THE NEW FACE OF TERRORISM: Threats from Weapons of Mass Destruction

The New Face of Terrorism: Threats from Weapons of Mass Destruction

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-312

  Gurr, Nadine ^a   Cole, Benjamin ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 85189382535     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (378)

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4. Jessica stern, The Ultimate Terrorists (Harvard Unlversity, 1999) p 5
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6. John M. Deutch, Speech to Harvard-Los Alamos Conference on Nuclear Biological and Chemical Weapons Proliferation and Terrorism, Washington, DC (23 May 1996)
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27. Christopher Reed, ‘Hoax Callers spread Anthrax Scare’, Guardian (29 December 1998)
28. ‘Lugar Unveils Ads on Nuclear Terrorism’, USA Today (4 November 1999)
29. Sydney J. Freedberg and Marilyn Werber Serafini, ‘Be Afraid, Be Moderately Afraid’, The National Journal 31/13, p 807
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55. Sarin is 20 times more deadly than potassium cyanide, killing in minutes by attacking and crippling an individual’s nervous system. Only a tiny amount is needed, a fatal dose is 0.01 milligram per kilogram of human body weight. Barnaby: Instruments of Terror, pp 126–27
56. Gwen Robinson (from Tokyo) ‘Nerve Gas Solvent found as Police Swoop on Sect’, The Times, London (23 March 1995) p 10
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62. Andrew Hubback, ‘Apocalypse When? The Global Threat of Religious Cults’, Conflict Studies 300, Research Institute For the study of Conflict and Terrorism (June 1997) p 2
63. Jonathan B. Tucker & Amy Sands, ‘An Unlikely Threat’, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (July/August 1999) p 48
64. Ron Purver, ‘Chemical and Biological Terrorism: New Threat to Public Safety?’, Conflict Studies 295, Research Institute For The study of Conflict and Terrorism (December 1996–January 1997) p 14
65. Dr Amy Sands, ‘CBRN Terrorism: Assessing the Threat’, The Seventh Carnegie International Non-Proliferation Conference, Washington DC (11-12 January 1999)
66. David Kaplan and Andrew Marshall, The Cult at the End of the World (New York: Crown Publishers, 1996) p 102
67. Steve Kreisler, ‘Uncle Fester’ is an amateur scientist and former convict who worked out how to make ricin in his own kitchen, and subsequently published a book on it. Both his book and his inter­net website are popular. In the UK, the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency and the Chemical and Biological Defence. Establishment at Porton Down have examined Kreisler’s work and claim it is highly dangerous. Kreisler argues that knowledge of how to make ricin should be made known because of the right of freedom of informa­tion. He admits that there is no moral line in his book and advocates experimenting on family pets. Kreisler also claims he would not be unhappy if his work inspired a BW attack, provided innocent victims were not hurt. The Plague Wars 1 (1989)
68. ‘Patent Blunder’, Scientific American (November 1998) p 25
69. Ron Purver, ‘Chemical and Biological Terrorism: New Threat To Public Safety’, Conflict Studies 295 (December 1996–January 1997) p 4
70. Richard Falkenrath, Robert D. Newman and Bradley Thayer, America‘s Achilles Heel (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998) p 172
71. Robert Taylor, ‘All Fall Down’, Special Report, New Scientist (11 May 1996) pp 32–33
72. ‘New Routes to Old Poisons’, Guardian (4 November 1998)
73. Interview, name Withheld by request (23 March 1999)
74. Nuclear Proliferation and Safeguards, US Congress Office of Technology Assessment (Washington DC: Office of Technology, 1977)
75. J. Carson Mark, Theodore Taylor, Eugene Eyster, William Marman and Jacob Wechsler, ‘Can Terrorists Build Nuclear Weapons?’, in Paul Leventhal and Yonah Alexander (eds), Preventing Nuclear Terrorism (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1987) p 58
76. Leonard S. Spector, Mark G. McDonough and Evan Medeiros, Tracking Nuclear Proliferation (Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1995) p 10
77. Frank Barnaby, ‘Nuclear Terrorism’, Safe Energy 95 (June–July 1993) p 11
78. Frank Barnaby, Instruments of Terror: Mass Destruction Has Never Been So Easy (London: Vision Paperbacks, 1996) p 170
79. Frank Barnaby, ‘Issues Surrounding Crude Nuclear Explosives,’ p 9
80. Robert Mullen, ‘Nuclear Violence’, in Leventhal and Alexander (eds): Preventing Nuclear Terrorism, p 56
81. Falkenrath, Newman and Thayer: America’s Achilles Heel, p 136
82. Frank Barnaby: ‘Issues Surrounding Crude Nuclear Explosives’, p 10
83. Jessica Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists, (Cambridge Ma: Harvard University, 1999) p 56
84. D.W. Brackett, Holy Terror: Armageddon In Tokyo (New York: Weatherhill, 1996) p 114
85. Richard Falkenrath, ‘Confronting Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism’, Survival 40/3 (Autumn 1998) p 48
