The Technology Trap: Where Human Error and Malevolence Meet Powerful Technologies

The Technology Trap: Where Human Error and Malevolence Meet Powerful Technologies

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-395

  Dumas, Lloyd J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACHILLES' HEEL; BEST-EFFORT; EYE OPENINGS; HIGH TECH; HUMAN BEING; HUMAN ERRORS; TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTERS;

EID: 85193369948     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (446)

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62. Bruce Hoffman, Christina Meyer, Benjamin Schwarz, and Jennifer Duncan, Insider Crime: The Threat to Nuclear Facilities and Programs (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, February 1990), 33.
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66. Klanwatch Project, False Patriots: The Threat of Anti-Government Extremists (Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center, 1996), 8. See also Intelligence Project, Southern Poverty Law Center, Intelligence Report (Spring 1998), 6-28.
67. Bruce Hoffman, Terrorism in the United States (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, January 1986), 51.
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90. David Burnham, "Computer Safety of U.S. Is Faulted," New York Times, February 26, 1986.
91. John F. Burns, "China Reveals Major Scandal Among Top Island Officials," New York Times, August 1, 1985.
92. Timothy H. Ingram, "Nuclear Hijacking: Now Within the Grasp of Any Bright Lunatic," Washington Monthly, January 1973, 22.
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112. Matthew L. Wald, "U.S. Privatization Move Threatens Agreement to Buy Enriched Unranium from Russia," New York Times, August 5, 1998. See also Peter Passell, "Profit Motive Clouding Effort to Buy Up A-Bomb Material," New York Times, August 28, 1996.
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115. "Mystery of Israel's Bomb," Newsweek, January 9, 1978, 26; David Burnham, "Nuclear Plant Got U.S. Contracts Despite Many Security Violations," New York Times, July 4, 1977; and David Burnham, "U.S. Documents Support Belief Israel Got Missing Uranium for Arms," New York Times, November 6, 1977.
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128. Paul E. Chevedden, Les Eigenbrod, Vernard Foley, and Werner Sodel, "The Trebuchet," Scientific American, July 1995, 68.
129. William H. Harris and Judith S. Levey, ed., The New Columbia Encyclopedia (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1975), 2161.
130. Nicholas D. Kristof, "Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity: Unmasking Horror," New York Times, March 17, 1995.
131. Ibid. See also Leonard A. Cole, "The Spectre of Biological Weapons," Scientific American, December 1996, 62.
132. Chuck Hansen, "1,000 More Accidents Declassified," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, June 1990, 9.
133. Tim Weiner, "Safety Officer Says Military Hid Crashes," New York Times, June 24, 1995.
134. More than 40 years after this terrible accident, new details continue to emerge. See, for example, Richard Stone, "Retracing Mayak's Radioactive Cloud," Science, January 9, 1999.
135. Ralph Lapp, Kill and Overkill (New York, Basic Books, 1962), 127; and J. Larus, Nuclear Weapons Safety and the Common Defense (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1967), 93-99.
136. William J. Broad, "Soviet Sub Sunk in ' 86 Leaks Radioactivity Into the Atlantic," New York Times, February 8, 1994.
137. Pavel Felgenhauer, "Sunk Sub Raises Questions," Moscow Times, September 4, 2003.
138. Treaster, Joseph B., "Army Discloses Three New Cover-Ups," New York Times (September 20, 1975).
139. Keith Schneider, "U.S. Secretly Fixes Dangerous Defects in Atomic Warheads," New York Times, May 24, 1990.
140. Keith Schneider, "Nuclear Missiles on Some Bombers To Be Withdrawn," New York Times, June 9, 1990; see also Keith Schneider, "Interest Rises in Studies of Atomic Shells," New York Times, May 28, 1990.
141. "Plutonium Fallout Theory Revealed Here," Japan Times, October 29, 1969); and Associated Press, "Satellite Fallout Said Not Harmful," Japan Times, April 12, 1970).
142. Steven Aftergood, "Nuclear Space Mishaps and Star Wars," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1986, 40.
143. Kathleen Teltsch, "Canada to Continue Search for Fragments of Satellite that Fell," New York Times, July 6, 1978; and "Follow-Up on the News: 'Hot' Spy in the Cold," New York Times, April 26, 1981.
