The Incas: New perspectives

The Incas: New Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-269

  Mcewan, Gordon F ^a  

^a WAGNER COLLEGE   (United States)

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EID: 85189249050     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (570)

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224. Bauer, Brian S., and R. Alan Covey. 2002. "Processes of State Formation in the Inca Heartland (Cuzco, Peru). " American Anthropologist 104(3): 846-864.
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229. Earle, Timothy K., and Terrence N. D'Altroy. 1989. "The Political Economy of the Inka Empire: The Archaeology of Power and Finance. " In Archaeological Thought in America, edited by Carl C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, 183-204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
230. Earle, Timothy K., Terrence N. D'Altroy, Christine Hastorf, Catherine J. Scott, Cathy L. Costin, Glenn S. Russell, and Elsie Sandefur. 1987. Archaeological Field Research in the Upper Mantaro, Peru, 1982-1983: Investigations of Inka Expansion and Exchange. Monograph 28. Los Angeles: University of California Institute of Archaeology.
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232. Isbell, William H. 1997. Mummies and Mortuary Monuments: A Postprocessualist PreHistory of Central Andean Social Organization. Austin: University of Texas Press.
233. Johnson, Matthew. 1999. Archaeological Theory: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
234. Julien, Catherine. 1983. Hatunqolla: A View of Inca Rule from the Lake Titicaca Region. Publications in Anthropology, vol. 15. Berkeley: University of California Press.
235. Julien, Catherine. 2000. Reading Inca History. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
236. Pärssinen, Martti, and Ari Siiriäinen. 1997. "Inca-Style Ceramics and their Chronological Relationship to the Inca Expansion in the Southern Lake Titicaca Area (Bolivia). " Latin American Antiquity 8(3): 255-271.
237. Patterson, Thomas C. 1991. The Inca Empire: The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State. New York: Berg Publishers.
238. Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, Maria. 1999. History of the Inca Realm. Translated by Harry B. Iceland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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240. Rowe, John H. 1946. "Inca Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest. " In Handbook of South American Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology, edited by Julian Steward, Bulletin 143, vol. 2, 183-330. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
241. Urton, Gary. 1990. The History of a Myth: Pacariqtambo and the Origin of the Incas. Austin: University of Texas Press.
242. Urton, Gary. 2003. Signs of the Inka Khipu. Austin: University of Texas Press.
243. Zuidema, R. Tom. 1964. The Ceque System of Cuzco. Translated by Eva M. Hooykaas. Supplement to vol. 50, International Archives of Ethnography. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
244. Zuidema, R. Tom. 1990. Inca Civilization in Cuzco. Austin: University of Texas Press.
245. Zuidema, R. Tom. 1995. Elsistema de los ceques. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Fondo Editorial.
246. Acosta, José de. 1986. Historia natural y moral de las Indias. Madrid: Historia 16. (A classic and very influential early history of Spanish America first published in 1590 by a Jesuit missionary who spent seventeen years in Peru and Mexico.)
247. Acosta, José de. 2002. Natural and Moral History of the Indies. Edited by Jane E. Mangan. Translated by Frances LópezMorillas. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. (A new English translation of Acosta's classic work.)
248. Adamska, Anna, and Adam Michcznski. 1996. "Towards Radiocarbon Chronology of the Inca State. " Andes: Boletín de la Misión Arqueológica Andina 1: 35-58. (This article considers the problems of dating the Inca chronology using the radiocarbon method. The authors conclude that traditional chronology of the chronicles is supported.)
249. Adorno, Rolena. 1986. Guaman Poma: Writing and Resistance in Colonial Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press. (The author analyzes the work of the native author Guaman Poma, who wrote to the king of Spain protesting the conditions of Spanish colonial rule in the period following the European Conquest.)
250. Agurto Calvo, Santiago. 1980. Cuzco-Traza Urbano de la ciudad Inca. Proyecto 39, UNESCO, Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Perú. Cuzco: Imprenta Offset Color, S.R.I. (UNESCO sponsored study delimiting the surviving Inca architecture in Cuzco.)
251. Agurto Calvo, Santiago. 1987. Estudios acerca de la construcción, arquitectura, y planeamiento incas. Lima: Cámera Peruana de la Construcción. (A study of Inca architecture, site planning, and construction techniques.)
252. Alcina Franch, José. 1976. Arqueología de Chinchero 1: La Arquitectura. Madrid: Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores. (Report of the Spanish archaeological mission's work at Topa Inca's royal estate at Chinchero near Cuzco.)
253. Alcina Franch, José. 1978. "Ingapirca: arquitectura y areas de asentamiento. " Revista Española de Antropología Americana 8: 127-146. (Study of architecture and settlement planning at the Inca site of Ingapirca in Ecuador.)
254. Alcina Franch, José, Miguel Rivera, Jesus Galván, María Carmen García Palacios, Mercedes Guinea, Balbina MartínezCaviró, Luis J. Ramos, and Tito Varela. 1976. Arqueología de Chinchero. Vol. 2, Cerámicas y otros materials. Madrid: Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores. (Second volume of the authors' report of the results of the Spanish archaeological misson's work at the royal estate of Chinchero. This volume deals with ceramic and other types of artifacts.)
255. Angeles Vargas, Victor. 1970. P'isaq: Metrópoli inka. Lima: Industrial Gráfica. (The author presents his views and drawings of the Inca royal estate at Pisaq in the Sacred Valley of the Incas.)
256. Angeles Vargas, Victor. 1972. Machupijchu: Enigmática ciudad inka. Lima: Industrial Gráfica. (The author presents his interpretation of Machu Picchu and its mysteries.)
257. Angeles Vargas, Victor. 1980. Historia del Cuzco incaico. Lima: Industrial Gráfica. (The author presents his history of the Inca capital of Cuzco.)
258. Anonymous Conqueror. 1929. The Conquest of Peru as Related by a Member of the Pizarro Expedition. Edited and translated by Joseph H. Sinclair. New York: New York Public Library. (An English translation of one of the few eyewitness accounts of the Spanish Conquest of the Incas.)
259. Arriola, C., and R. Bustinza. 1999. "Kañaraqay. " Thesis for licentiate in archaeology, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cuzco. (A study of the Inca site of Kañaraqay in the Lucre Basin at the eastern end of the Valley of Cuzco. This site is believed to have been both the birthplace and later the royal estate of the last Inca ruler, Huascar.)
260. Arroyo Abarca, P., and G. Choque Centeno. 1992. "Mamaqolla y la ocupación Inka del área de la laguna de Muyna. " Thesis for licentiate in archaeology, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cuzco. (A study of Mamaqolla, a sacred mound built on a natural promontory in the Lucre Basin at the eastern end of the Valley of Cuzco. The Mamaqolla site dates from at least the Middle Horizon if not earlier. The authors also discuss the Inca occupation of the Lucre Basin.)
261. Ascher, Marcia, and Robert Ascher. 1981. Code of the Quipu. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. (The classic work on the knotted cord devices called quipu that were used by the Incas for record keeping. The authors discuss quipu making, the role of quipu readers in Inca society, how quipus work, how to make a quipu, and other related topics.)
262. Ascher, Marcia, and Robert Ascher. 1997. Mathematics of the Incas: Code of the Quipu. New York: Dover. (A recent reprint and update of the authors' previously cited work.)
263. Astete Victoria, F. 1974. "Las obras hidraúlicas del valle del Cusco. " Thesis for licentiate in archaeology, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cuzco. (This study of the hydraulic works of the Valley of Cuzco is mainly descriptive.)
264. Aveni, Anthony F. 1981. "Horizon Astronomy in Incaic Cuzco. " In Archaeoastronomy in the Americas, edited by Ray A. Williamson, 305-318. Los Altos, CA: Ballena. (A discussion of the use of horizon markers in Inca astronomy.)
265. Bandelier, Adolf. 1910. The Islands of Titicaca and Coati. New York: Hispanic Society of America. (Classic description of the islands of Titicaca-also known as the Island of the Sun-and Coati located in Lake Titicaca between Bolivia and Peru. These islands were sacred to the Incas and contain impressive architectural remains and shrines.)
266. Barnes, Monica, and Daniel Slive. 1993. "El Puma de Cuzco: ¿plano de la ciudad Ynga o noción europea?" Revista Andina 11(1): 79-102. (Authors discuss whether the plan to lay out the city of Cuzco in the shape of a puma was an Inca or European idea.)
267. Barreda M., Luis. 1973. "Las culturas Inca y preInca de Cuzco. " Ph.D. dissertation, Universidad San Antonio Abad del Cuzco. (A description of the prehistoric culture sequence in Cuzco.)
268. Barreda M., Luis. 1982. "Asentiamento Humano de los Qotakalli de Cuzco. " In Arqueologia de Cuzco, 13-20. Cuzco: Instituto Nacional de Cultura region Cuzco. (This work describes the preInca Qotakalli culture of Cuzco and illustrates its ceramic style.)
269. Baudin, Louis. 1928. L'Empire socialiste des Inka. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie. (A famous work arguing that the Inca state was socialist in political structure.)
270. Bauer, Brian S. 1989. "Muyu Orqo Y Ccoipa: Dos Nuevos Tipos de Ceramica para la Region del Cusco. " Revista Andina 7(2): 537-542. (A description of two nonInca ceramic styles found in the province of Cuzco.)
271. Bauer, Brian S. 1990. "State Development in the Cusco Region: Archaeological Research on the Incas in the Province of Paruro. " Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago. (The author attempts to trace the rise of the Inca state using data from the province of Paruro, wherein lies Pacariqtambo, the legendary origin place of the Incas. Using surface collections of K'illkerelated ceramic styles, he argues in favor of a processualist model of Inca state formation.)
272. Bauer, Brian S. 1991. "Pacariqtambo and the Mythical Origins of the Inca. " Latin American Antiquity 2: 7-26. (An examination of Inca origin myths and the town of Pacariqtambo, which is said to be the origin place of the Incas.)
273. Bauer, Brian S. 1992. "Ritual Pathways of the Inca: An Analysis of the Collasuyu Ceques in Cuzco. " Latin American Antiquity 3: 183-205. (A discussion of the author's work on the Inca ceqe system, a series of shrines arranged on imaginary lines radiating from the Coricancha temple in Cuzco.)
274. Bauer, Brian S. 1992. The Development of the Inca State. Austin: University of Texas Press. (Published version of the author's dissertation mentioned above.)
275. Bauer, Brian S. 1996. "The Legitimization of the Inca State in Myth and Ritual. " American Anthropologist 98(2): 327-337. (A discussion of Inca techniques for justifying their rule and the role of ideology in the development and maintenance of stratified societies.)
