Street Policing after PACE: The Drift to Summary Justice

Regulating Policing: The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Past, Present and Future

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 149-190

  Young, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85190018884     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (57)

1. Home Office, Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (s 1–11) Penalty Notices for Disorder Police Operational Guidance (March, 2005) (hereafter Home Office Operational Guidance, 2005) 7
2. Home Office, Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (s 1–11), Supplementary Operational Guidance for Community Support Officers (no date), 1. The Home Office guidance cited in this chapter is available from http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/operational-policing/crime-disorder/index.html (accessed 12 June 2008).
3. A Walker, C Kershaw and S Nicholas, Crime in England and Wales 2005/6, Home Office Statistical Bulletin 12/06 (London, Home Office, 2006) 139.
4. S Choongh, Policing as Social Discipline (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997).
5. Home Office, Stop & Search Manual (London, Home Office, 2005) 38.
6. D Brown and T Ellis, Policing Low-Level Disorder: Police Use of Section 5 of the Public Order Act 1986, Home Office Research Study 135 (London, Home Office, 1994) 42–3
7. A Sanders and R Young, Criminal Justice 3rd edn (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007) 349–50
8. A Crawford and S Lister, The Use and Impact of Dispersal Orders: Sticking Plasters and Wake-Up Calls (Bristol, Policy Press, 2007).
9. R Morgan and T Newburn, The Future of Policing (Oxford, Clarendon, 1997) 26–7.
10. S Karstedt and S Farrall, Law-Abiding Majority?: The everyday crimes of the middle classes (London, Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, 2007), available from http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/ccjs/middle-classcrime-2007.pdf (accessed 3 October 2007).
11. C Kemp, C Norris and N Fielding, ‘Legal Manoeuvres in Police Handling of Disputes’ in D Farrington and S Walklate (eds), Offenders and Victims: Theory and Policy (London, British Society of Criminology, 1992) 73.
12. H Carr and D Cowan, ‘Labelling: constructing definitions of anti-social behaviour’ in J Flint (ed) Housing, Urban Governance and Anti-Social Behaviour (Bristol, Policy Press, 2006).
13. Feeley M and Simon J ‘Actuarial Justice: The Emerging New Criminal Law’ in Nelken D (ed), The Futures of Criminology (London, Sage, 1994).
14. M Maguire, ‘Regulating the police station: the case of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984’ in M McConville and G Wilson (eds) Handbook of the Criminal Justice Process (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002).
15. G Wilkins and C Addicott, Operation of Certain Police Powers under PACE, England and Wales 1997/8, Home Office Statistical Bulletin 2/99 (London, Home Office, 1999)
16. M Ayres and L Murray, Arrests for Recorded Crime (Notifiable Offences) and the Operation of Certain Police Powers under PACE: England and Wales, 2004/05, Home Office Statistical Bulletin 21/05 (London, Home Office, 2005) (hereafter Ayres and Murray).
17. Home Office, Race and the Criminal Justice System: An Overview to the Complete Statistics 2004–05 (London, Home Office 2006), 11.
18. J Miller, Profiling Populations Available for Stops and Searches, Police Research Series Paper 131, (London, Home Office, 2000) 84
19. P Waddington, K Stenson and D Don, ‘In proportion: Race, and Police Stop and Search’ (2004) 44 British Journal of Criminology 889 at 899–900.
20. M Fitzgerald, Stop and Search: Final Report (London, Metropolitan Police, 1999).
21. J Foster, T Newburn and A Souhami, Assessing the impact of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, Home Office Research Study 294 (London, Home Office, 2005) 29–30.
22. Home Office, Race and the Criminal Justice System: An Overview to the Complete Statistics 2004–05 (London, Home Office 2006) 11, fig 3.2.
23. B Bowling and C Phillips, ‘Disproportionate and Discriminatory: Reviewing the Evidence on Police Stop and Search’ (2007) 70 MLR 936.