144. William J. Broad, "Despite Danger, Superpowers Favor Use of Nuclear Satellites," New York Times, January 25, 1983.
145. Tod S. Purdum, "Russian Mars Craft Falls Short and Crashes Back to Earth," New York Times, November 18, 1996; and Michael R. Gordon, "Mystery of Russian Spacecraft: Where Did It Fall to Earth?, New York Times, November 19, 1996.
146. "Challenger Disaster," Dallas Observer, August 27, 1987; see also The Nation, February 22, 1986.
147. Major Mike Morgan, deputy director of the Space Control Center, U.S. Space Command, Cheyenne, Wyoming, in interview by Derek McGinty, National Public Radio, "All Things Considered," August 13, 1997.
148. William J. Broad, "New Plans on Reactors in Space Raise Fears of Debris," New York Times, October 18, 1988.
149. Matthew L. Wald, "Nuclear Waste Tanks at Hanford Could Explode," New York Times, July 31, 1990.
150. Matthew L. Wald, "4 Decades of Bungling at Bomb Plant," New York Times, January 25, 1992.
151. Andrew Pollack, "After Accident, Japan Rethinks Its Nuclear Hopes," New York Times, March 25, 1997.
152. John H. Cushman, "Chemicals on Rails: A Growing Peril," New York Times, August 2, 1989.
153. Harry Anderson, Sudip Mazmazumdar, and Donna Foote, "Rajiv Gandhi Stumbles: Has India's Young Leader Become 'Directionless?' "Newsweek, February 23, 1987, 38.
154. Benjamin Friedman, "India and Pakistan: War in the Nuclear Shadow," Nuclear Issues, Center for Defense Information, June 18, 2002: http://www.cdi.org/nuclear/nuclearshadow-pr.cfm: (accessed July 1, 2009).
155. M. V. Ramana and A. H. Nayyar, "India, Pakistan and the Bomb", Scientific American, December 2001, 74.
156. Thom Shanker, "12 Million Could Die at Once in an India-Pakistan Nuclear War", New York Times, May 27, 2002.
157. Daniel Ford, The Button: America's Nuclear Warning System- Does It Work? (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1985), 52-53.
158. Bruce G. Blair, "Keeping Presidents in the Nuclear Dark: The SIOP Option that Wasn't," The Defense Monitor, Center for Defense Information, March/April 2004, 2.
159. Frank Von Hippel, "De-Alerting," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 1997, 35.
160. Russian Information Agency Staff Writers, "Current Nuclear Threat Worse Than During Cold War," RIA Novosti, Washington: July 20, 2007.
161. "Russia Resumes Regular Strategic Bomber Flights," Global Security Newswire, August 20, 2007, http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/ (accessed August 23, 2007).
162. "Russian Bombers Enter NATO Airspace," September 14, 2007; "Danish Jets Intercept Russian Bomber," October 31, 2007; "Russia Boosts Bomber Drills Near North America," October 2, 2007; "Russian Bombers Irk Canadian Leaders," March 2, 2009, Global Security Newswire, http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/ (accessed various dates).
163. Elaine M. Grossman, "Top U.S. General Spurns Obama Pledge to Reduce Nuclear Alert Posture," Global Security Newswire, February 27, 2009: http://gsn.nti.org/siteservices/print_friendly.php?ID=nw_20090227_8682 (accessed July 1, 2009).
164. Don Wall, "The Secret Arsenal," investigative report on the WFAA-TV Evening News, Channel 8: Dallas, Texas, November 2, 1995.
165. Stephen I. Schwartz, ed., Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), 220.
166. U.K. Defends Nuclear Security Following BBC Report," Global Security Newswire, November 16, 2007; http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/ (accessed November 19, 2007).
167. Bruce Blair, The Logic of Accidental Nuclear War (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1993), 50.
168. Major Mike Morgan, deputy director of the Space Control Center of the U.S. Space Command, in interview by Derek McGinty, National Public Radio, "All Things Considered," August 13, 1997.
169. Bruce Blair, "Primed and Ready," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (January/February 2007), 35.
170. Scott Sagan, The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents and Nuclear Weapons (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 238.
171. A. O. Sulzberger, "Error Alerts U.S. Forces to a False Missile Attack," New York Times, November 11, 1979; Richard Halloran, "U.S. Aides Recount Moments of False Missile Alert," New York Times, December 16, 1979.
172. Senator Gary Hart and Senator Barry Goldwater, "Recent False Alerts from the Nation's Missile Attack Warning System," Report to the Committee on Armed Services of the United States Senate: October 9, 1980 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980), 5-6.