86. Falkenrath, Newman and Thayer: America’s Achilles Heel, p 107
87. Kaplan and Marshall: The Cult at the End of the World, p 121
88. Brackett: Holy Terror, pp 116, 117
89. Wendy Barnaby, The Plague Makers: The Secret World of Biological Walfare (London: Vision Paperbacks, 1997) p 23
90. Barnaby: Instruments of Terror, p 136
91. DERA, Chemical and Biological Defence, Protecting Through Scientific Understanding, DERA Brochure (1997)
92. Kaplan and Marshall: The Cult at the End of the World, p 53
93. Wendy Barnaby: The Plague Makers, p 45
94. Kaplan and Marshall: The Cult at the End of the World, p 96
95. Faikenrath, Newman and Thayer: America’s Archilles Heel, p 123
96. Al J. Venter, ‘Spectre of Biowar Remains,’ Jane’s Defence Weekly (28 April 1999) p 23
97. Kaplan and Marshall: The Cult at the End of the World, p 233
98. Wendy Barnaby: The Plague Makers, p 129
99. Graham T.Allison, Owen R. Cote Jr, Richard A. Falkenrath and Steven E. Miller, Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy (Cambridge Ma: MIT Press 1996)
100. Bruce Hoffman and David Claridge, ‘Illicit Trafficking in Nuclear Materials’, Conflict Studies 314/315, Research Institute For the study of Conflict and Terrorism (January–February 1999) p 10
101. John Sopko, ‘The Changing Proliferation Threat’, Foreign Policy 103 (winter 1996–97) p 10
102. Masha Katsva, ‘Threat of Chemical and Biological Terrorism in Russia’, The Monitor (Spring 1997) p 15
103. Karl Lowe, ‘Analyzing Technical Constraints on Bioweapons: Are They Important?’, in Brad Roberts (ed), Terrorism With Chemical and Biological Weapons: Calibrating Risks and Responses (Alexandria Va: Chemical and Biological Control Institute, 1997) p 54
104. ‘Water Terror Plot Foiled’, Observer (11 July 1999)
105. Richard A. Falkenrath, ‘Confronting Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism’, Survival 40/3 (Autumn 1998) pp 48–50
106. Jonathan Annells and James Adams, ‘Did Terrorists Kill with Deadly Nerve Gas Test?’, Sunday Times (19 March 1994) p 15
107. Richard Falkenrath, Robert D. Newman and Bradley Thayer, America’s Achilles Heel (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998) p 149
108. Falkenrath, Newman and Thayer: America’s Achilles Heel, pp 151–52
109. Neil Livingstone, The War Against Terrorism (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1982) p 110
110. John F. Sopko, ‘The Changing Proliferation Threat’, Foreign Policy 103 (Winter 1996–97) p 8
111. Ron Purver, ‘Chemical and Biological Terrorism: New Threat To Public Safety?’, Conflict Studies 295, Research Institute For the study of Conflict and Terrorism (December 1996–January 1997) p 2
112. Gururaj Mutalik, ‘Nuclear Terrorism - Prevention is the only Cure’, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, ‘Crude Nuclear Weapons and the Terrorist Threat’, IPPNW Global Health Watch, Report 1, (1996) pp 43, 52
113. Robert Mullen, ‘Nuclear Violence’, in Paul Leventhal and Yonah Alexander (eds), Preventing Nuctear Terrorism (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1987) p 244
114. Peter Taylor and David Sumner ‘The Effects of a Crude Plutonium Dispersal Weapon,’ International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War: ‘Crude Nuclear Weapons’, p 38
115. Keesing’s Record of world Events XXXI (March 1985) pp 33467–68
116. Maxine Angela Roberts, ‘The Chernobyl Incident of 1986: Its Impact on Soviet Agriculture’, MSc dissertation, Wye College, University of London (July 1993) p 27
117. Christopher Dobson and Ronald Payne, ‘Terror International: Hostages, Hijackings and Bombings in the Early 1970s’, War In Peace, pp 1509–15
118. C.J.M. Drake, Terrorists’ Target Setection, (London: St Martin’s Press, 1998) pp 157–58
119. Adrian Guelke, The Age of Terrorism and the International Political System (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998) pp 88–91
120. James Adams, The New Spies: Exploring the Frontiers of Espionage (London: Hutchinson, 1994) p 185
121. Yitzhak Shamir, Summing Up: An Autobiography (London: Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, 1994) pp 22–23
122. Conor Gearty, Terror (London: Faber & Faber, 1991) p 39
123. Tim Pat Coogan, The IRA (London: Harper Collins, 1995) pp 383–4
124. Gavin Cameron, ‘Nuclear Terrorism: A Real Threat?’, Jane’s Intelligence Review (September 1996) p 138
125. Michael Baumann, ‘The Mind of A German Terrorist’, Encounter 51/3 (September 1978) p 87
126. Brian Jenkuis, ‘Will Terrorists Go Nuclear?,’ Orbis 29/3 (Fall 1985) pp 514–15
127. Brian Michael Jenkins, ‘International Terrorism: A New Mode of Conflict’, in David Carlton and Carlo Schaerf (eds), International Terrorism and World Security (London: Croom Helm, 1975) p 15
128. Harvey J.McGeorge, ‘Reversing the Trend On Terror,’ Defense and Foreign Affairs (April 1988) p 16
129. ‘Terms of War and Peace’, Time (4 March 1996) p 37
130. Daniel Hirsch, ‘The Truck Bomb and Insider Threats to Nuclear Facilities’, in Leventhal and Alexander (eds): Preventing Nuclear Terrorism, p 207