276. Bauer, Brian S. 1998. The Sacred Landscape of the Incas: The Cuzco Ceque System. Austin: University of Texas Press. (Booklength version of the author's work on the Inca ceqe system, a series of shrines arranged on imaginary lines radiating from the Coricancha temple in Cuzco. He argues that the ceqes were not perfectly straight lines, as most scholars believe.)
277. Bauer, Brian S. 1999. The Early Ceramics of the Inca Heartland. Fieldiana Anthropology, n.s. no. 31. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. (Author presents a discussion of the preInca ceramic styles of the province of Paruro based on his surveys in the region.)
278. Bauer, Brian S. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin: University of Texas Press. (A general synthesis of Cuzco archaeology.)
279. Bauer, Brian S. 2004. "Archaeological Investigations at Maukallaqta and Puma Orco, Department of Cuzco, Peru. " Ñawpa Pacha 25-27: 207-250. Institute of Andean Studies, Berkeley, California. (Reports on the excavations at these two sites that are located near the mythical Inca origin place of Pacariqtambo. Useful for descriptions and illustrations of Inca architecture and ceramics.)
280. Bauer Brian S., and R. Alan Covey. 2002. "Processes of State Formation in the Inca Heartland (Cuzco, Peru). " American Anthropologist 104(3): 846-864. (The authors present a processual model of Inca state formation based on surface surveys in the Cuzco region.)
281. Bauer, Brian S., and David S. P. Dearborn. 1995. Astronomy and Empire in the Ancient Andes. Austin: University of Texas Press. (The authors present a model of Inca cosmology based on a solar calendar.)
282. Bauer, Brian S., and Charles Stanish. 1990. "Killke and Killkerelated pottery from Cuzco, Peru, in the Field Museum of Natural History. " In Fieldiana Anthropology, no. 15. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. (A description of the collection of vessels from Late Intermediate Period Cuzco held by the Field Museum of Chicago.)
283. Bauer, Thomas W., and Brian S. Bauer. 1987. "Selected aspects of skulls found by the Pikillacta Archaeological Project 1982. " In Appendix II of The Middle Horizon in the Valley of Cuzco, Peru: The Impact of the Wari Occupation of Pikillacta in the Lucre Basin, by Gordon McEwan. BAR International Series, vol. 372. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series, no. 372. (Technical description of the human skulls found in an offering at the Wari site of Pikillacta in Cuzco.)
284. Bejar Navarro, Raymundo. 1990. El templo del sol o Qorikancha. Cuzco: Imprenta Yarez. (A report of excavations carried out in the Coricancha temple during the 1970s.)
285. Bejar, S. I., and M. Colque. 1997. Arqueologia de Piñipampa: Introduccin a su estudio. Thesis for licentiate in archaeology, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cuzco. (Discusses the Inca archaeological site of Piñipampa located in the Rumiqolqa quarry at the eastern end of the Valley of Cuzco.)
286. Bengtsson, Lisbet. 1998. Prehistoric Stonework in the Peruvian Andes: A Case Study at Ollantaytambo. GÖteborg, Sweden: Etnografisca Museet, GÖteberg University. (A study of Inca stonework at the royal estate of Ollantaytambo in the Sacred Valley of the Incas.)
287. Bennett, Wendell C. 1946. "The Archaeology of the Central Andes. " In Handbook of South American Indians, edited by Julian Steward, Bureau of American Ethnology, bulletin 143, vol. 2, 61-147. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. (An overview of the state of archaeological knowledge of the central Andes just after World War II. In this work, Bennett presents a new chronological scheme for ancient Peru.)
288. Bennett, Wendell C. 1948. "The Peruvian CoTradition. " In A Reappraisal of Peruvian Archaeology, edited by Wendell C. Bennett, Society for American Archaeology memoir, 4, 1-7. (A classic work in which Bennett presents a revised scheme of ancient Peruvian chronology.)
289. Bennett, Wendell C., ed. 1948. A Reappraisal of Peruvian Archaeology. Society for American Archaeology memoir, 4. (A classic work that charted the course of studies for the post-World War II era in Peruvian archaeology. It contains contributions by most of the prominent scholars of the day. An important work for understanding the evolution of chronological schemes for ancient Peru.)
290. Berthelot, Jean. 1986. "The Extraction of Precious Metals at the Time of the Inka. " In Anthropological History of Andean Polities, edited by John V. Murra, Nathan Wachtel, and Jacques Revel, 69-88. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Inca mining and metallurgy are discussed.)
291. Bertonio, Ludivico. 1956. Vocabulario de la lengua Aymara. La Paz: Facsimile Edition. (Important early dictionary from 1612 of the Aymara language spoken in the southern part of the Inca Empire.)
292. Betanzos, Juan de. 1968. Suma y Narración de los Incas, no. 209. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Españoles. (Important early description of the Incas by one of the Spanish conquistadores who married into the family of Inca Pachacuti. First published in 1551.)
293. Betanzos, Juan de. 1996. Narrative of the Incas. Translated and edited by Roland Hamilton and Dana Buchanan. Austin: University of Texas Press. (Recent English translation of the previously cited work.)
294. Bingham, Hiram. 1910. "The Ruins of Choqquequirao. " American Anthropologist 12: 505-525. (A description of the author's exploration of the Inca site of Choqquequirao, an impressive monument similar to but smaller than Machu Picchu.)
295. Bingham, Hiram. 1913. "In the Wonderland of Peru: The Work Accomplished by the Peruvian Expedition of 1912, under the Auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic Society. " National Geographic 24(4): 387-574. (The classic article by Hiram Bingham that made Machu Picchu and National Geographic famous.)
296. Bingham, Hiram. 1914. "The Ruins of Espiritu Pampa, Peru. " American Anthropologist 16: 185-199. (Bingham describes the Inca site at Espiritu Pampa, not far from Vilcabamba, the last refuge of the Incas during the Spanish Conquest.)
297. Bingham, Hiram. 1915. "Types of Machu Picchu Pottery. " American Anthropologist 17: 257-271. (A description of Inca pottery found at Machu Picchu.)
298. Bingham, Hiram. 1922. Inca Land: Explorations in the Highlands of Peru. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. (The author's description of various Inca sites in and around Cuzco.)
299. Bingham, Hiram. 1930. Machu Picchu: A Citadel of the Incas: Report of the Explorations and Excavations made in 1911, 1912 and 1915 under the Auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic Society. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Hiram Bingham's report of the expeditions that investigated and cleared the royal Inca estate at Machu Picchu.)
300. Bingham, Hiram. 1948. Lost City of the Incas: The Story of Machu Picchu and Its Builders. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce. (Bingham's popular book describing his discovery of Machu Picchu.)
301. Bingham, Hiram, III. 2004. "The Discovery of Machu Picchu. " In Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas, edited by Richard L. Burger and Lucy Salazar, 7-20. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Bingham's account of the discovery of Machu Picchu reprinted from Harper's Monthly.)
302. Bram, Joseph. 1941. An Analysis of Inca Militarism. New York: American Ethnological Society, monograph no. 4. (A published version of the author's dissertation on Inca armies, fighting methods, and strategy.)
303. Bray, Tamara L. 1991. "The Effects of Inca Imperialism on the Northern Frontier. " Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms. (The author's doctoral dissertation which examines the impact of the Inca expansion into Ecuador.)
304. Bray, Tamara L. 1993. "Archaeological Survey of Northern Highland Ecuador: Inca Imperialism and the País Caranqui. " World Archaeology 24(2): 218-233. (Presentation of survey data relating to the Inca occupation of Ecuador.)
305. Bray, Tamara L. 2000. "Imperial Inca Iconography: The Art of Empire in the Andes. " RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 38: 168-178. (A look at the iconography used by the Incas in promoting their empire.)
306. Bray, Tamara L. 2003. "Inca Pottery as Culinary Equipment: Food, Feasting, and Gender in Imperial State Design. " Latin American Antiquity 14(1): 1-22. (The author discusses the functions of various Inca vessel forms and points out the links between food, politics, and gender in state formation.)
307. Brown, David O. 1991. "Administration and Settlement Planning in the Provinces of the Inka Empire: A Perspective from the Inca Provincial Capital of Pumpu on the Junin Plain in the Central Highlands of Peru. " Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms. (The author's doctoral dissertation based on work at the Inca provincial capital of Pumpu, one of the largest Inca highland administrative centers.)
308. Brundage, Burr C. 1963. Empire of the Inca. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. (A very readable synthesis of Inca history based on the traditional accounts of the Spanish chronicles and archaeological evidence available at that time.)
309. Brundage, Burr C. 1967. Lords of Cuzco: A History and Description of the Inca People in Their Final Days. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. (A very readable description of Inca society at the time of the European Conquest.)
310. Burger, Richard L. 2004. "Scientific Insights into Daily Life at Machu Picchu. " In Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas, edited by Richard L. Burger and Lucy Salazar, 85-106. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (The author discusses what scientists have learned about life at Machu Picchu.)
311. Burger, Richard L., and Lucy Salazar, eds. 2004. Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (A collection of scholarly essays on Machu Picchu published as a catalog of the Yale Machu Picchu exhibit at the Peabody Museum.)
312. Bürgi, Peter. 1993. "The Inka Empire's Expansion into the Coastal Sierran Region West of Lake Titicaca. " Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago. (The author examines Inca control of the area between Lake Titicaca and the Pacific Ocean.)
313. Cabello Valboa, Miguel. 1951. Miscelánea antártica: una historia del Perú antiguo. Lima: Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, Instituto de Etnología y Arqueología. (Written about 1586, this manuscript is considered by scholars to be one of the best accounts of Inca history.)
314. Callapiña, Supno y Otros Quipucamayos. 1974. Relación de los quipucamayos. Edited by Juan José Vega. Lima: Biblioteca Universitaria. (Quipucamayos were men trained to make and read the knotted cord records called quipus by the Incas. This work gives the testimony of a group of elderly quipucamayos who had lived under Inca rule before the Spanish Conquest. It is thus a rare and valuable source of preConquest Inca history.)
315. Carrasco, Pedro. 1982. "The Political Economy of the Aztec and Inca States. " In The Inca and Aztec States 1400-1800: Anthropology and History, edited by George A. Collier, Renato I. Rosaldo, and John D. Wirth, 23-40. New York: Academic Press. (A comparative discussion of the economic underpinnings of the Inca and Aztec states.)
316. Chávez Ballón, Manuel. 1970. "Ciudades incas: Cuzco capital del imperio. " Wayka 3:1-15. (A description of the Inca capital city of Cuzco by one of the great Peruvian archaeologists.)
317. Cieza de León, Pedro de. 1947. La crónica del Perú. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Españoles. (One of the most valuable and reliable early accounts of the Incas written by a Spanish soldier who arrived in Peru shortly after the Conquest and first published in 1553.)
318. Cieza de León, Pedro de. 1959. The Incas of Pedro de Cieza de León. Translated by Harriet de Onis and edited by Victor W. von Hagen. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. (A good English translation of the 1947 work mentioned above.)