173. Richard Halloran, "Computer Error Falsely Indicates A Soviet Attack," New York Times, June 6, 1980; Richard Burt, "False Nuclear Alarms Spur Urgent Effort to Find Flaws," New York Times, June 13, 1980. See also op. cit. Scott Sagan, 231.
174. Yuri Vasilyev, "On the Brink: More than 20 Years Ago, Stanislav Petrov Saved the World From a Thermonuclear War," Moscow News (May 12-18, 2004). See also Mark McDonald, "U.S. and Russian Nuclear Missiles Are Still on Hair Trigger Alert," Knight Ridder Newspapers, December 16, 2004.
175. John Kifner, "U.S. Officer Says Frigate Defenses Were Turned Off," New York Times, May 20, 1987; John Kifner, "Captain of Stark Says Ship Failed to Detect Missiles," New York Times (May 21, 1987); John Cushman, "Blind Spot Left Stark Vulnerable, U.S. Officials Say," New York Times, June 1, 1987.
176. Elaine Grossman, "General Plays Down Concerns Over Ambiguous Missile Launches," Global Security Newswire, April 22, 2008; http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/ (accessed April 22, 2008).
177. Richard Halloran, "U.S. Downs Iran Airliner Mistaken for F-14; 290 Reported Dead; A Tragedy, Reagan Says," New York Times, July 4, 1988.
178. David Shribman, "Korean Jetliner: What Is Known and What Isn't," New York Times, September 8, 1983.
179. David Shribman, "U.S. Experts Say Soviet Didn't See Jet Was Civilian," New York Times, October 7, 1983.
180. Steven Weisman, "U.S. Says Spy Plane Was in the Area of Korean Airliner," New York Times, September 5, 1983; Steven Erlanger, "Similarities with KAL Flight Are Rejected by U.S. Admiral," New York Times, July 4, 1988.
181. Philip Shenon, "Panel Investigating 9/11 Attacks Cites Confusion in Air Defense," New York Times, June 16, 2004.
182. Richard Hudson, "Molink Is Always Ready," New York Times Magazine, August 26, 1973.
183. "National Warning Plan Fails," Sacramento Bee, February 18, 1984.
184. Bill Keller, "Pentagon Test on News Coverage Hurt by Communications Lapses," New York Times, April 27, 1985.
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261. Matthew L. Wald, "Energy Chief Says Top Aides Lack Skills to Run U.S. Bomb Complex," New York Times, June 28, 1989.
262. Eliot Marshall, "Savannah River Blues," Science, October 21, 1988, 364.
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288. Victoria Loe, "Howell's Revelation: Wounded Sect Leader, in a Rambling Interview, Says that He Is Christ," and "A Look at Vernon Howell," Dallas Morning News, March 1, 1993.
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302. Stuart Diamond, "The Bhopal Disaster: How It Happened," New York Times, January 28,1985.
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312. Eric Weiner, "Jet Lands After an Engine Drops Off," New York Times, January 5, 1990.
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314. Andrew Rosenthal, "Design Flaw Seen as Failure Cause in Trident II Tests," New York Times, August 17, 1989.
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320. William K. Stevens, "Eastern Quakes: Real Risks, Few Precautions," New York Times, October 24, 1989.
321. Lee Hancock, "Chances Are 50-50 for Major Quake by Decade's End," Dallas Morning News, July 22, 1990.
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332. John Cushman, Jr., "Metallurgical Mystery in Crash that Killed 112," New York Times, November 3, 1989.
333. David Nather, "Safety Issues Plague Aging Airline Fleets," Dallas Morning News, July 22, 1990.
334. Matthew L. Wald, "Agency Grounds Scores of 737s to Check Wiring," New York Times, May 11, 1998.
335. Matthew L. Wald, "Checks of 737s Show More Damaged Wiring," New York Times, May 12, 1998.
336. Jeff Bailey, "Aging Jet Fleets an Added Strain on U.S. Airlines," New York Times, April 12, 2008.
337. Monica Davey, "Minnesota Agency Faulted on Bridge Upkeep," New York Times, May 22, 2008.
338. Eliot Marshall, "The Salem Case: A Failure of Nuclear Logic," Science, April 15, 1983, 280-281.
339. Associated Press, "Pilot's Wrong Keystroke Led to Crash, Airline Says," New York Times, August 24, 1996.
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342. Associated Press, "Computer Failure Grounds and Delays Flights on 2 Airlines," New York Times, August 2, 2004.
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344. Associated Press, "Firm Blames Equipment for E-Vote Glitch," NYTimes.com, April 15, 2004.
