abolitionism as a Problem in Historical Interpretation, ed. Thomas Bender (Berkeley, 1992), PP. 290-309.
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223. Richard B. Sheridan, Doctors and Slaves: A Medical and Demographic History of Slavery in the British West Indies, 1680-1834 (Cambridge, U.K., 1985)
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226. Mary C. Karasch, Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro, 1808-1850 (Princeton, 1987), passim.
227. Emilia Viotti da Costa, The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories (Chicago, 1985), pp. 145-47.
228. Stanley J. Stein, Vassouras: A Brazilian Coffee County, 1850-1900 (Cambridge, Mass., 1957)
229. Warren Dean, Rio Claro: A Brazilian Plantation System, 1820-1920 (Stanford, 1976), pp. 24-87
230. Robert Conrad, The Destruction ofBra-zilian Slavery, 1850-1888 (Berkeley, 1972), pp. 3-19, 58-59
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232. Robert Slenes, "The Demography and Economics of Slavery, 1850-1888" (Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1976), p. 123
233. Robert Brent Toplin, The Abolition of Slavery in Brazil (New York, 1972), pp. 20-21.
234. "Rethinking the African Diaspora: The Making of a Black Atlantic World in the Bight of Benin and Brazil, " ed. Kristin Mann and Edna G. Bay, special issue, Slavery & Abolition 22 (April 2001).
235. Carolyn E. Fick, The Making of Haiti: The Saint Domingue Revolution From Below (Knoxville, Tenn., 1990), p. 19.
236. "The Americanized Mannheim of 1945-1946, " in American Places: Encounters With History: A Celebration of Sheldon Meyer, ed. William E. Leuchtenburg (New York, 2000), pp. 79-91.
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238. Thomas C. Holt, The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor, and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938 (Baltimore, 1992)
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240. Michael Craton, Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies (Ithaca, N.Y., 1982).
241. Leslie M. Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1616-1863 (Chicago, 2003), pp. 15-16
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243. Betty Wood, The Origins of American Slavery: Freedom and Bondage in the English Colonies (New York, 1997).
244. John H. Moore, "Simon Gray, Riverman: A Slave Who Was Almost Free, " Mississippi Valley Historical Review (now Journal of American History) 49 (December 1962), pp. 472-84
245. Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, 1998), pp. 324-25.
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252. Leslie M. Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1826-1863 (Chicago, 2003), pp. 148, 264, 280-86.
253. Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867, ser. 1, vol. 3
254. The Wartime Genesis of Free Labor in the Lower South, ed. Ira Berlin et al. (Cambridge, UK, 1990), pp. 11-13, 347-77.
255. Reid Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers (New York, 1989), p. 125.
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257. David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War (New York, 1960), p. 388.
258. Steven Hahn, A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South From Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), pp. 13-115.
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266. Gazeta da Tarde, September 11, 14, 17, 28, 1880.
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268. Rebecca J. Scott et al., eds., The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil (Durham, N.C., 1988)
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271. José Antonio Saco, La esclavitud en Cuba y la revolucion de España, in Colección póstuma de papeles científicos, históricos, politícos... (Havana, 1888), pp. 443-45
272. Arthur F. Corwin, Spain and the Abolition of Slavery in Cuba, 1817-1886 (Austin, 1967), pp. 149, 153-71, 181, 233-34, 239, 246, 250, 280-81
273. Ada Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba: Race, Nation, and Revolution, 1868-1898 (Chapel Hill, 1999), pp. 1-89.
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277. Orlando Patterson, Rituals of Blood: Consequences of Slavery in Two American Centuries (Washington, 1998).
278. David M. Oshinsky, "Worse Than Slavery": Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice (New York, 1996).
279. Leon F. Litwack, Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow (New York, 1998), pp. 12, 122.
280. Kevin Bales, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (Berkeley, 1999).
281. Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 487.