131. Oleg Bhukarin, ‘Problems of Nuclear Terrorism’, The Monitor (Spring 1997) p 9
132. Keesing’s Record of World Events XXXI. (March 1985) pp 33467–68
133. Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (London: Indigo, 1998) p 157
134. C.J.M. Drake, Terrorists’ Target Selection (London: St Martin’s Press, 1998) p 34
135. Gavin Cameron, Nuclear Terrorism (Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1999) p 103
136. Ely Karmon, ‘Bin Laden Is Out To Get America!’, The International Policy Institute For Counter-Terrorism, internet site: (29 October 1998)
137. Conor Gearty, Terror (London: Faber & Faber, 1991) pp 102, 106, 120–21
138. ‘IRA Arms May Go To Rogue Factions’, Sunday Telegraph (4 July 1999)
139. Bruce Hoffman and David Claridge, ‘Illicit Trafficking in Nuclear Materials’, Conflict Studies 314/315, Research Institute For The study of Conflict and Terrorism (January–February 1999) p 28
140. Mark Tully and Satish Jacob, Amritsar: Mrs Ghandi’s Last Battle (London: Jonathan Cape, 1985) p 102
141. Yosi Melman, The Master Terrorist: The True story of Abu Nidal (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1986) p 68
142. ‘Attack is Tip of Hate Crime Iceberg’, Guardian (11 August 1999)
143. Daniel Jeffreys, quoted in Daily Mail (21 November 1998) pp 12–13
144. Adrian Guelke: The Age of Terrorism and the International Political System (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998) p 65
145. Richard Engel, ‘Egypt Digs for the Truth’, Jane’s Defence Weekly (24 February 1999) p 2
146. ‘Sergeyev: Troops Won’t Stop at Terek’, Moscow Times (13 October 1999)
147. Hala Jaber, Hezbollah: Born With A Vengeance (London: Fourth Estate, 1997) p 89
148. Reuven Paz, ‘Is There an Islamic Terrorism?,’ International Policy Institute for Counter Terrorism, internet site: (7 September 1998)
149. Amir Taheri, Holy Terror: The Inside Story of Islamic Terrorism (London: Hutchinson, 1987) p 192
150. Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, (London: Indigo, 1998) p 96
151. Ely Karmon, ‘Bin Laden Is Out To Get America!,’ The International Policy Institute For Counter-Terrorism, internet site: (1998)
152. Hala Jaber, Hezbollah: Born With A Vengeance (London: Fourth Estate,1997)pp 70-71
153. Ibrahim A Karawan, ‘The Islamist Impasse,’ Adelphi Paper 341, The International Institute for Strategic Studies (London: Oxford University Press, 1997) pp 7-20
154. Gavin Cameron, Nuclear Terrorism (Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1999) p 139
155. James Adams, The New Spies: Exploring the Frontiers of Espionage (London: Hutchinson, 1994) p175
156. Yael Shahar, ‘Osama bin Laden: Marketing Terrorism,’ The International Policy Institute For Counter-Terrorism, internet site: (7 September 1998)
157. ‘Bomb Plot Tip-Offs Fuel Alrline Safety Fears,’ Obsewer (15 August 1999)
158. Osama bin Laden, quoted in Daily Telegraph (26 December 1998)
159. David Kaplan and Andrew Marshall, The Cult at the End of the World (New York: Crown Publishers, 1996) pp 47, 187.
160. Vincent Bugliosi With Curt Gentiy, Helter Skelter: The Shocking story of the Manson Murders (London: Arrow, 1992) pp 403, 182.
161. Jessica Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists (Cambridge Ma: Harvard University, 1999) p 72
162. Andrew Hubback, ‘Apocalypse When? The Global Threat of Religious Cults,’ Conflict Studies 300, Research Institute For the Study of Conflict and Terrorism (June 1997) p 21
163. Brian Jenkins, ‘Foreword,’ in D.W.Brackett, Holy Terror, Armageddon in Tokyo (New York: Weatherhill, 1996) p xi
164. Official Warns of Cult Attack in Moscow,’ Moscow Times (2 April 1995) ITAR_TASS, 1431hrs GMT (4 April 1995)
165. ‘Israelis Fear Worst As End of Time Draws Near,’ Sunday Telegraph (3 January 1999)
166. Robin McKie and Hadley Freeman, ‘Millennium Madness Starts Here’ Observer (27 December 1998)
167. Michael Jordan, Cults From Bacchus to Heaven’s Gate (London: Carlton, 1999) p 133
168. Mc Kie and Freeman, ‘Millennium Madness Starts Here;
169. Judy Kerr, ‘Prophet Margins,’ Time Out (15-22 March 2000) p 18
170. ‘Sister of Death,’ The Sunday Telegraph (2 April 2000)
171. Gall Bass et al, Motivations and Possible Actions Of Potential Criminal Adversaries of US Nuclear Programmes (Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1980)
172. Daniel Jeffreys, quoted in Daily Mail (21 November 1998, pp 12-13)
173. Falkenrath, Newman and Thayer, America’s Achilles Heel (Cambridge, MA: MΓΓ Press, 1998) pp 196-97
174. ‘Special branch Had No Idea,’ The Times (1 July 2000)
175. Stuart Miller, ‘We’re at War and if That Means More bombs, so be it,’ Guardkm, G2 (27 April 1999).
176. ‘Hunt is Hampered by Secret Cells of Neo- Nazis', Guardian (1 May 1999)
177. ‘Police Check International Neo-Nazi Links’, Guardian (27 April 1999)
178. Patricia Steinhoff, ‘Portrait of a Terrorist: An Interview With Kozo Okamato,’ Asian Survey (September 1976) pp 844-855.