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347. Eric Pfanner, "Data Leak in Britain Affects 25 Million," New York Times, November 22, 2007.
348. M. M. Waldrop, "The Necessity of Knowledge," Science, March 23, 1984, 1280.
349. I. Peterson, "Phone Glitches and Other Computer Faults," Science News, July 6, 1991.
350. John M. Broder and Laurence Zuckerman, "Computers Are the Future But Remain Unready for It," New York Times, April 7, 1997.
351. Ivar Peterson, "Year-2000 Chip Danger Looms Large," Science News, January 2, 1999, 4.
352. "Y2K Bug," Encyclopedia Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/382740/Y2K-bug (accessed October 15, 2009).
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354. See, for example, "Software for Reliable Networks," Scientific American, May 1996.
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356. John McCarthy, "What Is Artificial Intelligence?: Applications of AI" Stanford University Computer Science Department, http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node3.html; revised November 12, 2007 (accessed October 15, 2009).
357. Ivars Peterson, "The Soul of a Chess Machine," Science News, March 30, 1996, 201.
358. John Markoff, "A New Method of Internet Sabotage Is Spreading," New York Times, September 19, 1996.
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360. P. Elmer-De-Witt,"Invasion of the Data Snatchers," Time, September 26, 1988, 62.
361. Higher security military communications were split off from Arpanet into a second network called Milnet in 1983.
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365. C. Holden, "The Worm's Aftermath," Science, November 25, 1988, 1121-1122.
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367. J. Markoff, "'Virus' in Military Computers Disrupts System Nationwide," New York Times, November 4, 1988.
368. Steve Lohr, "A Virus Got You Down? Who You Gonna Call?," New York Times, August 12, 1996.
369. John Markoff, "Thieves Winning Online War, Maybe Even in Your Computer," New York Times, December 6, 2008.
370. John Markoff, "Vast Spy System Loots Computers in 103 Countries," New York Times, March 29, 2009.
371. John Markoff, "Defying Experts, Rogue Computer Code Still Lurks," New York Times, August 27, 2009.
372. P. Weiss, "Network Innoculation," Science News, December 3, 2005.
373. S. Gibson, "Tech Talk: Effective and Inexpensive Methods for Controlling Software Viruses," Infoworld, May 9, 1988, 51.
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375. John Markoff, "Secure Digital Transactions Just Got a Little Less Secure," New York Times, November 11, 1995.
376. Ivar Peterson, "Power Cracking of Cash Card Codes," Science News, June 20, 1998, 388; see also Peter Wayner, "Code Breaker Cracks Smart Cards' Digital Safe," New York Times, June 22, 1998.
377. John Markoff, "Researchers Crack Code in Cell Phones," New York Times, April 14, 1998.
378. P. Weiss, "Outsmarting the Electronic Gatekeeper," Science News, February 5, 2005; John Schwartz, "Graduate Cryptographers Unlock Code of 'Thiefproof' Car Key," New York Times, January 29, 2005.
379. Charles Seife, "Flaw Found in Data Protection Method," Science, March 4, 2005.
380. R. Doherty, "Shuttle Security Lapse," Electronic Engineering Times, June 6, 1988.
381. Seth Schliesel, "Growth of Wireless Internet Opens New Path for Thieves," New York Times, March 19, 2005.
382. M. Wines, "Some Point Out Chinks in US Computer Armor," New York Times, November 6, 1988, 30.
383. R. Sandza, "Spying Through Computers: The Defense Department's Computer System Is Vulnerable," Newsweek, June 10, 1985, 39.
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388. E. Fromm, "Paranoia and Policy," New York Times, December 11, 1975.
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390. R. D. McFadden, "Disaster Status Given New York and Westchester to Speed Loans; Services Resume After Blackout," New York Times, July 16, 1977.
391. D. Anderson, "Four! A Hole-In-One Record at Open," New York Times, June 17, 1989.
392. Susan Stamberg, "Weekend Edition, with Scott Simon," National Public Radio, July 14, 2001; Hour 1), transcript 18-22.
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394. National Desk, "Cause of a Man's Toothache? A 4-Inch Nail," New York Times, January 17, 2005.
395. R. D. McFadden, "Odds-Defying Jersey Woman Hits Lottery Jackpot 2nd Time," New York Times, February 14, 1986.
396. P. M. Boffey, "Fifth US Rocket Failure Is Acknowledged by NASA," New York Times, May 10, 1986.
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