24. P Hillyard and D Gordon, ‘Arresting statistics: the drift to informal justice in England and Wales’ (1999) 26 Journal of Law and Society 502 at 508.
25. Home Office, Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 1998 (London, Home Office, 1999) 19.
26. Home Office, Stop & Search Manual (London, Home Office, 2005) 38
27. P Hillyard and D Gordon, ‘Arresting statistics: the drift to informal justice in England and Wales’ (1999) 26 Journal of Law and Society 502 at 517.
28. M Wasik, ‘Legislating in the Shadow of the Human Rights Act: The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001’ [2003] Crim LR 931.
29. R Stone, Civil Liberties and Human Rights (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004) ch 9.
30. E Burney, Making People Behave: Anti-social behaviour, politics and policy (Cullompton, Willan, 2005) 32–3 and 89–91
31. Home Office, Penalty Notices for Disorder Statistics 2004 England and Wales, Online Report 35/05 (London, Home Office, 2005)
32. A von Hirsch, A Bottoms, E Burney and P-O Wilkstrom, Criminal Deterrence and Sentence Severity (Oxford, Hart, 1999).
33. Justices Clerks Society, Response to the Home Office Consultation Paper: Reducing Public Disorder—the role of fixed penalty notices (October, 2000).
34. J Greene, ‘Zero tolerance: a case study of police policies and practices in New York City’ (1999) 45 Crime and Delinquency 171.
35. House of Commons Library, The Criminal Justice and Police Bill Research Paper 01/10 (25 January 2001) 19.
36. A Walker, C Kershaw and S Nicholas, Crime in England and Wales 2005/6, Home Office Statistical Bulletin 12/06 (London, Home Office, 2006) 139.
37. G Halligan-Davis and K Spicer, Piloting ‘on the spot penalties’ for disorder: final results from a one-year pilot, Findings 257 (London, Home Office, 2004), 3
38. K Spicer and P Kilsby, Penalty Notices for Disorder: early results from the pilot, Findings 232 (London, Home Office 2004) 4.
39. Warburton H, May T and Hough M, ‘Looking the Other Way: The Impact of Reclassifying Cannabis on Police Warnings, Arrests and Informal Action in England and Wales’ (2005) 45 British Journal of Criminology 113 at 122.
40. S Cohen, Visions of Social Control (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1985).
41. Kraina C and Carroll L, Penalty Notices for Disorder: Review of Practice Across Police Forces, (London, Office for Criminal Justice Reform, 2006), 11
42. A Wilcox, ‘Evidence-Based Youth Justice? Some Valuable Lessons from an Evaluation for the Youth Justice Board’ (2003) 3(1) Youth Justice 21.
43. M Maguire, ‘The Crime Reduction Programme in England and Wales: Reflections on the Vision and the Reality’ (2004) 4 Criminal Justice 213.
44. G Smith, ‘A Most Enduring Problem: Police Complaints Reform in England and Wales’ (2005) 35 Journal of Social Policy 121
45. J Foster, T Newburn and A Souhami, Assessing the impact of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, Home Office Research Study 294 (London, Home Office, 2005) chs 5–6.
46. E Cape, ‘Modernising Police Powers—Again’ Crim LR (forthcoming).
47. B Mhlanga, Race and the CPS (London, SO, 1999)
48. J Jackson and J Sunshine, ‘Public Confidence in Policing’ (2007) 47 British Journal of Criminology 214.
49. A Mulcahy, Policing Northern Ireland (Cullompton, Willan, 2006) ch 4.
50. M Fitzgerald, M Hough, I Joseph and T Quereshi, Policing for London (Cullompton, Willan, 2002).
51. A Crawford and S Lister, The Use and Impact of Dispersal Orders: Sticking Plasters andWake-Up Calls (Bristol, Policy Press, 2007).
52. T Newburn, M Shiner and S Hayman, ‘Race, crime and injustice? Strip-search and the treatment of suspects in custody’ (2004) 44 British Journal of Criminology 677.
53. P Rawlings, Policing: A Short History (Cullompton, Willan, 2002) 152–62.
54. M Ignatieff, ‘Police and people: the birth of Mr. Peel’s “blue locusts”’, New Society, 30 August 1979 (vol 49) 443–5
55. T Newburn, Policing: Key Readings, (Cullompton, Willan, 2005) 28.
56. M Fitzgerald, M Hough, I Joseph and T Quereshi, Policing for London (Cullompton, Willan, 2002) 97
57. C Kemp, C Norris and N Fielding, ‘Legal Manoeuvres in Police Handling of Disputes’ in D Farrington and S Walklate (eds), Offenders and Victims: Theory and Policy (London, British Society of Criminology, 1992).