179. Konrad Kellen, The Potential For Nuclear Terrorism: A Discussion,’ in Paul Leventhal and Yonah Alexander (eds), Preventing Nuclear Terrorism (Lexington, MA: Lexnigton Books, 1986) p 113
180. Richard Engel, ‘Egypt Digs For the Truth,’ Jane’s Defence Weekly (24 February 1999) p 22
181. Jessica stern, The Ultimate Terrorist (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp 37-39
182. Brad Roberts, Ηas the Taboo Been Broken?’, in Brad Roberts (ed), Terrorism With Chemical and Biological Weapons (Alexandria Va: Chemical and Biological Control Institute, 1997), p 130
183. Jerrold Post, ‘Prospects For Nuclear Terrorism: Psychological Motivations and Constraints’, in Paul Leventhal and Yonah Alexander (eds), Preventing Nuclear Terrorism (Lexington, MA: Lexnigton Books, 1986), p 96
184. Martin McGartland, Fifty Dead Men Walking (London: Blake, 1997) pp 217, 218, 221, 255
185. Yossi Melman, The Master Terrorist: The True Story Behind Abu Nidal (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1986) pp 72, 75, 78, 83
186. C.J.M. Drake, Terrorists’ Target Selection (London: St Martin’s Press, 1998) p.l64
187. Andrew Hubback, Apocalypse When? The Global Threat of Religious Cults’, Conflict Studies 300, Research Institute For the Study of Conflict and Terrorism (June 1997) p 6
188. Richard Engel, ‘Egypt Digs For the Truth’, Jane’s Defence Weekly (24 February 1999) p 22.
189. ‘Gun Ban On Furrow Was Ignored’, Sunday Telegraph (15 August 1999)
190. ‘Janesville Man Gets More Than 12 Years for Making Toxic Chemical’, Special Issue to the journal Sentinal (8 January 1998)
191. Gavin Cameron, Nuctoar Terrorism (Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1999) p 104
192. Henry Gleitman, Psychology, Fourth Edition, (London: WW Norton, 1995) p 758
193. Richard A. Falkenrath, Robert D. Newman and Bradley Thayer, America’s Achillos Heel (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), p 210
194. Vincent Bugliosi With Curt Gentry, Helter Skelter: The Shocking story of the Manson Murders (London: Arrow, 1992) p 56
195. Jerrold Post, ‘Prospects For Nuclear Terrorism: Psychological Motivations and Constraints’, in Paul Leventhal and Yonah Alexander (eds), Preventing Nuclear Terrorism (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1986) p 96
196. K. Wasmund, The Political Socialization of West German Terrorists’, in P. Merkl (ed), Political Violence and Terror, p 19
197. Brian M. Jenkins, ‘Understanding the Link between Motives and Methods’, in Roberts: Terrorism With Chemical and Biological Weapons, pp 46-47
198. Bruce Hoffman, Terrorism and WMD: Some Preliminary Hypotheses’, The Nonproliferation Review (Spring-Summer 1997), p 48; Cameron: Terrorists’ Target Selection, pp 85, 114
199. Julia Berryman, David Hargreaves, Kevin Howells and Elizabeth Ockleford, Psychology and You An Informal Introduction (Leicester: The British Psychological Society, 1997) p 116
200. I. Janis, Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascos (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982) Post: ‘Prospects’, p 97
201. Berryman, Hargreaves, Howells and Ockleford: Psychology, p 113
202. Adrian Guelke, The Age Of Terrorism (London: LB Tauris 1998) p 93
203. Cameron: Nuclear Terrorism, p 46;
204. Drake: Terrorists’ Target Selection, p 168
205. Martha Crenshaw, Terrorism and International Cooperation (New York: Institute for East-West Security, Inc, 1989) p 16