319. Classen, Constance. 1993. Inca Cosmology and the Human Body. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. (A published version of the author's doctoral dissertation, in which she argues that the Incas used the same organizational model for conceptualizing both the human body and the cosmos.)
320. Cobo, Bernabé. 1979. History of the Inca Empire: An Account of the Indians' Customs and their Origin Together with a Treatise on Inca Legends, History, and Social Institutions. Translated and edited by Roland Hamilton. Austin: University of Texas Press. (A good English translation of this very important early account of Inca history first published in 1653.)
321. Cobo, Bernabé. 1990. Inca Religion and Customs. Translated and edited by Roland Hamilton. Austin: University of Texas Press. (A good English translation of the most important early work describing Inca culture and behavior.)
322. Conrad, Geoffrey W. 1981. "Cultural Materialism, Split Inheritance, and the Expansion of Ancient Peruvian Empires. " American Antiquity 46: 3-26. (Conrad argues that the Inca imperial expansion was in part motivated by the practice of split inheritance, in which a newly crowned emperor inherited control of the state but not any of his predecessor's wealth. Thus the first order of imperial business during a new reign was to conquer new territories to fill the treasury.)
323. Conrad, Geoffrey W., and Arthur Demarest. 1984. Religion and Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (The authors compare and contrast the role of religion in the development and expansion of the Aztec and the Inca empires.)
324. Cook, Noble David. 1975. Tasa de la visita general de Francisco de Toledo. Lima: Universidad Nacional de San Marcos. (An account of the inspection tour made by the viceroy Francisco Toledo between 1570 and 1575. This account contains census data and much other useful information about the population of Peru in the late sixteenth century.)
325. Cook, Noble David. 1981. Demographic Collapse: Indian Peru, 1520-1620. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (An analysis of the demographic collapse of the native Peruvian population that resulted from the European invasion. Diseases, wars, and cultural disruption decimated the populace, making it very difficult for scholars to accurately calculate the preConquest population of the Inca domain.)
326. Cornejo Guerrero, Miguel A. 2000. "An Inka Province: Pachacamac and the Ischma Nation. " Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, Canberra. (Work discusses the coastal polity of Ischma, which was centered at the famous shrine site of Pachacamac, south of modern Lima. This polity became an Inca province after its conquest by the Inca Empire.)
327. Costin, Cathy L. 1986. "From Chiefdom to Empire State: Ceramic Economy among the Prehispanic Wanka of Highland Peru. " Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles. (Costin studies the effects of the Inca conquest of the Wanka chiefdoms through an analysis of their ceramics.)
328. Costin, Cathy L. 1993. "Textiles, Women, and Political Economy in Late Prehispanic Peru. " Research in Economic Anthropology 14: 3-28. (The role of women and textile production in the Inca political economy are examined.)
329. Costin, Cathy L. 2001. "Production and Exchange of Ceramics. " In Empire and Domestic Economy, by T. D'Altroy, C. Hastorf, and Associates, 203-242. New York: Kluwer Academic. (The author discusses ceramic production and distribution in the Inca economy.)
330. Costin, Cathy L., Timothy K. Earle, Bruce Own, and Glen S. Russell. 1989. "Impact of Inka Conquest on Local Technology in the Upper Mantaro Valley, Peru. " In What's New?: A Closer Look at the Process of Innovation, edited by Sander van der Leeuw and Robin Torrance, 107-139. One World Archaeology Series, vol. 14. London: Unwin and Allen. (The authors discuss changes in local technology resulting from the Inca conquest of the Wanka ethnic group.)
331. Covey, R. Alan. 2000. "Inca Administration of the Far South Coast of Peru. " Latin American Antiquity 11(2): 119-138. (The author interprets Craig Morris's data on the Incas, arguing that administrative policies were adapted to local conditions.)
332. Covey, R. Alan. 2003. "A Processual Study of Inca State Formation. " Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22: 333-357. (An argument that a centralized Inca state emerged in Cuzco between A.D. 1000 and 1400, much earlier than most scholars believe.)
333. Covey, R. Alan. 2003. "The Vilcanota Valley (Peru): Inca State Formation and the Evolution of Imperial Strategies. " Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan. (The author tries to make a processual argument for the early formation of the Inca state using survey data from only part of the Valley of Cuzco.)
334. Cummins, Thomas B. F. 1988. "Abstraction to Narration: Kero Imagery of Peru and Colonial Alteration of Native Identity. " Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. (Cummins discusses and analyzes the function of the decoration on Inca drinking vessels (called keros). He attempts to explain why the motifs changed from abstract engraved designs before the Conquest to painted narrative images after the Conquest.)
335. D'Altroy, Terrence N. 1992. Provincial Power in the Inka Empire. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. (This study presents archaeological evidence for the Inca conquest of the Xauxa and Wanka people in the Mantaro Valley of central Peru, which took place around A.D. 1460. The author reports the results of archaeological work in the Mantaro region and discusses Inca military strategy and tactics and the impact of Inca rule on communities in the Mantaro river drainage.)
336. D'Altroy, Terrence N. 1994. "Public and Private Economy in the Inka Empire. " In The Economic Anthropology of the State, edited by Elizabeth Brumfield, 171-222. Society for Economic Anthropology Monograph 11. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. (A discussion of varying economic modes under Inca rule.)
337. D'Altroy, Terrence N. 2002. The Incas. Oxford: Blackwell. (A recent general work in which the author attempts a synthesis of the present state of knowledge about the Incas. The author's point of view from his research outside of the Cuzco heartland of the Incas provides some novel interpretations of certain aspects of Inca history and culture.)
338. D'Altroy, Terrence N., and Ronald A. Bishop. 1990. "The Provincial Organization of Inka Ceramic Production. " American Antiquity 55: 120-138. (The authors discuss the organization of production and distribution of Inca ceramics.)
339. D'Altroy, Terrence N., and Timothy K. Earle. 1985. "Staple Finance, Wealth Finance, and Storage in the Inka Political Economy. " Current Anthropology 25: 187-206. (The authors discuss finance and wealth management in a nonmoney economy.)
340. D'Altroy, Terrence N., and Christine Hastorf. 1984. "The Distribution and Contents of Inca State Storehouses in the Xauxa Region of Peru. " American Antiquity 49: 334-349. (This article examines the functions of Inca state storehouses and how their distribution and contents reflect central management. It also presents the results of excavations in six storehouses.)
341. D'Altroy, Terrence N., Ana María Lorandi, Verónica I. Williams, Christine Hastorf, Eliabeth DeMarrais, Milena Calderari, and Melissa Hagstrum. 2000. "Inka Imperial Rule in the Valle Calchaquí, Argentina. " Journal of Field Archaeology 27: 1-26. (Evidence for Inca imperial control of northwest Argentina is discussed.)
342. D'Altroy, Terrence N., and Katharina Schreiber. 2004. "Andean Empires. " In Andean Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman. Oxford: Blackwell. (Discussion comparing and contrasting the Inca and Wari empires of ancient Peru.)
343. Davies, Nigel. 1995. The Incas. Niwot: University Press of Colorado. (A recent general work attempting a synthetic overview of knowledge about the Incas. Recapitulates earlier similar works and is marred by confusion of place names, such as substituting Paucartambo for Pacariqtambo and other editorial errors.)
344. Dearborn, David S., and Katharina J. Schreiber. 1986. "Here Comes the Sun: The CuzcoMachu Picchu Connection. " Archaeoastronomy 9: 15-37. (The authors discuss solar observations at Machu Picchu.)
345. Dearborn, David S. P., and Katharina J. Schreiber. 1989. "Houses of the Rising Sun. " In Time and Calendars in the Inca Empire, edited by Mariusz S. Ziòlkowski and Robert M. Sadowski, 49-74. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series, no. 479. (The authors discuss solar observations and special observatories of the Incas.)
346. Dearborn, David S. P., Katharina J. Schreiber, and Raymond E. White. 1987. "Intimachay, A December Solstice Observatory. " American Antiquity 52: 346-352. (The authors present evidence that the Intimachay cave at Machu Picchu was a solar observatory with a structure built by the Incas at its entrance that admitted light from the sunrise only on and near the December solstice.)
347. Dearborn, David S. P., and Raymond E. White. 1983. "The 'Torreón' at Machu Picchu as an Observatory. " Archaeoastronomy 5: 37-49. (The authors present evidence that the building known as the "Torreón, " or tower, at Machu Picchu was used as a solar observatory for determining the June solstice.)
348. Demarest, Arthur A. 1981. Viracocha: The Nature and Antiquity of the Andean High God. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, monograph no. 6. (A Mayanist attempts to explain the Andean creator deity.)
349. Dillehay, Tom D. 1975. "Tawantinsuyu Integration of the Chillon Valley, Peru: A Case of Inca Geopolitical Mastery. " Journal of Field Archaeology 4(4): 397-405. (The author discusses the Inca occupation of the coastal Chillon Valley of Peru.)
350. Dillehay, Tom D., and Patricia J. Netherly, eds. 1988. La Frontera del Estado Inca. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series, no. 442. (The authors discuss the frontiers of the Inca state.)
351. Duviols, Pierre. 1976. "La capacocha: mecanismo y función del sacrificio humano, su proyección, su papel de la política integracionista y en la economía redistributive de Tawantinsuyu. " Allpanchis Phuturinqa 9: 11-57. (The author describes the Inca human sacrifice of children called the Capac Ucha. He examines its function and role in political integration and the redistributive economy of the Inca Empire.)
352. Duviols, Pierre. 1976. "Punchao, idolo mayor de Coricancha. Historia y tipología. " Antropología Andina 1-2: 156-183. (Duviols describes the principal Inca idol of the sun, or Punchao, that was located in the Coricancha sun temple in Cuzco.)
353. Duviols, Pierre. 1979. "La dinastía de los Incas: ¿monarquía o diarquía? Argumentos heurísticos a favor de una tesis estructuralista. " Journal de la Société des Americanistes 64: 67-83. (The author makes a structuralist argument that the Inca dynasty was structured as a diarchy.)
354. Dwyer, Edward B. 1971. "The Early Inca Occupation of the Valley of Cuzco, Peru. " Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Berkeley. (Dwyer deals with the preInca K'illke ceramic style in Cuzco.)
355. Earle, Timothy K. 1994. "Wealth Finance in the Inka Empire: Evidence from the Calchaquí Valley, Argentina. " American Antiquity 59(3): 443-460. (The author presents evidence from the Northwest of Argentina that the Incas were expropriating locally manufactured highstatus goods for use elsewhere in the empire.)
356. Earle, Timothy K., and Terrence N. D'Altroy. 1989. "The Political Economy of the Inka Empire: The Archaeology of Power and Finance. " In Archaeological Thought in America, edited by Carl C. LambergKarlovsky, 183-204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (The authors argue that to understand the evolution of the Inca state, it is necessary to understand how resources are used to finance activities of new institutions.)