206. Cameron: NuclearTerrorism, pp 104-05, 110
207. W. Seth Carus, ‘A Case study in Biological Terrorism: The Rajneesh in Oregon, 1984’, paper summary, Center for Counterproliferation Research, National Defense University (29 July 1997) p 5-6
208. David Kaplan and Andrew Marshall, The Cult at the End of the World (NewYork: Crown Publishers, 1996), pp 50, 251
209. Kaplan and Marshall: The Cult at the End of the World, p 42
210. Michael Jordan, Cults: From Bacchus to Heaven’s Gate (London: Carlton, 1999) pp 95, 104
211. Ian Haworth, ‘Caring For Cult Victims’, Carer and Counsellor 7/3 (Summer 1997) p 28
212. Kaplan and Marshall: The Cult at the End of the World, pp 140, 240
213. W.D. Brackett, Holy Terror: Armageddon in Tokyo (New York: Weatherhin, 1996) p 22
214. Hugh Beach & Nadine Gurr, Flattering the Passions: Or the Bomb and Britain'sBid for a World Role, (London: LBTauris, 1999) pp l95-220
215. Anton Obholzer, in Barnett, The Nuclear Mentality,’ p 36
216. Kellen, The Potential For Nuclear Terrorism: A Discussion,’ p 11
217. Paul Leventhal and Yonah Alexander (eds), Preventing Nuclear Terrorism (Lexington, MA: Books, 1986), p 8 Lexington
218. Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (London: Indigo, 1998) p 197
219. Adrian Guelke, The Age of Terrorism (London: I B Tauris, 1998) p 40
220. ‘US Terror League,’ Sunday Telegraph (2 May 1999)
221. James Adams, The New Spies (London: Hutchinson, 1994), p 180
222. Peter Taylor, States of Terror (London: BBC Books) p 197
223. ‘Iran Funds Hamas Terror Group To Sabotage Peace Process,’ Sunday Telegraph (15 August 1999)
224. Gavin Cameron, ‘Nuclear Terrorism: A Real Threat,’ Jane’s Intelligence Reυiew (September 1996), p 424
225. ‘Russians Help Syria To Make Chemical Arms,’ The Times (25 January 1999)
226. Amir Taheri, HoIy Terror: The Inside story of Islamic Terrorism (London: Hutchinson, 1987) pp 90-102; ‘Iran Funds Hamas Terror Group To Sabotage Peace Process,’ Sunday Telegraph (15 August 1999)
227. Thomas J. Badey, ‘US Anti-Terrorism Policy: The Clinton Administration,’ Contemporary Security Policy 19/2 (August 1998) pp 53-55
228. Ron Purver, ‘Chemical and Biological Terrorism: New Threat to Public Safety?,’ Conflict Studies 295 (December 1996-January 1997), Research Institute for the study of Conflict and Terrorism, p 15
229. Wendy Barnaby, The Plague Makers: The Secret World of Biological Warfare (London: Vision Books, 1997), p 15
230. Leonard Cole, ‘Überterrorists,’ Review of Jessica stern, The Ultimate Terrorists, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (September-October 1999) p 67
231. ‘Ministers Sound Retreat on Anthrax Warning,’ Guardian (25 March 1998)
232. Jessica Stern Will Terrorists Turn To Poison,’ Orbis (Summer 1993) p 2
233. ‘Special Investigation Into Project Coast, ’ Truth and Reconciliation Committee Final Report, Volume 2, Chapter 6 (29 October 1998)
234. ‘Bin Laden Shielded By Cult Status in Pakistan,’ Sunday Telegraph (20 February 2000)
235. ‘Pakistan Funds Islamic Terror,’ Sunday Telegraph (16 May 1999)
236. Hala Jaber, Hezbollah: Born With A Vengeance (London: Fourth Estate, 1997) p 111
237. ‘Iran-Iraq Strains Grow as Report Says Scuds Fired,’ Guardian (11 June 1999)
238. Frank Smyth, ‘Culture Clash, bin Laden, Khartoum and the War Against the West,’ Jane’s Intelligence Review (October 1998) p 22