357. Earle, Timothy K., Terrence N. D'Altroy, Christine Hastorf, Catherine J. Scott, Cathy L. Costin, Glenn S. Russell, and Elsie Sandefur. 1987. Archaeological Field Research in the Upper Mantaro, Peru, 1982-1983: Investigations of Inka Expansion and Exchange. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Monograph 28. (A report on authors' fieldwork investigating Inca expansion into the Upper Mantaro drainage.)
358. Eaton, George F. 1916. The Collection of Osteological Material from Machu Picchu. Memoir No. 5, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. (The first report on the skeletal material recovered at Machu Picchu. Eaton was the osteologist with Bingham's expedition that found and cleared Machu Picchu.)
359. Espinosa S., Waldemar. 1975. "El Habitat del Etnia Pinagua, Siglos XV y XVI. " Revista del Museo Nacional XL: 157-220. (A discussion of the Pinagua ethnic group, who were early rivals to the developing Inca state. Author argues that the Pinagua capital was at the site of Tipon, a belief rejected by most other scholars.)
360. Espinosa S., Waldemar. 1980. "Acerca de la historia militar Inca. " Allpanchis Phuturinqa 14(16): 171-186. (A description of the military history of the Incas.)
361. Espinosa S., Waldemar. 1990. Los Incas: Economia sociedad y estado en la era del Tahuantinsuyo. Lima: Amaru Editores. (The author describes Inca history and culture focusing on economics and social structure of the empire.)
362. Espinosa S., Waldemar, ed. 1978. Los modos de producción en imperio de los Incas. Lima: Editorial MantaroGratifal. (An examination of the modes of production in the Inca Empire.)
363. Estete, Miguel de. 1918. "Noticia del Perú, o El descubriemiento y conquista del Perú. " Published with introduction and notes by Carlos Larrea. Boletín de la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Estudios Históricos 1(3): 300-350. (Important eyewitness account written by one of Pizarro's soldiers shortly after the Conquest.)
364. Estete, Miguel de. 1967. La Relación del viaje que hizo el señor Capitán Hernando Pizarro por mandado del señor Gobernador, su hermano, desde el pueblo de Caxamalca a Pachacamac y de allí a Jauja. Edited by Concepción Bravo. Madrid: Historia 16. (An account of the first visit by the Spaniards to the famous temple of Pachacamac written by a member of that expedition, published in 1532-1533.)
365. Farrington, Ian S. 1983. "Prehistoric Intensive Agriculture: Preliminary Notes on River Canalization in the Sacred Valley of the Incas. " In Drained Field Agriculture in Central and South America, edited by John Darch, 221-235. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series, no. 189. (The author discusses the canalization of the Vilcanota-Urubamba River in the socalled Sacred Valley of the Incas near Cuzco.)
366. Farrington, Ian S. 1992. "Ritual Geography, Settlement Patterns and the Characterization of the Provinces of the Inka Heartland. " World Archaeology 23: 368-385. (A look at Inca patterns of settlement and provincial divisions in light of sacred ritual geography.)
367. Farrington, Ian S. 1995. "The Mummy, Estate, and Palace of Inka Huayna Capac at Quispiguanca. " Tawantinsuyu 1: 55-65. (A description of the royal estate of Huayna Capac based on original research by the author.)
368. Fejos, Paul. 1944. Archaeological Explorations in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Southeastern Peru. New York: Viking Fund, Publications in Anthropology, no. 3. (A classic study of the area surrounding the Machu Picchu site, including the sites on the famous "Inca Trail" to Machu Picchu.)
369. Flores Ochoa, Jorge A. 2004. "Contemporary Significance of Machu Picchu. " In Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas, edited by Richard L. Burger and Lucy Salazar, 109-123. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (The author discusses the significance of Machu Picchu to foreign visitors from around the world as well as to the native Peruvian population.)
370. Fresco, Antonio. 1984. "Excavaciones en Incapirca: 1978-1982. " Revista Española de Antropología Americana 14: 85-101. (Reports on the author's excavations at the Inca site of Incapirca in southern Ecuador.)
371. Garcilaso de la Vega, El Inca. 1966. Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru, Parts One and Two. Translated by Harold Livermore. Austin: University of Texas Press. (The most famous, but not most reliable, of the Spanish chronicles. First published in 1609.)
372. Gasparini, Graziano, and Luise Margolies. 1980. Inca Architecture. Translated by Patricia J. Lyon. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press. (A synthetic treatment of Inca architecture discussing most of the major Inca monuments and the techniques used to build them.)
373. Gibaja O., Arminda. 1973. "Arqueologia de Choquepujyo. " B.A. thesis, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cuzco. (The author's thesis reports on her excavations at the important site of Chokepukio in the eastern end of the Valley of Cuzco.)
374. Gibaja O., Arminda. 1983. Arqueologia de Choquepugio. Arqueologia Andina: 29-44. (A summary of the work at Chokepukio reported in the author's thesis.)
375. Gibaja O., Arminda. 1984. "Excavaciones en Ollantaytambo, Cusco. " Gaceta Arqueológica Andina 3(9): 4-5. (The author reports on her excavations in the royal Inca estate of Ollantaytambo in the socalled Sacred Valley of the Incas.)
376. Gibaja O., Arminda. 2004. "Dos ofrendas al agua de Ollantaytambo. " Ñawpa Pacha 25: 176-188. (A description of two Inca water offerings excavated by the author at the Inca site of Ollantaytambo.)
377. Glynn, William Burns. 1981. "La Escritura de Los Incas. " Boletin de Lima, 12-14: 1-32. (The author discusses attempts to decipher the Inca motifs known as tocapu and show that they constituted a written language.)
378. González, Alberto R. 1983. "Inca Settlement Patterns in a Marginal Province of the Empire: Sociocultural Implications. " In Prehistoric Settlement Patterns: Essays in Honor of Gordon R. Willey, edited by Evon Z. Vogt and Richard Leventhal, 337-360. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (The author discusses the pattern of Inca settlement on the Argentine frontier.)
379. González Carré, Enrique, Jorge Cosmopolis A., and Jorge Lévano P. 1981. La ciudad inca de Vilcashuaman. Ayacucho, Peru: Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga. (The authors discuss their work at the Inca monument of Vilcashuaman in the modern province of Ayacucho, Peru.)
380. González Corrales, José. 1984. "La arquitectura y ceramica Killke del Cusco. " In Current Archaeological Projects in the Central Andes, edited by A. Kendall, 189-204. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series, no. 210. (Author discusses excavations in Cuzco that revealed a wall foundation that he believes represents preInca K'illke architecture.)
381. Gose, Peter. 1993. "Segmentary State Formation and the Ritual Control of Water Under the Incas. " Comparative Study of Society and History 35: 480-514. (The author discusses the role of water ideology in the formation and functioning of the Inca state.)
382. Gose, Peter. 1996. "Oracles, Divine Kingship, and Political Representation in the Inca State. " Ethnohistory 43(1): 1-32. (An examination of the ideology of divine kingship and its mediation by oracles in the Inca Empire.)
383. Gose, Peter. 1996. "The Past Is a Lower Moiety: Diarchy, History, and Divine Kingship in the Inca Empire. " History and Anthropology 9(4): 383-414. (The author argues in favor of the Inca government being organized as a monarchy rather than a diarchy as some scholars recently suggest.)
384. Gregory, Herbert E. 1916. "A Geological Reconnaissance of the Cuzco Valley, Perú. " American Journal of Science XLI(241): 1-100. (Gregory was the geologist on the Yale-Machu Picchu expedition of Hiram Bingham. He provides a description of the geology of the Valley of Cuzco based on his own work there.)
385. Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe. 1936. Nueva corónica y buen gobierno. Paris: Travaux et Mémoires de L'Institut d'Ethnologie 22. (First facsimile edition, and still one of the best, of this famous work by a native Peruvian author of the early colonial period. This work, written about 1613, is deemed most valuable for its numerous detailed drawings showing Inca dress and customs.)
386. Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe. 1987. Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno. Madrid: Crónicas de América 29, Historia 16. (A more recent reproduction of the author's work cited above.) Hampe, M. T.
387. Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe. 1982. "Las momias de los Incas en Lima. " Revista del Museo Nacional (Peru) 46: 405-418. (Hampe relates that after the European Conquest, the extant royal Inca mummies were rounded up by the Spaniards and taken to Lima, where they were buried.)
388. Hardoy, Jorge. E. 1964. Ciudades Precolombinas. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Infinito. (A comparative study of preColumbian cities including those of the Incas.)
389. HarthTerre, Emilio. 1964. "El pueblo de Huánuco Viejo. " Arquitecto Peruano 320(21): 1-20. (A discussion of the Inca imperial administrative center at Huánuco Viejo in northern Peru.)
390. Heath, Ian. 1999. The Armies of the Aztec and Inca Empires, Other Native Peoples of the Americas, and the Conquistadores 1450-1608. Vol. 2, Armies of the Sixteenth Century. Guernsey, England: Foundry. (The author examines the armies and weapons of the native peoples of America and compares them to those of the European conquerors.)
391. Heffernan, Kenneth J. 1989. "Limatambo in Late Prehistory: Landscape Archaeology and Documentary Images of Inca Presence in the Periphery of Cuzco. " Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, Canberra. (An important work examining the archaeological remains of a large Inca site in the vicinity of the city of Cuzco.)
392. Heffernan, Kenneth J. 1996. Limatambo: Archaeology, History, and the Regional Societies of Inca Cusco. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series, no. 644. (Published version of the author's thesis.)
393. HelsleyMarchbanks, Anne M. 2004. "The Inca Presence in Chayanta, Bolivia: The Metallurgical Component. " Ñawpa Pacha 25-27: 251-260. (The author reports on her excavations that produced ceramic molds for casting of Inca style metal objects.)
394. Hemming, John. 1970. The Conquest of the Incas. London: MacMillan. (Highly readable classic modern account of the Spanish Conquest of the Incas.)
395. Hemming, John, and Edward Ranney. 1992. Monuments of the Inca. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. (Pictures and descriptions of the major Inca monuments.)
396. Hiltunen, Juha J. 1999. Ancient Kings of Peru: The Reliability of the Chronicle of Fernando de Montesinos: Correlating the Dynasty Lists with Current Prehistoric Periodization in the Andes. Helsinki: Suomen Historiallinen Seura. (An important reexamination of the chronicle of Fernando Montesinos. Published version of the author's dissertation.)
397. Hiltunen, Juha J., and Gordon F. McEwan. 2004. "Knowing the Inca Past. " In Andean Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman, 237-254. Oxford: Blackwell. (Authors discuss problems and approaches to learning about the Inca past.)
398. Huamán Poma de Ayala, Don Felipe. 1978. Letter to a King: A Peruvian Chief's Account of Life under the Incas and under Spanish Rule. Translated by Christopher Dilke. New York: E. P. Dutton. (An English translation of the famous work by Guaman Poma mentioned above.)
399. Hyslop, John. 1979. "El area Lupaqa bajo el dominio incaico, un reconocimiento arqueológico. " Histórica 3(1): 53-81. (Hyslop describes an archaeological reconnaissance of the Lupaca area of the altiplano and evidence of the Inca occupation.)
400. Hyslop, John. 1984. The Inca Road System. New York: Academic. (A comprehensive study of the Inca highway system.)
401. Hyslop, John. 1985. Inkawasi: The New Cuzco. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series, no. 234. (An examination of the Inca site called Inkawasi that was reportedly built to replicate the capital of Cuzco.)
402. Hyslop, John. 1990. Inka Settlement Planning. Austin: University of Texas Press. (The author discusses the principles of Inca settlement planning throughout the empire.)
403. Hyslop, John. 1993. "Factors Influencing the Transmission and Distribution of Inka Cultural Materials throughout Tawantinsuyu. " In Latin American Horizons, edited by Don. S. Rice, 337-356. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks. (Hyslop discusses which elements of Inca material culture were distributed throughout the empire, and how and why they were distributed.)
404. Isbell, Billie Jean. 1978. To Defend Ourselves: Ecology and Ritual in an Andean Village. Austin: University of Texas Press. (Modern study of Quechua society in the Ayacucho province of the central highlands of Peru.)
405. Isbell, William H. 1978. "Environmental Perturbations and the Origin of the Andean State. " In Social Archaeology: Beyond Subsistence and Dating, edited by C. Redman et al., 303-313. New York: Academic Press. (The author argues that a feature of Inca statecraft-that is, statelevel storage or energy averaging-was previously used by the Wari Empire and helps explain the rise of the Wari state.)
406. Julien, Catherine. 1982. "Inca Decimal Administration in the Lake Titicaca Region. " In The Inca and Aztec States, edited by George A. Collier, Renato I. Rosaldo, and John D. Wirth, 119-151. New York: Academic. (Julien discusses how the Incas grouped subject peoples into decimal units for the purpose of administration and as a means to effectively limit the power of local elites.)
407. Julien, Catherine. 1983. Hatunqolla: A View of Inca Rule from the Lake Titicaca Region. Publications in Anthropology, vol. 15. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Published version of the author's doctoral dissertation studying the major Inca administrative center of Hatunqolla from which the Incas ruled the Lake Titicaca region.)
408. Julien, Catherine. 1988. "How Inca Decimal Administration Worked. " Ethnohistory 35: 257-279. (The author discusses the functioning of the decimal administrative system and compares the ideal against the reality.)
409. Julien, Catherine. 1992. Condesuyu: The Political Division of Territory under Inca and Spanish Rule. Vol. 19. Bonn: Bonner Amerikanistische Studien. (A comparison of Inca and Spanish territorial divisions in the Andes.)
410. Julien, Catherine. 1993. "Finding a Fit: Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Incas. " In Provincial Inca: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Assessment of the Impact of the Inca State, edited by Michael Malpass, 177-233. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. (The author discusses the problems of matching the archaeological record to the ethnohistorical record.)
411. Julien, Catherine. 2000. Reading Inca History. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. (An important work discussing techniques for interpreting the history of the Incas related in the Spanish chronicles.)
412. Julien, Catherine. 2004. "Las tumbas de Sacsahuaman y el estilo CuzcoInca. " Ñawpa Pacha 25-27: 1-126. (An important work describing the CuzcoInca ceramic style based on grave lots from the Inca site of Sacsayhuaman in Cuzco.)
413. Kauffmann Doig, F. 1980. Manual de arqueologia Peruana. Lima: Iberia S.A. (A comprehensive overview of Peruvian archaeology that gives major attention to the Incas.)
414. Kendall, Ann. 1974. Aspects of Inca Architecture. Ph.D. dissertation, Institute of Archaeology, University of London. (A survey and catalog of Inca imperial architecture in the Cuzco region.)
415. Kendall, Ann. 1976. "Descripción e Inventario de las formas arquitectónicas Incas: Patrones de distribución e inferencia cronológicas. " Revista del Museo Nacional 42: 13-96. (Describes the architecture of the Incas and makes chronological inferences based on the distribution of Inca architectural forms.)
416. Kendall, Ann. 1985. Aspects of Inca Architecture-Description, Function, and Chronology. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series, no. 242. (Published version of the author's doctoral dissertation mentioned above.)
417. Kendall, A., R. Early, and B. Sillar. 1992. "Report on Archaeological Field Season Investigating Early Inca Architecture at Juchuy Coscco (Q'aqya Qhawana) and Warq'ana, Province of Calca, Dept. of Cuzco, Peru. " In Ancient America: Contributions to New World Archaeology, edited by N. J. Saunders, 189-255. Oxbow Monograph 24. (A description of early Incastyle architecture at the royal estate of Viracocha Inca.)
418. Kubler, George. 1945. "The Behavior of Atahualpa, 1531-1533. " The Hispanic American Historical Review 25(4): 413-427. (Kubler discusses the last three years of the life of the last Inca ruler.)
419. Lagos M., C. R. 1987. "Mamaqollapata: Importante Centro Religioso de la Cuenca de Lucre. " B.A. thesis, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cuzco. (The author examines the Huaca of Mamaqolla located in the Lucre Basin at the eastern end of the Valley of Cuzco.)
420. Lanning, Edward P. 1967. Peru before the Incas. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall. (An overview of Peruvian prehistory before the Inca conquests.)
421. Lee, Vincent R. 1988. The Lost Half of Inca Architecture. Wilson, WY: Sixpack Manco. (A study of Inca architecture and the roofing systems for Inca buildings.)
422. Lee, Vincent R. 1989. Chanasuyu: The Ruins of Inca Vilcabamba. Wilson, WY: Sixpack Manco. (A report on the famous site of Vilcabamba based on the author's own explorations.)
423. Lee, Vincent R. 1989. The Building of Sacsayhuaman and Other Papers. Wilson, WY: Sixpack Manco. (The author, an architect, discusses Inca building techniques and seeks to explain how megalithic buildings were constructed.)
424. Lee, Vincent R. 1996. Design by the Numbers: Architectural Order among the Incas. Wilson, WY: Sixpack Manco. (Lee discusses possible ways that the Incas transmitted architectural plans and information without the benefit of writing.)
425. Lee, Vincent R. 2000. Forgotten Vilcabamba. Wilson, WY: Sixpack Manco. (A report on the author's explorations in the last Inca refuge of Vilcabamba.)
426. LeVine, Terry Y. 1987. "Inka Labor Service at the Regional Level: The Functional Reality. " Ethnohistory 34: 14-46. (A study of the Inca system of labor tax and how it functioned.)
427. LeVine, Terry Y., ed. 1992. Inka Storage Systems. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. (Articles regarding Inca state storage of commodities.)
428. Lothrop, Samuel K. 1938. Inca Treasure as Depicted by Spanish Historians. Los Angeles: The Southwest Museum. (A look at the Spanish reaction to and description of their loot from the Inca Empire.)
429. Lounsberry, Floyd G. 1986. "Some Aspects of the Inka Kinship System. " In Anthropological History of Andean Polities, edited by John V. Murra, Nathan Wachtel, and Jacques Revel, 121-136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (A discussion of Inca kinship.)
430. Lumbreras, Luis G. 1974. The Peoples and Cultures of Ancient Peru. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. (An overview of Peruvian prehistory, including the Inca Empire.)
431. Lunt, Sara W. 1984. "An Introduction to the Pottery from the Excavations at Cusichaca, Department of Cuzco, Peru. " In Current Archaeological Projects in the Central Andes: Some Approaches and Results, edited by Ann Kendall, 307-322. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series, no. 210. (A description of ceramic remains found during the excavations at the Inca site of Cusichaca in the Urubamba Valley.)
432. Lunt, Sara W. 1987. "Inca and PreInca Pottery: Pottery from Cusichaca, Department of Cuzco, Peru. " Ph.D. dissertation, Institute of Archaeology, University of London. (An analysis of the ceramic artifacts recovered from the excavations at the Inca site of Cusichaca.)
433. Lyon, Patricia J. 1978. "Informe Sobre Las Labores de la Temporada de 1978. " Unpublished report to the Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Regional Cuzco. (Important work that reports the discovery of the preInca Qotakalli ceramic style at the site of Qotakalli in Cuzco.)
434. MacCormack, Sabine. 1991. Religion in the Andes: Vision and Imagination in Early Colonial Peru. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (The author examines the persistence of Andean religion and the impact of Catholicism after the European Conquest.)
435. MacLean, Margaret G. 1986. "Sacred Land, Sacred Water: Inca Landscape Planning in the Cuzco Area. " Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Berkeley. (Author describes in detail the architecture of major Inca sites along the Inca trail to Machu Picchu.)
436. Malpass, Michael A. 1996. Daily Life in the Inca Empire. Westport, CT: Greenwood. (The Inca Empire and culture described for a popular audience.)
437. Malpass, Michael A., ed. 1993. Provincial Inca: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Assessment of the Impact of the Inca State. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. (A compilation of papers devoted to showing how the Inca state influenced the various areas that it conquered.)
438. Matheus C., M. 1984. Estados Regionales: Una interpretación sobre el señorío Lucre. Thesis for licentiate in archaeology, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cuzco. (The author argues that a Lucre polity existed that can be described as a regional state.)
439. Matos M., Ramiro. 1994. Pumpu: Centro Administrative Inka de la Puna de Junin. Lima: Editorial Horizonte. (An important study of the major Inca administrative center of Pumpu in the Junin region of Peru.)
440. McEwan, Colin, and María Isabel Silva. 1989. "¿Que fureon a hacer los Incas en la costa central del Ecuador?" In Proceedings of the 46th International Congress of Americanists, 163-185. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series no. 503. (This work examines why the Incas went to the coast of Ecuador.)
441. McEwan, Colin, and Maarten van de Guchte. 1992. "Ancestral Time and Sacred Space in Inca State Ritual. " In The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes, edited by Richard F. Townsend, 359-373. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago. (The authors discuss the Capac Ucha ritual of human sacrifice and its symbolic meaning for Incas in terms of their concept of a sacred landscape.)
442. McEwan, Gordon F. 1984. "Investigaciones en la cuenca del Lucre, Cusco. " Gaceta Arqueologica Andina 3(9): 12-15. Instituto Andino de Estudios Arqueológicos, Apartado 11279, Lima. (A report on original research in the Valley of Cuzco in the Inca heartland.)