239. Phil Williams and Ernesto Savona (eds), The UN and Transnational Organized Crime (London: Frank Cass, 1996) p 142
240. Robert Taylor, ‘All Fall Down,’ special Report, New Scientist (11 May 1996) p 36
241. John Deutch, Terrorism’, Foreign Policy (Fall 1997) p 15
242. C.J.M. Drake: Terrorists’ Target Selection (London: St Martin’s Press) 1998 p 123.
243. ‘US Foils Spate of Bin Laden Bomb Attacks,’ The Times (25 February 1999)
244. ‘Next Dominant Domestic Terrorism Fear: Biochemical Weapons,’ Gannett News Servlce (28 March 1997)
245. Jessica stern. ‘Apocalypse Never, But the Threat is Real,’ Surυiυal 40/4 GVmter 1998-9) p 178
246. D.w. Brackett, Holy Terror, Armageddon in Tokyo (New York: Weatherhill, 1996) p 52
247. ‘Muslims Who Find A Haven in London,’ Guardian (26 August 26 1998)
248. Ron Purver, ‘Chemical and Biological Terrorism: New Threat to Public Safety?,’ Conflict Studies 295, Research Institute For The study of Conflict and Terrorism (December 1996 January 1997), p 23
249. ‘US Studylng Truck-Bomb Defenses at Reactors,’ New York Times, special Edition - Terrorism (23 April 1993)
250. Daniel Hirsch, The Truck Bomb and Insider Threats to Nuclear Facilities’, in Paul. Leventhal and Yonah. Alexander (eds), Preventing Nuclear Terrorism (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1986) p 214
251. A. Henderson, Bioterrorism as a Public Health Threat,’ Journal of Emerging Diseases 4/3 (June-September 1998)
252. ‘Wargame Finds Large Holes in US Counter-Bioterrorism,’ Defense News (1999)
253. Richard A. Falkenrath, ‘Confronting Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism,’ Survival 40/3 (Autumn 1998) p 60
254. Jane’s Defence Weekly (14 May 1997) p 8; & (8 October 1997)p 5
255. ‘Agencies to Centralise for CBW Rapid Response’, Jane’s Defence Weekly (12 November 1997) p 11
256. ‘The Global Terrorist,’ Sunday Tunes (7 February 1999)
257. Jason Ellis, ‘Nunn-Lugar’s Mid-Life Crisis,’ Survival 39/1 (Spring 1997) pp 88-92
258. Frank Barnaby, Instruments of Terror: Mass Destruction Has Never Been So Easy (London: Vision Paperbacks, 1996) p 164
259. ‘Millennium Death Wish Cults Put the Dome Under Siege,’ Sunday Telegraph (17 January 1999)
260. Thomas J. Badey, ‘US Anti-Terrorism Policy: The Clinton Administration, Contemporary Security Policy 19/2 (August 1998), pp 60-61
261. John F. Murphy, ‘Co-operative International Arrangements: Prevention of Nuclear Terrorism and the Extradition and Prosecution of Terrorists,’ in Leventhal and Alexander (eds): Preventing Nuclear Terrorism, p 363
262. Programme for Promotnig Nuclear Nonproliferation, Newsbrief (First Quarter 1998) p 18
263. ‘UN Split on New Plan To Fight Nuclear Terrorism,’ Jane’s Defence Weekly (18 March 1998) p 6
264. Graham Pearson and Malcolm R. Dando, ‘National Implementation Measures: An Update,’ strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention, Briefing Paper 14 (October 1998) Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford
265. Williams and Savona: The UN, pp 150, 152
266. John F. Sopko, The Changing ProliferationThreat,’ Foreign Policy 103 (Winter 1996-97) p 17
267. Graham T. Allison, Owen R. Cote, Richard A. Falkenrath, Steven E. Miller, Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy (Cambridge Ma: MIT Press, 1996) p 31
268. Richard Preston, The Secret War, Arena, (1998) p 212
269. ‘US Cruise Attacks “Ignored Warnings’” Guardtan (6 October 1998)
270. Allison, Cote, Falkenrath, Miller: Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy, p 67.
271. Richard A. Falkenrath, ‘Confronting Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism,’ SurυiυaI 40/ 3 (Autumn 1998) p 59
272. James H. Anderson, ‘Microbes and Mass Casualties: Defending America Against Bioterrorism,’ The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder 11 (26 May 1998) p 10
273. ‘Animal Activists Face Ban as Terrorists,’ The Times (18 December 1998)
274. Chuck McCutcheon, ‘Homeland Defense: Mobilizing Against Terrorism,’ Congressional Quarterly Weekly (6 March 1999) p 527
275. John Steinbruner, ‘Biological Weapons: A Plague Upon All Houses,’ Foreign Policy 109 (Winter 1997-98) p 93
276. Report to Congress on Response To Threats of Terrorist Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction (31 January 1997), reprinted in The Monitor 3/2 (Spring 1997) Center For International Trade and Security at the University of Georgia, p 19
277. The USA Will spend $250 million over six years to train ten, 22-member National Guard RAlDS Units, which will be able to react to any CBW incident Within four hours, ‘US Plans Force To Beat Germ Terrorists,’ The Times (2 February 1999)
278. Richard A. Falkenrath, Robert D. Newman and Bradley Thayer, America’ Achillos Heel (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998) p 305
279. ‘USA to Develop System to Track Loose Nukes,’ Jane’s Defence Weekly (8 October 1997) p 5
280. ‘Be Afraid, Be Moderately Afraid,’ The National Journal (27 March 1999)
281. ‘US Plans Force To Beat Germ Terrorists,’ The Times (2 February 1999)
282. ‘Revealed: USA’s Overt Squads To Counter WMD,’ Jane’s Defence Weekly (11 March 1998), p 12
283. Adrian Guelke, The Age Of Terrorism (London: LB Tauris, 1998) p 148
284. ‘An Unlikely Threat,’ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (July/August 1999) p 7
285. ‘UK Bio-Agent Detector System Is Delivered,’ Jane’s Defence Weekly (13 January 1999) p 17
286. ‘Animal Activists Face Ban as Terrorists,’ The Times (18 December 1998)
287. Taylor: ‘All Fall Down,’ Special report, New Scientist (11 May 1996) p 36
288. Vladimir Orlov, ‘Preventing The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism: The Case of Russia,’ Disarmament Diplomacy (November 1997) p 15