443. McEwan, Gordon F. 1984. "The Middle Horizon in the Valley of Cuzco, Peru: The Impact of the Wari Occupation of Pikillacta in the Lucre Basin. " Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin. (Author reports original research on the impact of the Wari Empire's occupation of Cuzco on the later rise of the Inca state.)
444. McEwan, Gordon F. 1987. The Middle Horizon in the Valley of Cuzco, Peru: The Impact of the Wari Occupation of Pikillacta in the Lucre Basin. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series, S372. (The published version of author's dissertation, mentioned above.)
445. McEwan, Gordon F. 1995. "The Incas. " In Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 3, 247-250. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. (A brief overview of the Incas.)
446. McEwan, Gordon F. 1996. "Archaeological Investigations at Pikillacta, a Wari Site in Peru. " Journal of Field Archaeology 23(2): 169-186. (A report of further research on the Wari impact on the Inca heartland.)
447. McEwan, Gordon F. 2000. "Cultural Background: Inca Heritage. " In Machu Picchu: A Civil Engineering Marvel, edited by Kenneth R. Wright and Alfredo Valencia Zegarra, 79-87. Reston, VA: ASCE. (A brief discussion of Inca culture and history.)
448. McEwan, Gordon F., Melissa Chatfield, and Arminda Gibaja O. 2002. "The Archaeology of Inca Origins: Excavations at Chokepukio, Cuzco, Peru. " In Andean Archaeology, edited by W. Isbell and H. Silverman, 287-302. New York: Kluwer Academic. (A report on the archaeological evidence for Inca origins.)
449. McEwan, Gordon F., Arminda Gibaja, and Melissa Chatfield. 1995. "Archaeology of the Chokepukio Site: An Investigation of the Origin of the Inca Civilization in the Valley of Cuzco, Peru: A Report on the 1994 Field Season. " TAWATINSUYU: International Journal of Inka Studies 1: 11-17. (Original research on the origin of the Inca state in the Valley of Cuzco.)
450. McIntyre, Loren. 1975. The Incredible Incas and Their Timeless Land. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. (An excellent and wellillustrated account of the Incas aimed at a popular audience.)
451. Means, Philip Ainsworth. 1931. Ancient Civilizations of the Andes. New York: Scribners and Sons. (An important work from the last century on the Incas and earlier cultures of Peru.) Mena, Cristóbal de (also known as El Anónimo Sevillano).
452. Means, Philip Ainsworth. 1937. "La conquista del Perú. " In Las realciones primitives de la conquista del Perú, Cuadernos de historia, edited by R. Porras Barrenechea. Los cronistas de la conquista, no. 1, vol. 2, 79-101. Paris: Les Presses Modernes. (One of the earliest eyewitness accounts of the Conquest by one of Pizarro's soldiers published in 1534.)
453. Menzel, Dorothy. 1959. "The Inca Occupation of the South Coast of Peru. " Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 15(2): 125-142. (A classic article that points out that the Incas built administrative infrastructure in proportion to the preexisting complexity of a conquered province and that written sources and archaeology can be successfully used together.)
454. Menzel, Dorothy. 1977. The Archaeology of Ancient Peru and the Work of Max Uhle. Berkeley, CA: R. H. Lowie Museum. (This article covers a variety of topics on ancient Peru, including the Incas.)
455. Métraux, Alfred. 1969. The History of the Incas. New York: Schocken. (A synthetic overview of Inca history by an important French scholar.)
456. Miller, George R. 2004. "An Investigation of CuzcoInca Ceramics: Canons of Form, Proportion, and Size. " Ñawpa Pacha 25-27: 127-150. (An important description of form, proportion, and size of five common shape categories of CuzcoInca ceramics.)
457. Molina, Cristóbal. 1943. "Fábulas y ritos de los Incas. " In Las crónicas de los Molinas, vol. serie I, tomo IV, 1-84. Lima: Los pequeños grandes libros de historia americana. (An important early source on Inca customs, considered very accurate. First published in 1573.)
458. Montesinos, Fernando de. 1882. Ophir de España. Memorias Antiguas Historiales y Politicas del Perú. Cuidada por D. Marcos Jiménez de la Espada. Madrid: Imprenta de Miguel Ginesta. (One of the most controversial sources on the Incas, which also provides a detailed history and list of preInca kings. First published in 1644.)
459. Montesinos, Fernando de. 1920. Ophir de España. Memorias Antiguas Historiales y Politicas del Peru, second series, No. XLVIII. Translated and edited by Philip A. Means. London: Hakluyt Society. (English translation of the above work.)
460. Moore, Sally F. 1958. Power and Property in Inca Peru. New York: Columbia University Press. (An examination of ownership in the economy of the Incas.)
461. Moorehead, Elizabeth L. 1978. "Highland Inca Architecture in Adobe. " Ñawpa Pacha 16: 65-94. (Although Inca architecture was most famous for its stonework, Moorehead examines the good portion of it that was constructed of adobe.)
462. Morris, Craig. 1967. "Storage in Tawantinsuyu. " Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms. (A report of original research on the elaborate system of Inca statelevel storage.)
463. Morris, Craig. 1972. "State Settlement in Tawantinsuyu: A Strategy of Compulsory Urbanism. " In Contemporary Archaeology, edited by Mark P. Leone, 393-401. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. (Morris argues that the Incas rearranged the settlement patterns of conquered areas through a policy of forced urbanism.)
464. Morris, Craig. 1974. "Reconstructing Patterns of Nonagricultural Production in the Inca Economy: Archaeology and Documents in Instituted Analysis. " In Reconstructing Complex Societies, edited by Carol Moore. Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 20, 49-68. Chicago. (The author discusses the form of Inca economic production of products other than agriculture.)
465. Morris, Craig. 1979. "Maize Beer in the Economics, Politics, and Religion of the Inca Empire. " In Fermented Food Beverages in Nutrition, edited by Clifford F. Gastineau, William J. Darby, and Thomas B. Turner, 21-34. New York: Academic. (The author discusses the vital role of chicha, or corn beer, in almost all aspects of Inca political life.)
466. Morris, Craig. 1982. "The Infrastructure of Inca Control in the Peruvian Central Highlands. " In The Inca and Aztec States 1400-1800: Anthropology and History, edited by George A. Collier, Renato I. Resoldo, and John D. Wirth, 153-171. New York: Academic. (An argument that the large Inca administrative centers were designed to provide venues for ritual drinking and feasting and that these activities were larger extensions of locallevel village rituals.)
467. Morris, Craig. 1988. "Progress and Prospect in the Archaeology of the Inca. " In Peruvian Prehistory: An Overview of PreInca and Inca Society, edited by Richard W. Keatinge, 233-256. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (An important summary of the state of Inca archaeology as of the 1980s.)
468. Morris, Craig. 1990. "Arquitectura y estructura del espacio en Huánuco Pampa. " Cuadernos Instituto Nacional de Antropologia 12: 27-45. (A discussion of the architecture and spatial layout of the large Inca administrative center of Huanuco Pampa.)
469. Morris, Craig. 1991. "Signs of Division, Symbols of Unity: Art in the Inka Empire. " In Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration, edited by Jay A. Levenson, 521-528. Washington, DC, New Haven, CT, and London: National Gallery of Art and Yale University Press. (The author discusses the political role of art in the Inca Empire.)
470. Morris, Craig. 1995. "Symbols of Power: Styles and Media in the Inka State. " In Style, Society and Person: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, edited by Christopher Carr and Jill E. Neitzel, 419-433. New York: Plenum. (A discussion of the symbolic values of artistic style and media among the Incas.)
471. Morris, Craig. 1998. "Inka Strategies of Incorporation and Governance. " In Archaic State, edited by Gary Feinman and Joyce Marcus, 293-309. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research. (The author looks at a variety of strategies used by the Incas in constructing their imperial state.)
472. Morris, Craig, and Donald E. Thompson. 1985. Huánuco Pampa: An Inca City and Its Hinterland. London: Thames and Hudson. (The authors report original research at the major Inca administrative center of Huanuco Pampa.)
473. Moseley, Michael. 1992. The Incas and Their Ancestors. New York: Thames and Hudson. (Intended as an undergraduate textbook, this work presents a good overview of the Incas and the cultures that came before them.)
474. Murra, John V. 1958. "On Inca Political Structure. " In Proceedings of the Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, 30-41. Seattle: University of Washington. (The author discusses his understanding of Inca political structure.)
475. Murra, John V. 1960. "Rite and Crop in the Inca State. " In Culture in History, edited by Stanley Diamond, 393-407. New York: Columbia University Press. (Murra examines ritual and agriculture in the Inca Empire.)
476. Murra, John V. 1962. "Cloth and its Functions in the Inca State. " American Anthropologist 64: 710-728. (The author discusses cloth, the most highly valued commodity in the Inca state, and the uses to which it was put.)
477. Murra, John V. 1965. "Herds and Herders in the Inca State. " In Man, Culture, and Animals, edited by Anthony Leeds and Andrew P. Vayda, 185-215. Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, publication no. 78. (A look at the role of animal husbandry in the economy of the Inca state.)
478. Murra, John V. 1966. "New Data on Retainer and Servile Populations in Tawatinsuyu. " In XXXVI Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Spain 1964, vol. 2, 35-45. Seville: International Congress of Americanists. (Murra examines the status of the servant population of the Inca state in light of his original research.)
479. Murra, John V. 1972. "El 'control vertical' de un máximo de pisos ecológicos en la economía de las sociedades andinas. " In Visita de la Provincia de León de Huánuco en 1562, Iñigo Ortiz de Zúñiga, visitador, edited by John V. Murra, vol. 2, 427-476. Huánuco, Peru: Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán. (A classic work on the Inca economy highlighting the culture's exploitation of ecological diversity.)
480. Murra, John V. 1975. "El Trafico de Mullu de la Costa del Pacifico. " In Formaciones Economicas y Politicas del Mundo Andino. Historia Andina, vol. 3, 62-85. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. (Murra discusses mullu, or Spondylus, shells from the north Pacific coast of South America, which were an indispensable and highly valuable ritual commodity widely traded in the ancient Andes.)
481. Murra, John V. 1975. Formaciones Economicas y Politicas del Mundo Andino. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. (A study of the relationship and form of economics and politics in the Andean world.)
482. Murra, John V. 1980. The Economic Organization of the Inca State. Greenwich, CT: JAI. (A classic study of the Inca imperial economy.)
483. Murra, John V. 1982. "The Mit'a Obligations of Ethnic Groups to the Inka State. " In The Inca and Aztec States 1400-1800: Anthropology and History, edited by George A. Collier, Renato I. Resoldo, and John D. Wirth, 237-262. New York: Academic. (Murra discusses the labor tax extracted by the Incas and argues that production activities in the provinces tended to continue unchanged. The author discounts the impact of the decimal system of administration.)
484. Murra, John V. 1986. "The Expansion of the Inka State: Armies, War, and Rebellions. " In Anthropological History of Andean Polities, edited by John V. Murra, Nathan Wachtel, and Jacques Revel, 49-58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (An examination of the dynamics of Inca expansion and the reaction to it in military terms.)
485. Murúa, Martín de. 1986. Historia general del Perú. Edited by Manuel Ballesteros. Madrid: Historia 16. (A general history of the Incas deemed most valuable for its comments on Inca customs. First published in 1605.)
486. Niles, Susan A. 1987. Callachaca: Style and Status in an Inca Community. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. (Niles describes the royal estate of Amaru Topa Inca at Callachaca near Cuzco and argues that physical layout of the planned community reflects the Inca idea of appropriate social order.)
487. Niles, Susan A. 1992. "Inca Architecture and the Sacred Landscape. " In The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes, edited by Richard F. Townsend, 347-358. Munich, Germany: Prestel Verlag. (Niles argues that as the Inca Empire expanded, it continually revised its cosmology and mythic history to encompass new features of sacred geography that were encountered.)
488. Niles, Susan A. 1999. The Shape of Inca History: Narrative and Architecture in an Andean Empire. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. (The author reports on original research on the estate of Inca Huayna Capac. She argues that new styles and innovations in the architecture reflect the political events of his reign.)
489. Niles, Susan A. 2004. "The Nature of Inca Royal Estates. " In Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas, edited by Richard L. Burger and Lucy Salazar, 49-68. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (A good general discussion of the nature and function of Inca royal estates.)
490. Niles, Susan A. 2004. "Moya Place or Yours? Inca Private Ownership of Pleasant Places. " Ñawpa Pacha 25-27: 189-206. (Niles discusses lands privately owned by individual Incas.)
491. Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamaygua, Joan de. 1968. Relación de antigüedades deste Reyno del Perú. Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, 209, 279-319. Madrid: Ediciones Atlas. (Important earlyseventeenthcentury account written by a native Andean author that is most valuable for its information on Inca religion and history.)
492. Pardo, Luis A. 1937. Ruinas precolombinas del Cuzco. Cuzco. (A description of the principal Inca monuments of Cuzco as they were in the 1930s.)
493. Pardo, Luis A. 1957. Historia y Arqueología del Cuzco. Lima: Impresa Colegio Militar "Leoncio Prado. " (An overview of the history and archaeology of Cuzco by an eminent Cuzco scholar of the last century.)
494. Parsons, Jeffrey R. 1998. "A Regional Perspective on the Inka Impact in the Sierra Central, Perú. " Tawantinsuyu 5: 153-159. (The author discusses the results of the Inca conquest of the central highlands of Peru.)
495. Pärssinen, Martti. 1992. Tawantinsuyu: The Inca State and Its Political Organization. Helsinki: Societas Historica Finlandiae. (An overview of Inca politics by a scholar from Finland.)
496. Pärssinen, Martti, and Ari Siiriäinen. 1997. "IncaStyle Ceramics and Their Chronological Relationship to the Inca Expansion in the Southern Lake Titicaca Area (Bolivia). " Latin American Antiquity 8(3): 255-271. (Authors argue that Inca imperial ceramics were present in Bolivia earlier than the generally accepted historical dates for the Inca conquest of that region.)
497. Patterson, Thomas C. 1985. "Pachacamac-an Andean Oracle under Inca Rule. " In Recent Studies in Andean Prehistory and Protohistory: Paper from the Second Annual Northeast Conference on Andean Archaeology and Ethnohistory, edited by D. Peter Kvietok and Daniel Sandweiss, 159-176. Ithaca: Cornell University Latin American Studies Program. (The author describes the function of the most famous Andean oracle under the Inca Empire.)
498. Patterson, Thomas C. 1991. The Inca Empire: The Formation and Disintegration of a PreCapitalist State. New York: Berg. (A general overview of the Inca Empire from a Marxist perspective.)
499. Pease G. Y., Franklin. 1982. "The Formation of Tawantinsuyu: Mechanisms of Colonization and Relationship with Ethnic Groups. " In The Inca and Aztec States 1400-1800: Anthropology and History, edited by George A. Collier, Renato I. Resoldo, and John D. Wirth, 173-198. New York: Academic. (The author discusses the formation of the structure of the Inca Empire, comparing and contrasting the experiences of different ethnic groups brought into the empire. He concludes that the Inca state was not as monolithic as the chroniclers indicated.)
500. Pease G. Y., Franklin. 1991. Los Incas. Lima: Fondo Editorial, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. (An overview of the Inca Empire by a prominent Peruvian scholar.)
501. Pizarro, Pedro. 1921. Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru. Translated and edited by Philip Ainsworth Means. Boston: Milford House. (An Englishlanguage translation of an eyewitness account of the conquest of Peru written by a cousin of Francisco Pizarro who participated in the events. First published in 1571.)
502. Pizarro, Pedro. 1986. Relación del descubrimiento y conquista de los reinos del Perú. Edited by Gjillermo Lohmann Villena. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica, Fondo Editorial. (A recent Spanishlanguage edition of Pizarro's work cited above.)
503. Polo de Ondegardo, Juan. 1873. The Rites and Laws of the Incas. Edited and translated by C. R. Markham. London: Hakluyt Society. (An Englishlanguage translation of a manuscript dealing with laws and customs of the Incas.)
504. Polo de Ondegardo, Juan. 1917. "La Relación del linaje de los Incas y como extendieron ellos sus conquistas. " In Colección de Libros y Documentos Referentes a la Historia del Perú, edited by Horacio H. Urteaga, vol. 4, 45-94. Lima: Sanmartí. (A document written in 1567, some thirty years after the Conquest, that deals with Inca kinship and the Incas' conquests.)
505. Prescott, William Hickling. 1847. History of the Conquest of Peru. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers. (Prescott's classic and very influential account of the conquest of the Incas.)
506. Protzen, Jean Pierre. 1985. "Inca Quarrying and Stone Cutting. " Ñawpa Pacha 21: 183-214. (A report on original research and discoveries about Inca stoneworking techniques.)
507. Protzen, Jean Pierre. 1986. "Inca Stonemasonry. " Scientific American 254 (2):94-105. (A discussion of Inca stoneworking techniques.)
508. Protzen, Jean Pierre. 1993. Inca Architecture and Construction at Ollantaytambo. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (A detailed study of the architecture of the Inca royal estate at Ollantaytambo.)
509. Protzen, Jean Pierre. 2004. "The Fortress of Saqsa Waman: Was It Ever Finished?" Ñawpa Pacha 25-27: 155-175. (Author presents evidence that Sacsayhuaman was still under construction at the time of the Spanish Conquest.)
510. Quilter, Jeffrey, and Gary Urton, eds. 2002. Narrative Threads: Accounting and Recounting in Andean Khipu. Austin: University of Texas Press. (A compilation of papers dealing with the current state of knowledge about the knotted cord recordkeeping devices of the Incas that were called quipu.)
511. Ramírez, Susan E. 1990. "The Inca Conquest of the North Coast: A Historian's View. " In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor, edited by Michael E. Moseley and Alana CordyCollins, 507-537. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. (A discussion of the conquest of the Kingdom of Chimor by the Inca Empire.)
512. Reinhard, Johan. 1991. Machu Picchu: The Sacred Center. Lima: Nuevas Imagines S.A. (An argument that the location of the royal estate of Machu Picchu was determined by its relationship to the sacred mountain peaks that surround it.)
513. Reinhard, Johan. 1992. "Sacred Peaks of the Andes. " National Geographic 181(3): 84-111. (A popular article on Andean mountain worship.)
514. Reinhard, Johan. 1992. "An Archaeological Investigation of Inca Ceremonial Platforms on the Volcano Copiapo, Central Chile. " In Ancient America: Contributions to New World Archaeology, edited by Nicholas J. Saunders, 145-172. Oxford: Oxbow Monographs no. 24. (A report of original research of the highaltitude ritual platforms constructed by the Incas on Cerro Copiapo.)
515. Reinhard, Johan. 1996. "Peru's Ice Maidens. " National Geographic 189(6): 62-81. (Popular article on the frozen mummies of Inca human sacrifices discovered on snowcapped peaks in the Peruvian Andes.)
516. Rivera D., M. 1971. "Disenos decorativos en la ceramica Killke. " Revista del Museo Nacional 37: 106-115. (Rivera discusses the decoration of preInca ceramics in the Cuzco region.)
517. Rivera D., M. 1971. "La ceramica Killke y la arqueologia de Cuzco. " Revista Española de Antropologia Americana 6: 85-123. (An examination of the K'illke ceramic style found in the archaeology of Cuzco.)
518. Rostworowski De Diez Canseco, Maria. 1972. "Succession, Cooption to Kingship, and Royal Incest among the Incas. " Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 16(4): 417-427. (An important article in which the author points out that civil war over the Inca imperial succession was the norm rather than the exception.)
519. Rostworowski De Diez Canseco, Maria. 1972. "Los Ayarmaca. " Revista del Museo Nacional (Peru) XXXVI: 58-101. (A description of one of the most powerful indigenous groups in the Valley of Cuzco with whom the Incas struggled in the early part of their history.)
520. Rostworowski De Diez Canseco, Maria. 1988. Historia del Tahuantinsuyu. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. (A general history of the Inca Empire by one of the foremost Peruvian ethnohistorians.)
521. Rostworowski De Diez Canseco, Maria. 1999. History of the Inca Realm. Translated by Harry B. Iceland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (An Englishlanguage translation of the author's 1988 work.)
522. Rowe, John H. 1944. "An Introduction to the Archaeology of Cuzco. " Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 27, no. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Published version of the author's doctoral dissertation a classic work on Cuzco and Inca archaeology.)
523. Rowe, John H. 1946. "Inca Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest. " In Handbook of South American Indians, edited by Julian Steward, bulletin 143, vol. 2, 183-330. Washington, DC: Bureau of American Ethnology. (A classic work describing Inca culture and the sources of information available about the Incas.)
524. Rowe, John H. 1956. "Archaeological Explorations in Southern Peru, 1954-55. " American Antiquity 22(2): 120-137. (A report of original research in Peru.)
525. Rowe, John H. 1963. "Urban Settlements in Ancient Peru. " Ñawpa Pacha 1: 1-27. (A discussion of urban settlements in the ancient Andes and how they differ from European cities.)
526. Rowe, John H. 1965. "An Interpretation of Radiocarbon Measurements on Archaeological Samples from Peru. " Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, Radiocarbon and Tritium Dating, Held at Washington State University, 187-198. Pullman, Washington, June 7-11, 1965. (Another classic work that laid the foundation for the most commonly used chronological system in the Andes.)
527. Rowe, John H. 1967. "What Kind of Settlement Was Inca Cuzco?" Ñawpa Pacha 5: 59-77. (A discussion of the Inca capital of Cuzco and how it differs significantly from European capital cities.)