289. Masha Katsva, Threat of Chemical and Biological Terrorism in Russia,’ The Monitor (Spring 1997) p 16.
290. ‘US Evacuates Diplomats in Anthrax Alert,’ The Times (19 December 1998)
291. ‘Jerusalem Tightens Security Agalnst Doomsday Cult, Guardian, (2‘ November 1998)
292. Paul Schulte, ‘Motives and Methods of Future Political Violence: Landscapes of the Early 21st Century,’ Address at Conference, The New Terrorism: Does It Exist? How Real Are the Risks of Mass Casualty Attacks?’ (29-30 April, 1999)
293. James Adams, The New Spies: Exploring the Frontiers of Espionage (London, Hutchinson, 1994) p 312
294. Richard Falkenrath, Robert D. Newman and Bradley Thayer, America’ s Achilles Heel (Cambridge, MA: MITPress, 1998) pp 288-89
295. Paul Rogers, The Next Terror Weapon Will Be Biological. And it Could be Used Soon,’ Guardian (18 August 1998) p 14
296. Louis René Beres, ‘Preventing Nuclear Terrorism: Responses to Terrorist Grievances,’ in Paul Leventhal and Yonah Alexander (eds), Preventing Nuclear Terrorism (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1986) p 15‘
297. Falkenrath, Newman and Thayer: America’s Achilles Heel, p 208
298. Richard Preston, ‘The Secret War', Arena, (1998) p 212
299. Paul Wilkinson, Terrorist Targets: New Risks to World Order,’ Conflict Studies 236 (December 1990) p 15
300. Conor Gearty, Terror (London: Faber & Faber 1991) p 129
301. Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (London: Indigo, 1998)
302. Adrian Guelke, The Age of Terrorism (London: IBTauris, 1998)
303. C.J.M. Drake, Terrorists Target Selection An increasing number of books which focus Specifically on WMD terrorism have been published.
304. Frank Barnaby, Instruments of Terror: Mass Destruction Has Never Been So Easy (London: Vision, 1996)
305. Wendy Barnaby. The Plague Makers: The Secret World of Biological Warfare (London: Vision, 1997), provide general and easy to read Overviews of the subject.
306. Richard Falkenrath, Robert. D. Newman, & Bradley Thayer, America’s Achilles Heel: Nuclear Biological and Chemical Terrorism (Cambridge MA: MΓΓ Press, 1998)
307. Brad Roberts ed, Terrorism With Chemical and Biological Weapons: Calibrating Risks and Responses (Alexandria Va: Chemical and Biological Control Institute, 1997)
308. Jessica stern, The Ultimate Terrorists (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).
309. Paul Leventhal & Yonah Alexander, Preventing Nuclear Terrorism: The Report and Papers of the International Task Force on Prevention of Nuclear Terrorism, (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1987)
310. whilst Gavin CameronNuclear Terrorism: A Threat Assessment for the Twentieth Century (Basnigstoke: MacMiHan, 1999)
311. Graham T. Alliison, Owen R. Cote Jr, Richard A Falkenrath, Stephen E. Miller, Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy, (Cambridge Ma: MIT Press, 1996)
312. James Adams, The New Spies: Exploring the Frontiers of Espionage, (London: Hutchinson, 1994)
313. Phil Williams and Ernesto Savona eds, The UN and Transnational Organized Crime, (London: Frank Cass, 1996)
314. Amir Taheri, Holy Terror: The Inside Story of Islamic Terrorism, (London: Hutchinson, 1987)
315. Hala Jaber, Hezbollah: Born With a Vengeance, (London: Fourth Estate, 1997)
316. Tim Pat Coogan, The IRA, (Harper Collins: London, 1995)
317. Mark Tully & Satish Jacob, Amritsar: Mrs Ghandi’s Last Battle, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1985)
318. D.W. Brackett, Holy Terror: Armageddon In Tokyo, (New York: Weatherhill, 1996)
319. David E. Kaplan & Andrew Marshall, The Cult at the End of the World, (New York; Crown Publishers, 1996)
320. Richard K. Betts, The New Threat of Mass Destruction,’ Foreign Affairs (January/February 1998)
321. David M-Rosenbaum, ‘Nuclear Terror,’ International Security, 1:3 (winter 1977).
322. John Sopko, The Changing Proliferation Threat, ’ Foreign Policy, No. 103 (Winter 1996-97).
323. John Stenibruner, ‘Biological Weapons: A Plague Upon All Houses,’ Foreign Policy, No.l09 (Winter 1997-98).
324. IPPNW Global Health Watch Report No.l, Crude Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and the Terrorist Threat, international Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (1996).
325. The Monitor, Center For International Trade and Security at the University of Georgia, Special Issue, 3:2 (Spring 1997)
326. Richard Preston, The Secret War”, ARENA, (1998).
327. Frank Barnaby, ‘Nuclear Terrorism,’ Safe Energy 95 (June/July 1993)
328. James Langton, ‘A Plague On All Our Houses,’ The Sunday Review, in Sunday Telegraph (8 March, 1998)
329. Robert Taylor, ‘All Fall Down,’ Speciai Report, New Scientist (11 May 1996).
330. Richard A. Falkenrath, ‘Confronting Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism,’ Survival, 40:3 (Autumn 1998)
331. Bruce Hoffman, Terrorism and WMD: Some Preliminary Hypotheses,’ Nonproliferation Review (Spring/Summer 1997)
332. Gavin Cameron, ‘Nuclear Terrorism: A Real Threat?,’ Jane’s InteUigence Review (September 1996)
333. Ron Purver, ‘Chemical and Biological Terrorism: New Threat to Public Safety?,’ Conflict Studies No.295, Research Institute For The study of Conflict and Terrorism (Dec 1996/Jan 1997)
334. Thomas J. Bady, ‘US Anti Terrorism Policy: The Clniton Administration,’ Contemporary Security Policy, 19:2 (August 1998).