528. Rowe, John H. 1979. "An Account of the Shrines of Ancient Cuzco. " Ñawpa Pacha 17: 2-80. (The author examines what is known about the religious shrines, or huacas, of Cuzco.)
529. Rowe, John H. 1982. "Inca Policies and Institutions Relating to Cultural Unification. " In The Inca and Aztec States 1400-1800. Edited by G. Collier, R. Rosaldo, and J. Wirth, 93-117. New York: Academic. (A discussion of Inca policies that were designed to prevent revolts by the Incas' conquered subjects. These included the implementation of camayo, yanacona, and mitima, statuses that served to disrupt previous provincial loyalties.)
530. Rowe, John H. 1990. "Machu Picchu a la luz de documentos de siglo XVI. " Histórica 14(1): 139-154. (Reports on original research showing that Machu Picchu was a royal estate belonging to the Inca Pachacuti and was abandoned later than previously assumed.)
531. Rowe, John H. 2004. "How Did the Incas Say 'Sacsahuaman' in the Sixteenth Century?" Ñawpa Pacha 25-27: 151-153. (A discussion of the linguistic problem of proper pronunciation of sixteenthcentury Inca words.)
532. Salazar, Lucy. 2004. "Machu Picchu: Mysterious Royal Estate in the Cloud Forest. " In Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas, edited by Richard L. Burger and Lucy Salazar, 21-47. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Author provides an overview of how the understanding of Machu Picchu has changed in the ninety years since its discovery. The article also contains a good selection of Hiram Bingham's original photographs of the site.)
533. Salomon, Frank. 1995. "'The Beautiful Grandparents': Andean Ancestor Shrines and Mortuary Ritual as Seen through Colonial Records. " In Tombs for the Living: Andean Mortuary Practices, edited by T. D. Dillehay, 315-354. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. (A discussion of Andean attitudes and ideology toward death based on original research of colonial documents.)
534. Sancho de la Hoz, Pedro. 1917. An Account of the Conquest of Peru. Translated and edited by P. A. Means. New York: Cortés Society. (An Englishlanguage translation of an eyewitness account of the conquest of the Incas written by one of Pizarro's soldiers soon after the event. First published in 1543.)
535. Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. 1960. Historia de los Incas. Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, vol. 135, 193-297. Madrid: Ediciones Atlas. (A valuable early account of Inca history written for the king of Spain at the order of the Viceroy Toledo and based on reliable sources.)
536. Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. 1999. History of the Incas. Translated and edited by Sir Clements Markham. Mineola, NY: Dover. Originally published 1907. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society. (An Englishlanguage translation of the above work.)
537. Savoy, Gene. 1970. Vilcabamba: Last City of the Incas. London: Hale. (Author describes the discovery of the Vilcabamba site, the last refuge of the Incas during the Spanish Conquest.)
538. Schaedel, Richard P. 1978. "Early State of the Incas. " In The Early State, edited by Henri Claessen and Peter Skalnik, 289-320. The Hague, The Netherlands: Mouton. (Schaedel discusses early state formation of the Incas.)
539. Schreiber, Katharina. 1993. "The Inca Occupation of the Province of Andamarca Lucanas, Peru. " In Provincial Inca, edited by Michael Malpass, 77-116. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. (Discussion of the evidence for and nature of the Inca occupation of the Lucanas.)
540. Sherbondy, Jeanette. 1982. The Canal System of Hanan Cusco. Cuzco: Biblioteca Bartolomé de las Casas. (A discussion of the water canals of the upper division of Inca Cuzco.)
541. Sherbondy, Jeanette. 1987. "Organización hidráulica y poder en el Cuzco de los Incas. " Revista Española de Antropologia Americana XVII. (The author examines power and water control among the Incas.)
542. Sherbondy, Jeanette. 1992. "Water Ideology in Inca Ethnogenesis. " In Andean Cosmologies through Time, edited by Robert H. Dover, Katharine E. Seibold, and John H. McDowell, 46-66. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (An examination of water ideology of the Incas and how it related to their view of their own origins.)
543. Silverblatt, Irene. 1987. Moon, Sun, Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Silverblatt looks at the role of women in the Inca state.)
544. Squier, E. George. 1877. Peru, Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas. New York: Harper and Brothers. (A classic nineteenthcentury account of travel to Inca ruins and a description of their condition at that time.)
545. Sullivan, William. 1996. The Secret of the Incas: Myth, Astronomy, and the War Against Time. New York: Crown. (An important work on Inca astronomy suggesting that the behavior of the Incas was governed to some extent by what they observed in the heavens.)
546. Thompson, Donald E., and John V. Murra. 1966. "The Inca Bridges in the Huánuco Region. " American Antiquity 31: 632-639. (A description of Inca bridges in the northcentral highlands.)
547. Topic, John R., and Theresa Lange Topic. 1993. "A Summary of the Inca Occupation of Huamachuco. " In Provincial Inca, edited by Michael Malpass, 17-43. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. (A discussion of the Inca remains in the Huamachuco region of the northcentral highands.)
548. Uhle, Max. 1903. Pachacamac: Report of the William Pepper, M.D., LL.D., Peruvian Expedition of 1896. Philadelphia: Department of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania. (A classic work that represents some of the first scientific archaeology ever carried out in Peru. This study became the foundation for most of the Andean chronology schemes adopted by later archaeologists.)
549. Urton, Gary. 1981. At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky: An Andean Cosmology. Austin: University of Texas Press. (Urton discusses the Andean contemporary worldview and relates it to Inca cosmology.)
550. Urton, Gary. 1990. The History of a Myth: Pacariqtambo and the Origin of the Incas. Austin: University of Texas Press. (The author examines the evidence for the existence of the mythical Inca origin place at the modern town of Pacariqtambo.)
551. Urton, Gary. 1999. Inca Myths. London: British Museum. (A compilation of surviving Inca mythology.)
552. Urton, Gary. 2003. Signs of the Inka Khipu. Austin: University of Texas Press. (Author argues that the knotted cord recording system called quipu is based on a binary recording system.)
553. Valcárcel, Luis E. 1946. "Cuzco Archaeology. " In Handbook of South American Indians, Bureau of American Ethnology, bulletin 143, vol. 2, edited by Julian Steward, 177-182. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. (A brief overview of Cuzco archaeology up until 1946.)
554. Valencia Zegarra, Alfredo. 1970. "Dos tumbas de Saqsaywaman. " Revista Saqsaywaman 1: 173-177. (The author reports on the excavation of two tombs at the Inca monument of Sacsayhuaman.)
555. Valencia Zegarra, Alfredo. 1982. "Complejo arqueológico de Yucay. " In Arqueología de Cuzco, edited by I. Oberti, 65-80. Cuzco: Ediciones Instituto Nacional de Cultura. (A report of archaeological work at the town of Yucay.)
556. Valencia Zegarra, Alfredo. 1984. "Arqueologia de Qolqampata. " Revista del Museo e Instituto de Arqueologia 23: 47-62. (A report of the author's excavations in the Colcampata sector of the Inca city of Cuzco.)
557. Valencia Zegarra, Alfredo. 2004. "Recent Archaeological Investigations at Machu Picchu. " In Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas, edited by Richard L. Burger and Lucy Salazar, 71-82. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (The author reports on recent archaeological work that he carried out at Machu Picchu together with Kenneth Wright between the years of 1995 and 1999. They discovered new canals, fountains, and roads at the site.)
558. Valencia Zegarra, Alfredo, and Arminda Gibaja O. 1990. Excavaciones y puesta en valor de Tambomachay. Cuzco: Instituto Nacional de Cultura. (A report of archaeological investigations at the royal Inca site of Tambomachay in Cuzco.)
559. van de Guchte, Maarten. 1990. "'Carving the World': Inca Monumental Sculpture and Landscape. " Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Champaign Urbana. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms. (The author reports on original research on the Inca monument at Sahuite, near Cuzco.)
560. Von Hagen, Adriana, and Craig Morris. 1998. The Cities of the Ancient Andes. London: Thames and Hudson. (Highly readable text that deals with the subject of Inca cities and those of earlier Peruvian cultures.)
561. Von Hagen, Victor. 1955. Highway of the Sun. Boston: Little, Brown. (A descriptive account of the royal Inca highway by the leader of an expedition to trace its route.)
562. Wachtel, Nathan. 1977. The Vision of the Vanquished: The Spanish Conquest of Peru through Indian Eyes: 1530-1570. Translated by B. Reynolds and S. Reynolds. Brighton, England: Harvester. (A highly regarded study of how the native South Americans viewed the European Conquest.)
563. Wachtel, Nathan. 1982. "The Mitimaes of the Cochabamba Valley: The Colonization Policy of Huayna Capac. " In The Inca and Aztec States 1400-1800, edited by G. Collier, R. Rosaldo, and J. Wirth, 199-235. New York: Academic. (Author discuss late Inca colonial policy in the Cochabamaba Valley of Bolivia.)
564. Wright, Kenneth R., and Alfredo Valencia Z., eds. 2000. Machu Picchu: A Civil Engineering Marvel. Reston, VA: ASCE. (An excellent work presenting Machu Picchu from the point of view of a civil engineer.)
565. Xérez, Francisco de. 1872. Reports on the discovery of Peru. Translated and edited by C. R. Markham. London: Hakluyt Society. (An Englishlanguage translation of an eyewitness account of the Spanish Conquest written soon after the event by one of Pizarro's soldiers. First published in 1534.)
566. Xérez, Francisco de. 1985. Verdadera Relación de la Conquista del Perú y Provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla. Edited by Concepción Bravo. Madrid: Historia 16. (Modern Spanishlanguage edition of Xérez's 1534 account.)
567. Zuidema, R. Tom. 1964. The Ceque System of Cuzco. Translated by Eva M. Hooykaas. International Archives of Ethnography, supplement to vol. 50. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill. (A classic work from a structuralist perspective concerning the organization of shrines and the ceque system of Cuzco.)
568. Zuidema, R. Tom. 1973. "The Origin of the Inca Empire. " In Les Grands Empires. Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin Pour L'Histoire Comparative Des Institutions. Brussels: Editions de la Librairie Encyclopedique. (Zuidema discusses the origin of the Inca Empire in terms of the influence of the earlier Wari Empire. Author argues that the legend of the Chanca Wari and the accession of Inca Pachacuti may reflect a cultural memory of the expulsion of the Wari invaders.)
569. Zuidema, R. Tom. 1990. Inca Civilization in Cuzco. Austin: University of Texas Press. (A structuralist approach to explaining the organization of Inca society.)
570. Zuidema, R. Tom. 1995. El sistema de los ceques. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Fondo Editorial. (Spanishlanguage version of the author's studies of the Inca shrines and ceque system.)