335. Ashton Carter, John Deutch, & Phillip Zelikow, ‘Catastrophic Terrorism: Tackling The New Danger,’ Foreign Affairs (November/ December 1998).
336. Jason Ellis, ‘Nunn-Lugar’s Mid-Life Crisis,’ Survival, 39:1 (Spring 1997)
337. Chuck McCutcheon, ‘Homeland Defence: Mobilizing Aganist Terrorism,’ Congressional Quarterly Weekly (6 March, 1999)
338. John Deutch, Terrorism, Foreign Policy (Fall 1997)
339. Graham S. Pearson & Nicholas A. Sims, ‘National Implementation Measures: An update,’ Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention Briefing Paper No.14 (October 1998), Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford.
340. Ian Haworth, ‘Caring For Cult Victims,”’ Carer and Counsellor, 7:3 (Summer 1997)
341. Andrew Hubback, ‘Apocalypse When? The Global Threat of Religious Cults,’ Conflict Studies No. 300, Research Institute For the study of Conflict and Terrorism (June 1997)
342. Bruce Hoffman & David Claridge, ‘Illicit Trafficking in Nuclear Materials,’ Conflict Studies No.314/315.
343. Research Institute For the Study of Conflict and Terrorism (Jan/Feb 1999); & ISIS Report, 3:1 (May 1996).
344. Ely Karmon, ‘Bui Ladin is Out To Get America,’ The International Policy Institute For Counter Terrorism, Internet Site: (29 October, 1998)
345. Reuven Paz, ‘Is There an Islamic Terrorism?,’ Internatlonal Policy Institute for Counter Terrorism, Internet Site: (7 September, 1998)
346. Ibrahim A Karawan, The Islamist Impasse.’ Adelphi Paper 341, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, (London: Oxford University Press, 1997).
347. Whilst Paul Wilkinson, Terrorist Targets: New Rlsks to World Order,’ Conflict Studies No.236 (December 1990)
348. Truck- Bomb Defenses at Reactors,’ New York Times, special Edition - Terrorism (23 April 1993)
349. ‘Militias and Messiahs,’ The Economist (April 5-11, 1997)
350. ‘NBC Weapons Cannot be Reliably Destroyed,’ Jane’s Defence Weekly (1‘ May 1997).
351. ‘USA to Develop System to Track Loose Nukes,’ Jane’s Defence Weekly, (8 October 1997).
352. ‘Agencies to Centralise for CBW Rapid Response,’ Jane’s Defence Weekly, (12 November 1997)
353. ‘Ministers Sound Retreat on Anthrax Warning,’ Guardian (25 March 1998).
354. ‘War Games Show up Germ Defenses,’ Guardian (28 April, 1998)
355. ‘US to Guard Public From Germ Attack,’ The Times (22 May 1998)
356. Paul Rogers, The Next Terror Weapon Will Be Biological, And It Could be Used Soon,’ Guardian (18 August 1998)
357. ‘Vaccines For All in Anti-Germ War Plan,’ Sunday Telegraph (11 October 1998)
358. ‘Jerusalem Tightens Security Against US Doomsday Cult,’ Guardian (November 2, 1998)
359. ‘Animal Activists Face Ban as Terrorists,’ The Times (December 18, 1998)
360. ‘US Evacuates Diplomats in Anthrax Alert,’ The Times (December 19, 1998)
361. ‘Muslims Told to Avenge Iraq Strikes,’ Daily Telegraph (December 26, 1998)
362. Ηoax Callers spread Anthrax Scare,’ Guardian (December 29, 1998)
363. Paul Johnson, ‘A Time of Miracles, Madness and Danger,’ Comment, Sunday Telegraph (January 3, 1999)
364. ‘Israelis Fear Worst as the Εnd of Time’ Draws Near,’ Sunday Telegraph (January 3, 1999)
365. ‘Cultists To Be Deported,’ Guardian (January 5, 1999)
366. The Domes-Day Cult,’ Daily Mail (January 16 1999)
367. ‘Millennium Death Wish Cults Put the Dome Under Siege,” Sunday Telegraph (January 17, 1999)
368. ‘US Plans Force To Beat Germ Terrorists,’ The Times (February 2, 1999)
369. The Global Terrorist,’ The Sunday Times (February 7, 1999)
370. ‘US Foils spate of Bin Laden Bomb Attacks,’ The Times (February 25, 1999)
371. ‘We’re At War And If That Means More Bombs, So Be It…,” Guardian G2 (April 27, 1999)
372. ‘Police Check International Neo-Nazi Links,’ Guardian (April 27, 1999)
373. ‘Anti- Terror Police Seek White Wolf Racist Over Bombs,’ Guardian (April 28, 1999)
374. ‘Hunt Is Hampered By Secret Cells of Neo-Nazis,’ The Times, (May 1, 1999)
375. ‘Manifesto of Hate: The War Is On,’ Sunday Telegraph (May 2, 1999)
376. Water Terror Plot Foiled,’ Observer (July 11, 1999)
377. ‘Ex-Soldier Held Over Poison threat,’ Daily Telegraph (July 12, 1999)
378. Programme for Promoting Nuclear Non Proliferation, Newsbrief. (1994-1999)